The Capture of Jerusalem.

"The Turks in general left the plains and withdrew to the mountains. In consequence of this our men were commanded by voice of herald to move towards the foot of the mountains and when all arrangements were completed they marched towards a castle called Beit Noble. Then the rain and the hail began to beat upon our men and killed many of their beasts of burden. The storm was so violent, that it tore up the pegs of the tents, drowned the horses and spoiled all their biscuits and bacon. The armour and coats of mail, also, were so rusted that the greatest labour was required to restore them to their former brightness. Their clothes were dissolved by the wet and the men themselves suffered from the unwonted severity of the climate. Under all these sufferings their only consolation arose from their zeal in the service of God and a desire to finish their pilgrimage!—Chronicles of the Crusaders."—D. E. Vinsauf.

Following upon the occupation of Jaffa by the New Zealanders the advance against Jerusalem by the remainder of the Army had steadily proceeded, though much hampered by the weather and the winter storms. Upon the crest of the great wave which had rolled up the plains from Beersheba to

The Surrender of the Town of Jaffa.
The ceremony at the Town Hall.

Jaffa the Yeomanry were borne far into the hills and reached to within 10 miles of Jerusalem. Here fighting, at a great disadvantage they held on for some days until reinforced by the infantry. But the Turkish resistance daily stiffened as page break page 161the weather became colder and wetter and no progress was made for some weeks. Both horse and man had become inured to the great heat of the plains, and the men were clothed in the lightest dress possible. All blankets had been left behind and the men were in possession of a water-proof sheet and greatcoat only, and felt keenly this great extreme of cold and bitter rain.

In order to relieve the pressure here the Division was ordered to cross the river Auja to make it appear as if a further advance on the plain was to be made. Bridgeheads were to be established at the bridge on the main road, the the village of Sheikh Muannis and at the ford on the beach, and were to be taken over by infantry of the 54th Division. Accordingly on the 24th November the N.Z. Brigade was ordered to cross the river and to clear the enemy for a space of two miles northward. A very pretty little action followed. The Canterbury Mounted Rifles crossing the ford on the beach at a gallop quickly seized the hills that commanded the ford and then seized the village of Sheikh Muannis, but the enemy garrison, who were cavalry, got away. Then the Wellington Regiment, moving through the Canterburys, advanced eastward and captured Khurbet Hadrah which commanded the bridge on the main road. In Muannis, four prisoners were captured and at Khurbet Hadrah, 25 prisoners, one machine gun, one British Lewis gun and some ammunition.

The 161st Brigade (54th Division) then took over the line held by the New Zealand Brigade and asked that mounted men be left at the bridge and at the village of Muannis to patrol in front of the posts established at these places by them. Accordingly two squadrons of the Auckland Regiment (the 4th and 11th) and one squadron of the Wellington Regiment (the 2nd) were placed in position in advance of the infantry posts. In front of the ford on the sea beach the Canterburys placed the 1st Squadron. To each squadron were allotted two machine guns.

The enemy lost no time in accepting the challenge given by our crossing the river, and he brought up large reinforcements.

At a quarter to 3 on the morning of the 25th a Turkish mounted patrol appeared near the Khurbet Hadrah posts. At page 162a quarter-past 3 the same post, which was held by a troop of the 3rd Squadron, was fired upon from the left flank, and under heavy fire it withdrew to a prearranged line of defence where the squadron was posted. Half an hour later another post held by a troop of this squadron was becoming surrounded, and also withdrew to the squadron line.

The enemy's fire now increased greatly and all horses were sent back to shelter and the squadron withdrew to the positions held by the machine guns. The 11th Squadron was also being heavily attacked, but was occupying a more favourable position and held its ground. The enemy were using guns well and accurately served, and about 8 o'clock the infantry received orders to withdraw to the south bank of the river. This was an operation of extreme difficulty, as the bridge was now swept by enemy fire and was being continuously shelled by enemy guns. Some men got across by swimming, though many of the infantry encumbered with equipment were drowned; and some men withdrew across the bridge. To cover this withdrawal the 11th Squadron, having already sent back their horses, took up a position close to the bridge on the north bank, where they remained until all the infantry and the 3rd Squadron were across. The 11th Squadron then took up a position on the south bank of the river covering the bridge.

The machine guns had remained to the last to cover the withdrawal, and they had put up a magnificent stand. Captain Robin Harper (Machine Gun Squadron Commander), who had come upon the scene as soon as the firing was heard, was wounded in three places during the withdrawal. Sergeant Emerson, the only unwounded N.C.O. remaining, managed to keep the enemy off by working one gun himself to the last moment, and then, with the help of a horse-holder he carried Captain Harper down to the river, and the two swam across with him and got him to a safe place.

Many of our wounded were brought across the river in this manner with the assistance of Sergeant T. Ronaldson and Troopers Oberhuber and 0. Anderson, who performed this day deeds ranking with the finest done in any theatre of the war.

