Introduction

In a recently published monograph the larvae and larval development of 53 species of Brachyura (including the Dromiacea) are described from New Zealand waters (Wear & Fielder, 1985). The work covers 72% of the crab species known as adults from 43 genera (90% of the fauna) representing all 16 families known to occur. During the course of this long-term study occupying the 15 years 1968 to 1982, larvae of a number of other decapod species were hatched and sometimes reared. Some of these have been described while others are lodged in the National Museum of New Zealand pending description.

A survey of the published literature, of graduate theses held by New Zealand Universities, and of National Museum material, provides information on the larvae of New Zealand species of the families Penaeidae and Sergestidae, and from most families in the Caridea, Macrura Reptantia, and Anomura. However, no major group is covered sufficiently well to justify a second "atlas"-type monograph at this stage. At the level of family, the Porcellanidae (Anomura) are best known through the work of Greenwood (1965, 1966) and Wear (1964a, 1964b, 1965b, 1965c, 1965d, 1966), and detailed descriptions are given in an account of larvae of the caridean families Crangonidae, Hippolytidae and Palaemonidae by Packer (1983) in his graduate thesis at Victoria University of Wellington. A guide for the identification of these caridean larvae, and those of the caridean families Alpheidae and Ogyrididae, page 2is given by Packer (1985).

Although an "atlas" to accompany that of the New Zealand Brachyura is presently inappropriate, there is sufficient information available to proceed with this check list and annotated bibliography as the simplest direct guide to published and unpublished literature, and to the availability of research material, for students of decapod larvae and for scientists working on the zooplankton of our coastal and near offshore waters. Workers wishing to identify planktonic larvae other than the Brachyura should first refer to Williamson's (1957, 1982) illustrated keys to the decapod larvae from European waters. These keys include guides to broad taxonomic groupings which have general relevance worldwide, often to the level of family. A second appropriate step is to consult Gurney's (1942) "Larvae of Decapod Crustacea", which is still the finest synthesis of decapod larval characters yet published. Additional supporting information is available in Bourdillon-Casanova (1960). Short descriptions of larvae of species occurring in New Zealand and Eastern Australian waters are contained in the works of Robert Gurney published in the 1924, 1936 and 1938 reports of the "Terra Nova", "Discovery" and Great Barrier Reef Expeditions respectively. These early records are valuable guides to the identity of several families and genera from which larvae are otherwise undescribed.

This checklist and annotated bibliography includes only those decapods from which larvae have been hatched from adults identified to species, or where in my opinion the evidence is sufficiently strong to establish species indentity beyond reasonable doubt. In cases where early larval descriptions have been superseded by more recent and detailed work, only the most useful and definitive reference is given following the entry for each species. Multiple references are given, where justified, on the basis of additional illustrations or supplementary information, or to support Packer's (1983) unpublished thesis. Seven decapod species hatched, and in some cases reared through all or part of their respective larval development by the author, are accordingly credited (R.G.W.) and included in the following sections together with their relevant National Museum of New Zealand catalogue numbers (N.M.N.Z. Cr.). Full descriptions of these larval life-histories will ultimately be published, but until that time, access to the Museum material may be granted if appropriate.

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Check List of New Zealand Natant, Macrurous and Anomuran Decapod Larvae

Annotated Bibliography of New Zealand Natant, Macrurous and Anomuran Decapod Larvae

Batham, E.J. , 1967. The first three larval stages and feeding behaviour of Phyllosoma of the New Zealand palinurid crayfish Jasus edwardsii (Hutton, 1875). Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, Zoology 9 : 53-64.

Naupliosoma, and phyllosoma larval stages 1-2 hatched and reared in the laboratory; detailed descriptions, figures and photographs.

Bourdillon-Casanova, L. , 1960. Le meroplancton du Golfe de Marseille: les larves de Crustaces Decapodes. Recueil des travaux de la Station marine d'Endoume, Faculte des sciences de Marseille Fasc. 30, Bulletin 18 : 1-286.

Calocaris macandreae Bell, 1853 zoeae 1-2, postlarva 1 figured and described in detail (pp. 101-107).

Bull, H.O. , 1934. The newly hatched larva of Calocaris macandreae, Bell. Report of the Dove Marine Laboratory, Cullercoats, Northumberland 3 : 48-50.

Figure and full description.

Ch'ng, T.K. , 1973. Aspects of the biology of the New Zealand freshwater shrimp Paratya curvirostris (Heller) in the Horokiwi stream. B.Sc. (Hons.) research project, Victoria University of Wellington, pp. 60 (unpublished).