While this was going on the attack upon the 2nd Squadron at Muannis was developing. At about 8.30 a force of some 2000 Turks, covered by a very accurate shell fire, made a very determined attack. This was gallantly held off for some time, the machine guns of the squadron giving great help; one gun in particular, fought by Trooper Kelland, made a great stand. But as at Khurbet Hadrah, the troops holding the post had no support at all from our artillery, and it was not until Khurbet Hadrah and the bridge post had been evacuated that the Somerset battery came into action, assisted in so far as their shooting upon Khurbet Hadrah was concerned by the guns of the 161st Brigade. Their support came too late, however, to influence the battle, and the infantry at Muannis were ordered to retire, which they also did under the greatest of difficulties. Before the pressure became too great to be held off, the 2nd Squadron had sent their horses down the river to the ford at the beach and they remained holding the post on foot. Also, before the attack upon Muannis had fully developed, Colonel Findlay, with the Canterbury Regiment, had crossed the river at the ford on the beach and had taken up a position on the hills to the north of the ford, and had sent the 10th Squadron to the help of the 2nd Squadron in Muannis. The horses of the 10th Squadron also were sent back by the ford.

The Wellington Regiment was ordered to reinforce at Khurbet Hadrah, but arrived just as the evacuation was taking place, and being heavily shelled, took up a position south of the bridge.

The evacuation of Sheikh Muannis was skilfully carried out with the help of the Somerset battery firing from a position 1400 yards south of the village on the south side of the river. This battery remained in action until after the village was occupied by the enemy, and the O.C. Battery (Major Clowes), who was in the village observing, had to swim the river.

Two troops of the 10th Squadron retired slowly towards the ford, and the remainder, with the 2nd Squadron and the infantry, crossed the river by means of a boat and over the weir-head at the mill.

The Road to Jerusalem.

Richon le Zion (Ayun Kara). One of the Garden-Cities of the Jews.

The Turkish attack fell now upon the Canterbury Regiment, who were covering the ford, but the 1st Squadron, under Major H. C. Hurst, held them off until the remainder of the regiment and the troops from Muannis had gone across the ford. Then the squadron fell back, covered to the last by the fire of the machine guns, splendidly fought by Lieutenant Eldridge.

Lieutenant Livingstone, who commanded the rear troop and who had behaved with the greatest coolness and skill throughout, was killed. His troop had held a commanding position to the last possible moment, and he himself, when all others were over, came across with the last party, and fell, just as his work was done.

The Brigade remained in support close up to the outpost line held by the infantry until December 1st, when it was withdrawn a little to the German village of Sarona.

On the 5th it relieved the Camel Brigade in the front line about half-way to the foot of the Judean hills. Here sniping with the enemy and endeavouring to dig trenches in the sodden ground—for the wet season had now set in—took up the next few days.

The fighting in the mountains for the possession of Jerusalem had gone steadily on. Bad weather, absence of roads, want of pack transport (though some 2000 Egyptian donkeys were used), delayed and hampered the troops.

Three infantry divisions, the 60th, 74th, and 10th, were at this time within a few miles of Jerusalem on the western side, with their right resting on the railway in the Wadi Surar. On their right flank was the 10th Light Horse, under Lieut.-Colonel Todd, and this regiment had the honour of being among the first British troops to enter Jerusalem.

About this time, while progress towards the taking of Jerusalem seemed at a standstill, the Corps Headquarters heard of the presence in Beit Jibrin of a notorious Turkish Intelligence Agent. Beit Jibrin was in no man's land, though frequently patrolled by our troops. So the A.P.M. set off to investigate in a Ford patrol car accompanied by one other Ford car. Each car carried a machine gun and a crew of three men. In the first car with the A.P.M. was Lieut. MacKenzie who commanded the Light Car Patrol from which page 166the two cars came. MacKenzie was a New Zealander who upon the outbreak of war had enlisted in a Home unit.

The two cars reached Beit Jibrin only to find the Intelligence Officer had gone, and information obtained showed that he had gone to Beit Netief. Now Beit Netief is on the old Roman road which leads from Ascalon to Jerusalem, and is just through the narrow part at Tel Zakariya (the ancient Azekah).

Away the two cars went and found the Roman road in excellent condition, having just been re-built by the Turks. On running out the far end of the pass into the Wadi es Sunt the cars ran into a Turkish company of infantry marching into the pass. Boldness being the essence of the game both cars opened out with their machine guns and pushed on at full speed. The astonished Turks scrambled out of the way and in a moment the cars were clear and racing up the valley road, in the windings of which all sight of the Turks was soon lost. Beit Netief was reached and the inhabitants said that the wanted man had just gone up to El Khudr on the top of the plateau.

A consultation was held and MacKenzie decided that as they had evidently come right through the Turkish lines at Zakariya, unwittingly coming upon the enemy post on the road as a "change over" was in progress, and that as it would be impossible now to go back that way they might as well go on. So up the mountains went the cars and by dusk reached El Khudr, a small village just off the Hebron-Jerusalem road and overlooking King Solomon's Pools. Here was a Greek Monastery and the priests lodged the little party for the night. The machine guns were mounted upon the flat roof and an anxious night spent. However, no disturbance took place and it was decided, as no further trace could be found of the Intelligence Officer, that all speed should be made back to the British lines; and on the old hunter's rule, "never go back by the way you came," the two little cars headed down the Hebron-Beersheba road.

Hebron was reached without incident, but almost the first person encountered there was a Turkish Officer. After a breathless moment of suspense whilst the interpreter asked questions, it was found that he was a doctor and the only page 167Turkish Officer left in the town. All the troops he said had yesterday fallen back upon Jerusalem and he was left with his ambulance.

The journey was continued and eventually the British lines were reached a few miles further south in the shape of an infantry post. The astonishment of the Divisional Headquarters, met a few miles further on, can better be imagined than described. It is sufficient to say, however, that the party found a very cold reception when they told of the enemy's retirement; and they thought discretion the better part of valour and made off through Beersheba back to Corps Headquarters, where a full report was handed in.

There is no record of what the C. in C. said to the Divisional Commander concerned, but the fact remains that the next day the infantry advanced through Hebron close up to Jerusalem.

On December 8th began the last great act in which the Holy City was to pass from the hand of the Moslem who had held it since the days of the Crusades. At dawn, in the midst of rain and wind, the 60th Division (London Territorial), with the 74th Division (Dismounted Yeomanry) on its left, stormed the formidable hills to the east of the Wadi Surar; and by nightfall all the strong positions to the west of the city so laboriously and so skilfully dug out of the solid rock were in our hands.

During the night the 53rd Division pushed up the Hebron road and occupied Bethlehem.

General Allenby's report goes on to say—"Towards dusk the British troops were reported to have passed Lifta, and to be within sight of the city. On this news being received, a sudden panic fell on the Turks west and south-west of the town, and at 5 o'clock civilians were surprised to see a Turkish transport column galloping furiously cityward along the Jaffa road. In passing they alarmed all units within sight or hearing, and the wearied infantry arose and fled, bootless and without rifles, never pausing to think or to fight.

"After four centuries of conquest the Turk was ridding the land of his presence in the bitterness of defeat, and a great enthusiasm arose among the Jews. There was a running to and fro; daughters called to their fathers and brothers page 168concealed in outhouses, cellars and attics, from the police who sought them for arrest and deportation. 'The Turks are running,' they called; 'the day of deliverance is come.' The nightmare was fast passing away, but the Turk still lingered. In the evening he fired his guns continuously, perhaps heartening himself with the loud noise that comforts the soul of a

Von Falkenhayn and Djemal Pasha at Jerusalem.

barbarian; perhaps to cover the sound of his own retreat. Whatever the intention was, the roar of the gun fire persuaded most citizens to remain indoors, and there were few to witness the last act of Osmanli authority.

"At 2 o'clock in the morning of Sunday, December 9th, tired Turks began to troop through the Jaffa gate from the west and south-west, and anxious watchers, peering out through the windows to learn the meaning of the tramping were cheered by the sullen remark of an officer, 'Gitmaya mejburuz' (We've got to go), and from 2 to 7 that morning the Turks streamed through and out of the city, which echoed for the last time their shuffling tramp. On this same day, 2082 years before, another race of conquerors, equally detested, were looking their last on the city which they could page 169

The modern Jaffa Gate, Jerusalem.

On the top of the Mount of Olives.

page 170not hold, and inasmuch as the liberation of Jerusalem in 1917 will probably ameliorate the lot of the Jews more than that of any other community in Palestine, it was fitting that the flight of the Turks should have coincided with the national festival of the Hanukah, which commemorates the recapture of the Temple from the heathen Seleucivs by Judas Maccabæus in 165 B.C."

On December 11th the Commander-in-Chief, followed by representatives of the Allies, made his formal entry into Jerusalem. The historic Jaffa gate was opened after years of disuse for the purpose, and he was thus enabled to pass into the Holy City without making use of the gap in the wall made for the Emperor William in 1898. The General entered the city on foot—and left it on foot.

For this occasion the Brigade sent a troop as a bodyguard to General Sir E. Allenby. The troop was commanded by 2nd Lieutenant C. J. Harris, Canterbury Regiment, and was composed of 1 sergeant and 10 men from the Auckland Regiment, 9 men from the Canterbury Regiment, and 9 men from the Wellington Regiment, with 3 men from the Machine Gun Squadron and 1 from the Signal Troop—a total of 1 officer and 33 other ranks.

On this day the Brigade was relieved in the front line by the 162nd Brigade (infantry), and marched to bivouacs in the vicinity of Ayun Kara; but the Auckland Regiment was sent into Jaffa, where it came under the orders of the 52nd Division; and on the 12th the Wellington Regiment was sent to the village of Beit Dejan, on the Jaffa-Ramleh road, where it came under orders of the 54th Division.