Breeding biology; zoeae 1-6 reared in the laboratory, figured and described in detail; notes on larval ecology.

De Simón, M. , 1979. Primeros estadios larvarios de Pontocaris lacazei (Gourret) (Decapoda, Macrura, Crangonidae) obtenidos en laboratorio. Investigación pesquera 43 : 565-580.

Zoeae 1-4 reared in laboratory, figured and fully described.

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Greenwood, J.G. , 1965. The larval development of Petrolisthes elongatus (H. Milne Edwards) and Petrolisthes novaezelandiae Filhol (Anomura, Porcellanidae) with notes on breeding. Crustaceana 8 : 285-307.

Prezoea and zoea 1 laboratory reared; remainder of life-history including megalopa from plankton verified by stage to stage rearing; figures of all larval stages for both species.

Greenwood, J.G. , 1966. Some larval stages of Pagurus novae-zelandiae (Dana, 1852) (Decapoda, Anomura). New Zealand Journal of Science 9 : 545-558.

Prezoea and zoea 1 hatched in laboratory; glaucothoe (postlarva 1) from plankton; detailed descriptions and figures, with notes on breeding.

Gurney, R. , 1924. Crustacea. Part 9. Decapod larvae. British Antarctic Terra Nova Expedition, 1910. Natural History Reports, Zoology, 8 : 37-202.

Many decapod larvae taken at 'Terra Nova" stations 93-148 between Three Kings Islands and Bay of Islands, Northern New Zealand, figured and described; most larvae identifiable only to family or tentatively to genus. Larvae identified by Gurney, or subsequently by me with certainty or reasonable certainty are:

Solenocera novaezealandiae Borradaile, 1916
description and figures of protozoea and zoea 2 (pp. 75-76).

Stenopus hispidus (Olivier, 1811)
description of zoea 2 (p. 134-5, fig. 54b).

Callianassa filholi A. Milne Edwards, 1878
description of complete larval development of zoeae 1-5; zoeae 1 and 5 plus selected appendages figured (pp. 162-164).

Upogebia danai (Miers, 1876)
complete larval life-history (zoeae 1-4 and postlarva 1) described; zoea 4, postlarva 1, and selected appendages of other larvae figured (pp. 165-171).

Jaxea novae zealandiae Wear & Yaldwyn, 1966
zoeae 1, 2 and 4-6 described; zoeae 1 and 2 plus selected appendages of later larvae figured (pp. 150-155, as Jaxea sp.).

Gurney, R. , 1936. Larvae of decapod Crustacea Part 1. Stenopidea. Discovery' Reports 13 : 107-170.

Stenopus hispidus (Olivier, 1811)
page 9zoea 1 hatched, described and figured in detail; zoeae 5 and 9 from plankton figured and described (pp. 110-115).

Gurney, R. , 1938. The larvae of the decapod Crustacea. Palaemonidae and Alpheidae. Scientific Reports of the Great Barrier Reef Expedition 6 : 1-60.

Leander tenuicornis (Say, 1818)
zoea 1 hatched in the laboratory described and figured, zoea 2 reared and described briefly (pp. 4-6).

Gurney, R. , 1939. A late larval stage of the Sargassum prawn, Leander tenuicornis (Say), and a note on the statocyst of the adult. Annals and Magazine of Natural History series 2, 3 : 120-126.

Zoea 5 from plankton figured and described; postlarva 1 from floating Sargassum described briefly.

Gurney, R. , 1942. Larvae of Decapod Crustacea . London, Ray Society, pp. 306.

A synthesis of decapod larval characters and discussion of natural groupings; includes the following specific references:

Stenopus hispidus (Olivier, 1811)
illustrations of zoea 4 and selected appendages of other larval stages; summary of larval characters (pp. 236-239).

Calocaris macandreae Bell, 1853
summary of larval characters and illustrations of zoea 2 and telson of zoea 3 (pp. 242-243).

Gurney, R. & Lebour, M.V. , 1940. Larvae of decapod Crustacea. Part VI. The genus Sergestes . 'Discovery' Reports 20 : 1-68.

Sergestes (Sergestes) arcticus Kroyer, 1855
elaphocaris stages 2-3, acanthosoma stage 2 and mastigopus stage 1 described; elaphocaris 2 and acanthosoma 2 figured, with selected appendages of other larval stages (pp. 19-21).

Hopkins, C.L. , 1967. Breeding in the freshwater crayfish Paranephrops planifrons White. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 1 : 51-58.

Freshwater, with abbreviated development; no free-swimming larval stages; hatched juveniles described and figured.