Owing to the difficulty of supplies, for the whole plain was now almost a morass, the Brigade was ordered back to the vicinity of Ashdod, to which place the railway had now reached. Here there was plenty of good water in the Wadi Sukereir and an excellent camping ground among the sand dunes.

The Canterbury Regiment reached Ashdod first, and without very much trouble, but the Auckland and the Wellington Regiments spent Christmas Day on the march, and the Divisional Headquarters and other units of the Division started on Boxing Day.

Transport took over 24 hours to do the 12 miles, and it is to the lasting credit of the New Zealand horse and its driver that they got through at all.

It is interesting to note that King Richard with his army had attempted this same march from Ramleh to Ashdod. His chronicler says:—

"At dawn of day the men with the tents were sent forward and the rest of the army followed; the sufferings of the day before were nothing to those which they now endured from fatigue, rain, hail and floods. The ground, too, was muddy and soft beneath them, and the horses and men had the greatest difficulty to maintain their footing; some of them sunk never to rise again. Who can tell the calamities of that day? The bravest of the soldiers shed tears like rain, and were wearied even of their very existence for the severity of their sufferings. When the beasts of burden fell, the provisions which they carried were either spoiled by the mud or dissolved in the water. This day was the 20th January, in the year 1192, and they encamped for the night every man as well as he was able."

Many other units who were being sent back to railhead wore in the same predicament as these Crusaders of old. Here and there upon mounds like islands in a sea of mud were Yeomanry with their horses, "camping, every man as well as he was able," while all around lay bogged wagons, jettisoned cargoes, and exhausted animals. The black soil seemed bottomless, and the streams and rivers unfordable to any but those of stout hearts and hardy bodies, and resolute and resourceful brains.

The rest of the month was spent in steady training—musketry, bombing, Hotchkiss gun, signalling and mounted drill. The work was much interfered with by the heavy rains, but as men and horses were camped upon the sand, all were fairly comfortable.

On January 12th the Brigade moved to its old bivouac near Ayun Kara (Rishon le Zion). Here for a few days no work was done owing to the wet weather.

On the 20th the Canterbury Regiment went into the line to relieve the Light Horse, who were holding a position connecting up the XX and XXI Corps in the vicinity of the page 172village of Nalin. This village is in the foot hills (the Shepelah) of the Judean mountains and to reach it the regiment rode past the ancient town of Ludd (called Lod in the Old Testament and Lydda in the New Testament) where St. George of England is buried, and also past Nebi Daniel (the tomb of the prophet Daniel) which lies close to Jimzu

Ludd showing the Tomb of St. George in the background.

(the ancient Gimzo). Here the regiment remained making roads through rocky hills and building sangers and strong points until the 4th February when it rejoined the Brigade at Rishon.

How the Brigade went down to Jericho

Though the British Forces had occupied Jerusalem on December 9th, the Turk remained occupying the "Wilderness"—that tract of rough, barren, rocky country which lies between Jerusalem and the Jordan. He also maintained control of the Dead Sea, and brought large portions of his grain supplies this way from Kerak and the country east of the Dead Sea. These supplies were landed by motor boats page 173near the mouth of the Jordan and thence distributed northwards by motor lorry. It was decided, therefore, that Jericho must be occupied, and for this purpose the Anzac Mounted Division was ordered to move to the vicinity of Jerusalem, in readiness for a descent into the valley of the Jordan.

The troops for the operations were the 60th Division (London), with one Brigade of the 74th Division, the 53rd Division (all these were infantry), and the Anzac Mounted Division. The infantry formations were in position covering Jerusalem. On this occasion the Anzacs were without the 2nd L.H. Brigade, which was left on the plain holding a portion of the line there.

The role of the Division was to concentrate on the 19th in the vicinity of El Muntar, upon which rested the enemy's left; and to move before dawn on the following day for the purpose of assisting the infantry in their attack upon the

"The Wilderness" near Jericho.

enemy force which held the Jerusalem-Jericho road, by threatening the retreat of the enemy through Jericho. In addition, as many as possible of the retreating enemy and their guns were to be captured, and the remainder driven east across the Jordan. And finally, all launches and dhows on the Dead Sea at Rujm-el-Bahr (the Turkish landing place) were to be seized and sent to Ras Feshkah, on the west side of the sea.

The enemy occupied a very strong line in exceedingly rough and waterless country, and the operations to drive him out were to be in two stages. The first stage was to consist of forcing him back upon his stronghold of Jebel Ektief on the main Jerusalem-Jericho road, and from El Muntar, a high hill between Bethlehem and Jericho, and over which was to lie the route of the mounted troops. The second phase was to be the storming by the infantry of the stronghold of Jebel Ektief, which blocked the road to Jericho; while the role of the mounted troops was to reach the Dead Sea by the shortest route and then to proceed up the Jordan, cutting off the garrison of Jericho.

On February 9th the Wellington Regiment left its bivouac at Richon and marched by the Jerusalem road to Bethlehem, camping for two days on account of the rain at Latron, a round hill surmounted by the ruins of a fort which commands the gorge at the foot of the hill through which the road to Jerusalem lies. In the days of the Romans this hill was occupied by a notorious robber, who levied toll upon all passers-by until a special expedition was sent against him. He was seized and hanged on the summit of the hill, which has been called since that time Latron (latro—a robber).

As it was not desired that the presence of the Division near Jerusalem should be known, the movement into the hills from Richon took place over the ancient Roman road which led from Ascalon to Jerusalem.

To reach this road the Division rode across the plain through the garden colony of Deiran (Rechoboth), past Akir, the ancient Ekron of the Old Testament and one of the capital cities of the Philistines, and into the foothills by following the Wadi Surar—the Valley of Sorek of the Bible—for some miles, and then striking across a beautiful flower-bespangled piece of low, rocky hill country, the Roman road was reached as it enters the Wadi es Sunt—the Valley of Elah. Right through the old Philistine country the route lay; past Tidnah (the ancient Timnath, the native place of Samson's wife), and past Tell Zakariya, the ancient Azekah, where, in the time of Joshua, the Philistines were utterly routed by the Israelites, who fell upon them in the midst of a hailstorm.

Beyond the narrow pass at Zakariya the wadi opens out into a level valley bisected by the steep bed of a stream. Here it was that David slew Goliath. Soon after passing the village of Zakariya the road rises rapidly, following the bed of the wadi, and there are many stretches of bare rock cut into huge steps by the old Romans as the road rises rapidly into the mountains of Judea.

On the top of the Judean plateau a little south of Bethlehem, the Jerusalem-Hebron road was reached close by King Solomon's Pools. These three vast rock reservoirs were found to be full of water, and were used for the watering of the Division.

These pools were originally made by King Solomon for the water supply of Jerusalem. They were rebuilt and the water

Christian Syrian Girls.

scheme greatly extended by Pontius Pilate; and the pools still show large areas of wall covered with Roman plaster in an excellent state of preservation.

The remainder of the New Zealand Brigade reached Bethlehem on the 17th, and General Meldrum established his headquarters in a Greek monastery there. On the same day the Wellington Regiment, with a section of machine guns moved to Ibn Obeid, about six miles due east of Bethlehem on the page 176Wadi en Nar, which, taking its rise at Jerusalem as the brooks Kedron and Hinnom, falls rapidly through the wilderness into the Dead Sea. Regimental Headquarters were established in the monastery there and reconnaissances were made towards Jericho.

The weather on the plains had been wet, but the change to the heights of Judea was felt very much. Here the weather was cold, even in daytime, and very cold at night. Opportunity was taken to send parties to Jerusalem, and the padres proved invaluable as guides, for they were all enthusiastic students of the Holy Land and were well conversant with Jerusalem and its site from constant study.

Operations began on February 19th, and by nightfall the first phase had been successfully carried out. Daylight on the 20th found the Division strung out in single file extending over some eight miles of rough mountain track. The head of this singularly narrow column had reached about a mile east of the great El Muntar hill, and had run into a Turkish out-post. The infantry on the left away on the main road were attacking Jebel Ektief, where the Turk was putting up a very strong resistance.

During the night the Wellington Regiment had proceeded down the Wadi en Nar and had reached a valley to the east of the great El Muntar hill (the hill of the Scapegoat of the Old Testament), and now formed the advanced guard to the New Zealand Brigade, behind which came the 1st Light Horse Brigade. All night the men had been clambering over the rocky tracks leading their horses. The route followed was practically a goat track only, though marked on the map "Ancient Road"; no wheels were taken; no supplies but such as could be carried by man and horse; and the only ammunition taken was a small camel train of light active camels, each carrying two boxes of S.A.A. No guns accompanied the Division, but they had been sent down the main road to Jericho to follow the infantry advance.

To deploy for the attack a column in single file of eight miles in length cannot be done in a few minutes; and it was some hours before the New Zealanders thoroughly got to work.

El Muntar; the great hill which the Division crossed, is 1723 feet above sea level and 1250 feet above this flat-bottomed valley in which the head of the column had been held up by the Turkish positions on the hills on the far side of it. This descent of 1250 feet is all within a space of three miles, down which the track zig-zagged in full view of the enemy, and the sight of eight miles of horses slowly defiling down this hill must have had a great part in the ultimate abandonment of a very strong position which the Turks held with superior numbers and armament.

This position lay across the Ancient Road, with its left on the high hill Point 306 (Tubk-el Kaneiterah) and its right on the hill 288 (Jebel el Kulimum). Between these the road runs, and to get at the enemy our troops had to descend into a flat, open valley.