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Lebour, M.V. , 1955. First stage larvae hatched from New Zealand decapod Crustacea. Annals and Magazine of Natural History series 12, 8 : 43-48.

Zoea 1 of Palaemon (Palaemon) affinis H. Milne Edwards, 1837, Alope spinifrons (H. Milne Edwards, 1837) and Callianassa filholi A. Milne Edwards, 1878 all hatched from identified adults, briefly described, and sketched in outline only. The two former species will be difficult to identify from this work (see Packer 1983).

Lesser, J.H.R. , 1974. Identification of early larvae of New Zealand spiny and shovel-nosed lobsters (Decapoda, Palinuridae and Scyllaridae). Crustaceana 27 : 259-277.

Full descriptions, comparisons and figures of laboratory hatched and reared larvae as follows:

Jasus edwardsii (Hutton, 1875)
stage 3 phyllosoma.

Jasus verreauxi (H, Milne Edwards, 1851)
naupliosoma and phyllosoma stages 1-3.

Ibacus alticrenatus Bate, 1888
naupliosoma and 1st phyllosoma larval stage.

Packer, H.A. , 1983. Larval morphology of some New Zealand shallow water shrimps (Crustacea, Decapoda, Caridea) of the families Crangonidae, Hippolytidae, and Palaemonidae. M.Sc. thesis, Victoria University Wellington pp. 232, (unpublished).

Full descriptions and excellent illustrations of larvae from the following species reared in the laboratory:

Palaemon (Palaemon) affinis H. Milne Edwards, 1837
complete larval development of 10 zoeae and 1st postlarva; a detailed comparison between laboratory reared and planktonic larvae.

Periclimenes (Harpilius) yaldwyni Holthuis, 1959
zoea 1 and notes on later larvae.

Periclimenes (Periclimenes) sp.
zoea 1 and notes on later larvae.

Alope spinifrons (H. Milne Edwards, 1837)
zoea 1 and notes on later larvae.

Hippolyte bifidirostris (Miers, 1876)
complete larval development (8 zoeae and 1st postlarva).

Hippolyte multicolorata Yaldwyn, 1971
complete zoea larval development of 8 instars.

Nauticaris marionus Bate, 1888
zoea 1.

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Tozeuma novae zealandiae Borradaile, 1916
zoea 1.

Pontophilus australis (Thomson, 1879)
complete larval development (5 zoeae and 1st postlarva).

Pontophilus chiltoni Kemp, 1911
complete larval development (5 zoeae and 1st postlarva).

Pontophilus hamiltoni Yaldwyn, 1971
zoea 1.

Pontophilus pilosoides Stephensen, 1927
zoea 1.

Packer, H.A. , 1985. A guide to the larvae of New Zealand's shallow water Caridea (Crustacea, Decapoda, Natantia). Zoology Publications from Victoria University of Wellington 78 : 1-16.

A list of characters, common to larvae of the families Alpheidae, Crangonidae, Hippolytidae, Ogyrididae, and Palaemonidae from N.Z. waters; keys to the identification of shallow water genera and species. The work includes reference to the following species of the Alpheidae and Ogyrididae which are not fully described in Packer (1983):

Alpheopsis garricki Yaldwyn, 1971
zoeae 1-4, N.M.N.Z. Cr. 3226-3227.

Alpheus richardsoni Yaldwyn, 1971
zoeae 1-3, N.M.N.Z. Cr. 3228-3230.

Alpheus socialis Heller, 1865
zoeae 1-3, N.M.N.Z. Cr. 3231.

Betaeopsis aequimanus (Dana, 1852)
zoea 1-4, N.M.N.Z. Cr. 3232-3234.

Ogyrides delli Yaldwyn, 1971
zoeae 1-4, N.M.N.Z. Cr. 3343.

Pike, R.B. & Wear, R.G. , 1969. Newly hatched larvae of the genera Gastroptychus and Uroptychus (Crustacea, Decapoda, Galatheidea) from New Zealand waters. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, Biological Sciences 11 : 189-195.

First zoea of Gastroptychus novaezelandiae Baba, 1974 and of Uroptychus n.sp. hatched in captivity, figured and described in detail; development abbreviated with larvae unlikely to be found in plankton samples.

Pike, R.B. & Williamson, D.I. , 1966. The first zoeal stage of Campylonotus rathbunae Schmitt and its bearing on the systematic position of the Campylonotidae (Decapoda, Caridea). Transactions page 12of the Royal Society of New Zealand, Zoology 7 : 209-213.

Zoea 1 hatched in captivity fully described and figured.