It must be remembered that in addition to holding these hills strongly with infantry and machine guns the enemy had five well-placed guns in position farther back at Neby Musa

Neby Musa—the alleged tomb of Moses.

(Moses' Tomb), and from there shelled the valley in front of his position.

This had been boldly and skilfully reconnoitred by Sergeant W. M. Fitzgerald and Corporal G. H. Patton, of the Wellington Regiment, who, leaving the regiment on the evening of the 18th, had penetrated the enemy lines and had page 178reached Neby Musa. They rejoined at daylight on the 20th, reporting the enemy in strength at Points 306 and 288, and three guns in position at Neby Musa.

By 6 o'clock all the New Zealand Brigade were in the valley, and the 1st L.H. Brigade began to descend from El Muntar, still in single file.

The Wellington Regiment attacked Hill 306, and the Canterbury Regiment, and afterwards the Aucklanders, Hill 288.

The advance was slow owing to the rough nature of the country and owing to the strength of the enemy position and the want of artillery support. At 10 o'clock the infantry were reported to have captured Jebel Ektief—the dominating position on the Jericho road—but they were driven off by a strong counter-attack, and it was not until half-past 12 that they finally obtained a footing there, after heavy artillery preparation and much desperate fighting.

Attempts were made by the Wellington Regiment and the 1st L.H. Brigade leading troops to force a way down the Wadi Kumran towards the Dead Sea so as to get behind the Turks' left. But the wadi was found to be too strongly held.

However, the New Zealand attack was progressing slowly and shortly after noon, assisted by a mounted advance of an Auckland Squadron, hill 288 was taken and the Brigade was soon in possession of hill 306 as well.

Attempts were made to get through the pass through which the road ran, but it was well covered by the fire of machine guns and artillery from the Neby Musa position, which lay on the far side of a great impassable chasm.

An outpost line was taken up on the south side of this gorge and as soon as darkness came on the 1st L.H. Brigade began the descent of the Wadi Kumran. The bottom of the valley from which the New Zealanders had attacked the enemy was about at sea level, and as the Dead Sea is 1300 feet below sea level the 1st L.H. Brigade had to follow a goat track with a fall of 1300 feet in a little over two miles, an operation of extraordinary difficulty on a dark night.

However, by midnight the Brigade had reached the bottom and turned north along a very rough track and by daylight had reached just east of Neby Musa.

During the night the New Zealand horses which had had no water during the day were sent back to the slopes of El Muntar where there were some cisterns; but the water was hard to get at and the tracks difficult in the dark, so the whole night was taken up in this work.

At daylight the New Zealanders were moving and the Canterbury Regiment occupied Nebi Musa, crossing the gorge on foot and finding that the enemy had evacuated the position and got away with his guns.

By 8 o'clock the leading troop of the 1st L.H. Brigade had reached Jericho to find that the enemy there had also flown.

An object lesson in the superior range of the Turkish guns was forcibly shown to the Divisional Staff about this time. Headquarters had reached Jericho and had set up its report centre about one mile short of the town and between the town and the Judean hills, and the Staff after a strenuous night's work sat down to a morning cup of tea.

At that moment the two Corps Commanders appeared on horseback—Generals Chetwode and Chauvel—having ridden down from the hills by the Roman road to confer with General Chaytor and to take a look at Jericho. Hardly had they dismounted when a shell landed close beside, coming from the direction of the Jordan river. Almost immediately after-wards another shell arrived and bursting beside the improvised breakfast table on the ground covered it and the Staff with earth. General Chaytor was sitting on the step of his car and had a very narrow escape, the front of the car being blown in, and he himself covered with glass from the wind screen and half stifled with the fumes of the shell. Needless to say a hurried move to continue breakfast a little further off was made.

For the rest of the morning this gun continued shelling the cross roads at a range of over 10,000 yards. Our 13 pounders under the most favourable conditions could get no farther than 6,000 yards.

The 9th Squadron of the Wellington Regiment went down to the Dead Sea to seize the Turkish boats and to report on the buildings there and as to any stores of grain. Later the Brigade took up a line along the Jordan facing the enemy, who page 180

Early Breakfast on the morning of the capture of Jericho.
General Chaytor with Generals Chauvel and Chetwode.

The Dead Sea.

page 181was in a very strong position on the further bank, from which he intermittently shelled the Division throughout the day.

By 11 o'clock the Brigade was concentrated at the Wadi Kelt, just where the Roman road from Jerusalem descends to the plain, and good running water was found there for the horses.

The Auckland Regiment took over the town of Jericho, of which Major Munro was appointed Military Commandant.

Thus fell modern Jericho, a degenerate city full of loath-some disease.

Of all the cities of the east that our men had passed through, Jericho easily led the way as the filthiest and most evil smelling of them all. It is inhabited by a poor class of Bedouin numbering perhaps 500. It is extremely unhealthy and no white man lives there in the summer time. There are three small hotels, a Russian hospice, a Greek church and a

Jericho.
An aqueduct in the foreground and the mountains of Moab in the background.

small block of Government buildings and a mass of mud huts. All the principal buildings were found by our advanced troops to be filled with dead and dying Turks, the dreaded typhus being the cause. The dying appeared to have been abandoned for some time. Immediate steps were taken to clean up these building's by our Medical Officers, and volunteers to handle the typhus patients were called for, from the Field Ambulances. It is worthy of record that there were no lack of volunteers. Gloves were not worn much by our officers in those days, but a debt of gratitude is due to those who did. For after much searching throughout the Division six pairs of leather gloves page 182were found with which to arm the six volunteers selected, and with these gloves these men safely handled the dead and dying.

These devoted fellows tended the sick and buried the dead and cleaned and fumigated all the buildings, turning the Russian hospice into a hospital, and happily not one contracted the dread disease.

The volunteers were specially thanked by the Commander-in-Chief for their splendid work.

The 21st was spent in reconnoitring the valley which on every hand showed signs of a former glory. Close to modern Jericho there can be counted some 13 or 14 "tels," obviously the ruins of ancient cities or fortresses. The greatest of them is Tel es Sultan, the Jericho of Joshua, showing great rents and fissures in its sides made by archæologists in their exploration of this most ancient city in the World. And many times this day did these same excavations among the old walls of Jericho prove places of refuge, sheltering our men from Turkish shrapnel and high explosive shells. Perchance even the walls of the house of Rahab the Harlot again gave shelter to an invader.

Across the plain in many places lie the remains of great Roman aqueducts, and there are several burkets, as the Arab calls them—great square reservoirs now covered with pasture.

Jericho is fed by a beautiful perennial spring called Ain es Sultan, which comes from out the rock immediately by Joshua's Jericho. It is the spring of the prophet Elisha, who purified its waters by throwing in a handful of salt, as told in the Second Book of Kings.

This procedure was easily understood by our men who had been daily witnesses of the medical orderly "chlorinating water" by throwing in a handful of bleaching powder.

The spring fills a modern stone reservoir with pure water for modern Jericho; and the over-flow is used to irrigate the gardens and a small area of corn land.

But though little use is made of irrigation, what little is done shows that great possibilities lie in this once fertile valley. There are banana trees 20 feet in height, vines nine inches at the base and covering 200 superficial feet of horizontal trellis work, all from one root.

But apart from a little cultivation at Jericho itself, and patches here and there where springs gush forth, as at Ain es Duk where the Brigade was afterwards camped, the western side of the valley of the Jordan is a barren wilderness. A few thorn bushes—the Dead Sea apple—and a little scanty herbage in the winter time, is all there is to relieve the appalling desolation.

The Brigade was afterwards to feel to the full the heat "down by Jericho," but at this time fresh from the cold and rain of the Judean Plateau the warmth of the valley was acceptable.

All day great masses of cloud hung over Judea and to the east the great mountain wall of Moab towered black and threatening. Heavy rain, thunder and lightning raged there; yet down in this weird narrow valley was peace and warmth and sunshine. Now and again a great mass of cloud would break off from the mountains of Judea and hurl itself across the sunlit valley upon Moab. Looking southwards down the Dead sea, brought to mind our New Zealand sounds with a westerly gale blowing, Judea on the one side and Moab on the other were shrouded in mist and great trailing clouds swept across the sunlit crack from mountain wall to mountain wall.

That first night down by Jericho was an eerie one.

Echoes of the gale in the mountains above occasionally were heard; a weird long-drawn sigh would go echoing down the valley, followed by a rush of wind, and then all would be still again. And above all hung Jebel Kuruntul, the Mount of Temptation, with its monastery tucked away half-way up its steep sides.

The air was mild and all ranks slept the sleep of tired men made comfortable after two nights spent in riding and combating the cold air in the mountains; and it was easy to realise how popular as a winter resort was this City of the Palms in the days of the Romans.

The 22nd was spent in more patrolling and feeling for the enemy who was found to be strongly posted at the Ghoraniyeh bridge and the fords at Makhadet Hajlah; and he successfully resisted all attempts of our men to reach the river; and it was not until 3 in the afternoon that a patrol of the Canterburys actually saw the running water.

The Political and Intelligence Officers finished their work by noon, and as there was no grain to be removed from the store houses on the Dead Sea, orders were given for the withdrawal.

At 6 in the evening, just as darkness was falling, the Brigade began its march back through the Wilderness, but

Jebel Kuruntul, the Mount of Temptation, from Jericho

this time by the old Roman road; leaving the Auckland Regiment and a sub-section of machine guns in a secure position just where the road falls into the plain.

This regiment with a battery was to keep the Jericho plain clear of the enemy and to prevent a resumption of the boat traffic on the Dead Sea.

Half-way to Jerusalem a halt was made and men and horses absorbed much needed supplies in the shape of bully beef, biscuits and grain, that had been brought down by camel transport. Bethlehem was reached at 5 o'clock on the morning of the 23rd, the latter part of the march proving bitterly cold.