Roberts, P.E. , 1971. Zoea larvae of Pagurus campbelli Filhol, 1885, from Perseverance Harbour, Campbell Island (Crustacea, Decapoda, Paguridae). Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand , 1 : 187-196.

A planktonic series of 4 zoea larval instars fully described and figured; identification based on zoea 1 reared from prezoea larvae hatched in captivity.

Roberts, P.E. , 1972. Larvae of Porcellanopagurus edwardsi Filhol, 1885 (Crustacea; Decapoda; Paguridae) from Perseverance Harbour, Campbell Island. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand , 2 : 383-391.

Four zoeal instars identified as a planktonic series based on prezoea larvae hatched in captivity; all larval stages fully described and figured.

Roberts, P.E. , 1973. Larvae of Munida subrugosa White (1847) from Perseverance Harbour, Campbell Island. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand , 3 : 393-408.

Complete larval life-history of 5 zoeal instars and megalopa from the plankton, all fully described and figured. This species is now considered to be a synonym of M. gregaria (Leach, 1820).

Thomson, G.M. & Anderton, T. , 1921. History of the Portobello Marine Fish-Hatchery and Biological Station. Bulletin Board of Science and Art, New Zealand 2 : 1-131.

Figures of newly hatched zoea larvae of several decapod species with very little accompanying description. Useful illustrations are given of the following larvae:

Pontophilus australis (Thomson, 1879), p. 107

Munida gregaria (Leach, 1820), pp. 104-5

Pagurus traver si (Filhol, 1885), p. 102

Wear, R.G. , 1964a. Larvae of Petrolisthes elongatus (H. Milne Edwards, 1837) (Crustacea, Decapoda, Anomura). Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, Zoology 5 : 39-53.

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Zoea 1 hatched; subsequent zoeae from plankton and by instar to instar laboratory rearing; megalopa by rearing only; figures and full descriptions of all stages.

Wear, R.G. , 1964b. Larvae of Petrolisthes novae zelandiae Filhol, 1885 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Anomura). Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, Zoology 4 : 229-244.

Zoea larvae obtained from plankton and by instar to instar laboratory rearing; megalopa by rearing only; figures and full descriptions of complete larval life history.

Wear, R.G. , 1965a. Zooplankton of Wellington Harbour, New Zealand. Zoology Publications from Victoria University of Wellington 38 : 1-31.

Callianassa filholi A. Milne Edwards, 1878
drawing of zoea 1 hatched, with notes on abundance of larvae in plankton (pp. 14-15, Fig. 6a).

Jaxea novae zealandiae Wear & Yaldwyn, 1966
drawing of zoea 1 from plankton with notes on occurrence of larvae (p. 14, Fig. 5d).

Wear, R.G. , 1965b. Breeding cycles and pre-zoea larva of Petrolisthes elongatus (Milne Edwards, 1837) (Crustacea, Decapoda). Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, Zoology 5 : 169-175.

Figures and full description of prezoea hatched; larva non-plank-tonic.

Wear, R.G. , 1965c. Pre-zoea larva of Petrolisthes novae zelandiae Filhol, 1885 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Anomura). Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, Zoology 6 : 127-132.

Figures and full descriptions of prezoea hatched; larva non-plank-tonic.

Wear, R.G. , 1965d. Larvae of Petrocheles spinosus Miers, 1876 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Anomura) with keys to New Zealand porcellanid larvae. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, Zoology 5 : 147-168.

Five zoeal instars obtained from plankton and by laboratory rearing; megalopa by rearing only; all stages fully described and figured.

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Wear, R.G. , 1966. Pre-zoea larva of Petrocheles spinosus Miers, 1876 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Anomura). Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, Zoology 8 : 119-124.

Figures and full descriptions of prezoea larva hatched; larve non-planktonic.

Wear, R.G. , 1976. Studies on the larval development of Metanephrops challenged (Balss, 1914) (Decapoda, Nephropidae). Crustaceana 30 : 113-122.

Zoea 1 hatched in captivity, fully described and figured; development abbreviated with this single larval stage unlikely to be found in plankton samples.

Wear, R.G. & Yaldwyn, J.C. , 1966. Studies on thalassinid Crustacea (Decapoda, Macrura Reptantia) with a description of a new Jaxea from New Zealand and an account of its larval development. Zoology Publications from Victoria University of Wellington, 41 : 1-27.

Zoea 1, 3, and 7 and postlarva 1 of Jaxea novaezealandiae fully described; figures and details of postlarva and of larval series supplementing Gurney's (1924) descriptions of zoea stages 2 and 4-6 are given; larval series obtained from plankton and by instar to instar rearing; postlarva by rearing only.