The view of Jerusalem seen from the Bethlehem road is very fine. One sees the "old" City and it is not overshadowed by the "new," which clusters against the western wall and completely spoils the approach from Jaffa.

But of all the different points of view our men came in time to look upon the Holy City, not one appeals to the page 185imagination so strongly as that seen from the Jericho road. Right through the Wilderness the road winds, up and ever up from Jericho's 1200 feet below sea level to Jerusalem's 2500 feet above. And when half-way up this truly awful piece of country, the traveller breasts the rise of the Inn of the Good Samaritan, and sees up against the sky-line far above him the trees and towers of the Mount of Olives; expectation rises and he eagerly looks for more. Then the road plunges into a great gorge to rise in sharp zig-zags to the village of Bethany, and on, round the shoulder of Olivet, there bursts upon view, with her long battlemented walls and her towers and domes silhouetted against the sky, the City of Jerusalem seated upon her hills. This was the view at the clear dawn of a winter day that our men saw and will ever remember.

Jerusalem, excluding the modern suburbs, is roughly a square and is walled on all sides with high stone walls in a perfect state of preservation. These walls are built upon approximately the same lines followed by the walls of King Herod. On the east side and between Jerusalem and the

The Egyptian Transport Corps on the march carrying rations for the brigade.

Mount of Olives is the Valley of the Kedron, and on the west side is the Valley of Hinnom. These two valleys meet on the south side of the city and through the centre of the city runs the Tyropean Valley (now scarcely visible) joining the Kedron and Hinnom valleys at their confluence.

So it will be seen that Jerusalem was built on the ends of two spurs, that to the east being Mount Moriah, upon which page 186

The Mosque of Omar on the site of King Solomon's Temple. Mt. of Olives in the distance.

Jerusalem from the Mount of Olives.

page 187the Temple stood and where now stands the Mosque of Omar; and that to the west being Mount Zion.

The course of the ages and the results of Jerusalem's many sieges has almost filled up the Tyropean valley and raised the level of the valleys on either side of her, but the topography of the Bible is easily followed and all important places readily recognised.

We had been wandering for the past year in the lands of the Old Testament and had been imbibing the Old Testament stories from the "Land" and were now to have the greater pleasure in living in the New Testament.

No doubt many of the "traditional sites" owe their origin to the fraud or ignorant piety of the early pilgrims, but the "Land" is still the same. There can be no doubt as to Mount Moriah and to Mount Zion and to the Mount of Olives. There are also innumerable other places which can be seen

The Damascus Gate, Jerusalem.

and identified from the Mount of Olives, from which is to be seen the most wonderful and the most moving panorama in the world.

On the 24th the Brigade remained in bivouac at Bethlehem and as many officers and men as possible were sent into Jerusalem in small parties. Luckily the skies cleared for the day and a bright sun tempered the bitter wind. The greatest of interest was shown by all ranks in seeing the Holy Places and full use was made of the permission to use a camera.

The show places of Jerusalem are innumerable and all the "traditional sites" were visited by our men, and the padres proved invaluable both in lecturing and as guides.

The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian Church in a city conquered by Christians, was still guarded by a Moha-medan guard. That its congregation in days gone by had misbehaved itself we all knew from our books; and we knew that the Turkish Governor had placed a guard just within the porch to keep the peace; but why that Moslem guard should remain there now passed the understanding of the man from the dominions beyond the seas.

On the 25th the Brigade took its way back down the mountains by the Roman road and stayed the night at Zakariya reaching its old bivouac at Rishon on the 26th.

A Conference over men and horses in Richon.
Major Hercus, D.A.D.M.S., talking to Major Stafford, chief veterinary officer N.Z.M.R. Brigade, at D.H.Q., Richon le Zion.

Here horses were rested, shoes overhauled, after the spell of mountain climbing; and dismounted training for all units was again the order of the day.

Rishon le Zion, "the first in Zion," is a garden city of some 1500 souls. It was founded some 30 years ago and is the centre of the Palestine wine industry. Here is the most capacious wine cellar in the world, containing 104 vats each holding 60,000 pints. It also has extensive orange orchards and the mulberry trees exceed 20,000 in number. Almonds and olives are also cultivated.

The oranges were now at their best and a daily ration of an orange per man helped greatly to drive out the effects of a prolonged hard diet under a hot sun.

Our medical officers had rather an interesting time in teaching (or perhaps 're-teaching' would be better), the Jews of the colony among which we dwelt, the art of modem sanitation.

That greatest of generals, Moses, had taught his people a system of sanitation upon which modern civilisation lives, and it was with a feeling of hesitation rather, that our thoughtful and ever sympathetic D.A.D.M.S., called together the leading householders and gave them an address. However, his labours were not in vain, and to the other triumphs of our Medical Branch can be added the re-starting of these colonies on the lines laid down by Moses.