Diagnosis : Tentacles 15, large, non-retractile. Ventrolateral pedicels large, in a single row throughout each radius. Midventral radius naked. Dorsal radii each with a crowded series of very numerous retractile slender processes, usually in a double row.

Type Specimen: Ilyodaemon maculatus Theel.

Remarks: The genus is widespread in the Indo-west-Pacific (I. fimbriatus, I. maculatus and I. abstrusus) and off Japan (I. ijimai and I. muriense) in depths ranging between about 159 metres and 1,000 metres. The fact that Ilyodaemon is now known to occur in New Zealand waters considerably extends the known range of distribution, and it seems likely that the genus will be found to have a far wider distribution than formerly has been supposed.

Ilyodaemon embraces five species, which may be distinguished as follows:

Ilyodaemon abstrusus Sluiter Text-fig. 5, figs. 1–4

Ilyodaemon abstrusus Sluiter, 1901a, p. 24; 1901b, p. 69, Pl. IV, figs. 1–3, Pl. IX, fig. 9.

Material Examined: Marine Dept. Stn. 23, 1 specimen; Stn. 31, 4 specimens.

Description: Total length ranges from 108mm to 142mm. Body elongate, approximately four times as long as broad. Bodywall extremely slimy, thick, gelatinous. Midventral radius naked, lateral ventral radii each with a single row of soft triangular processes, of average length 10mm. Processes regularly spaced along radii, numbers varying between 16 and 20 in each radius, although 18 processes is usual number. Lateral dorsal radii each carry approximately 55 pairs of short (5mm long) processes, regularly arranged; thus there are two rows of processes in each dorsal radius. Mouth ventrally turned, anus terminal.

In five specimens tentacle numbers are 11, 10, 15, 14, 14. Anterior end of each specimen damaged, normal tentacle number indeterminate, although there are probably more than 15.

Colour in alcohol dark purple overall, dorsal processes violet, ventrolateral processes lighter in colour. Tentacles dark brown, with leathery circular terminal discs. Intestine purplish-black, describing a large S-shaped loop. Polian vesicle large, bulbous. Gonad consists of small deep purple tufts of caeca.

Calcareous deposits include large wheels, smaller wheel-shaped perforated deposits, spinous rods. Large wheels (Text-fig. 5, fig. 2) regular, with 9–11 spokes and some central perforations. Wheels with 9 spokes (45%), or with 10 (40%), most commonly present. Diameter of wheels ranges from 0.085mm to 0.13mm; page 21

Text-fig. 5.—Ilyodaemon abstrusus Sluiter: Fig. 1, rods from dorsal processes; Fig. 2, large wheels; Fig. 3, rods from tentacles; Fig. 4, small wheels. ?Laetmogone violacea juv.: Fig. 5, rods from ventral pedicels; Fig. 6, small wheel; Fig. 7, large wheels.

page 22 average diameter 0.1mm. Small wheels (Text-fig. 5, fig. 4) of average diameter 0.04mm typically have four larger central perforations and twelve spokes. Margin of small wheels often slightly indented opposite each spoke. In dorsal bodywall, large and small wheels present, sparsely scattered. Ventrally, both types present, more closely aggregated.

Dorsal processes contain only small wheels in large numbers scattered irregularly. Ventral processes contain large wheels near bases; toward the distal extremities these are replaced by numerous rods of varying shape (Text-fig. 5, fig. 1) up to 0.5mm in length. Some rods bear a few small spines. In stems and discs of tentacles are curved rods (Text-fig. 5, fig. 3) up to 0.6mm long, with weakly spinous ends.

Remarks : These specimens are representatives of Ilyodaemon abstrusus, a species first described by Sluiter (1901a). Sluiter's largest specimen was 170mm in length, and the number of pairs of dorsal processes was given as 70 to 80. It is possible that this number increases with growth. However, none of the present specimens have less than 50 pairs of dorsal processes. The tentacles in Sluiter's specimens are violet, while here they are brown. In spite of such differences, it is apparent that the New Zealand specimens represent Sluiter's species.

In the specimen from Marine Dept. Stn. 31, five nematodes were found in the coelomic cavity, near the posterior end of the intestine. They were free and unattached, lying entwined in the small muscle fibres supporting that part of the intestine. Total length of these worms ranges from 16m to 30mm. The colour in alcohol approximates that of the intestine, although two of the specimens are light brown. These specimens are as yet unidentified. This is possibly the first record of the presence of nematodes in an elasipod holothurian.

The relationship between the "host" and its "parasites" is not clear. The intestine of the specimen contained no other nematodes, nor was there any evidence of damage to surrounding tissues in the region in which the nematodes were found. As there are no respiratory trees, it is difficult to imagine how the nematodes came to enter the coelomic cavity, unless they penetrated the wall of the intestine, or somehow entered the water-vascular system.

Diagnosis: Tentacles 20, large, non-retractile. Ventrolateral radii with large pedicels in a single row throughout each radius. Midventral radius with a double row of pedicels. Dorsal surface with a crowded series of very numerous slender processes along each side. Deposits large wheels and small wheel-shaped plates.

Type Species: Pannychia moseleyi Theel.

Remarks: A genus containing five species, of which the type species is wide ranging in the Pacific Ocean in depths of 500–2.000 metres.

Pannychia moseleyi Theel

Pannychia moseleyi Theel, 1882, p. 88, Pls. XVII, XXXII, figs. 1–13; Ludwig, 1894, p. 95; Sluiter, 1901b, p. 71; Mitsukuri, 1912, p. 207; Ohshima, 1915, p. 235; Djakonov, Baranova and Saveljeva, 1958, p. 360.

Material Examined: None.

Remarks: Theel (1882) described two specimens of this species, one taken from east of Australia (34° 8′ S., 152° 0′ E.) in 1,719 metres, the other from off New Zealand (37° 34′ S., 179° 22′ E.) in 1,260 metres. Since that time the species has been recorded from several localities in the Pacific Ocean (see Ohshima, 1915, p. 235).

Diagnosis: Tentacles 15, large, non-retractile, ventrolateral radii with large pedicels in a single row throughout each radius. Midventral radius naked. Dorsal page 23 radii each with a single series of extremely elongated, flexible, slender, non-retractile processes. Deposits include wheels and often cruciform bodies.

Type Species: Laetmogone wyvillethomsoni Theel.

Remarks: This genus contains about ten species, of which two, L. violacea Theel and L. wyvillethomsoni Theel, are known to be cosmopolitan. Deichmann (1930) has indicated that these two species have undoubtedly been confused on many occasions, because of their great similarity to each other. Species of Laetmogone have been taken in depths ranging from 200 metres to 3,500 metres.

Laetmogone violacea Theel Text-fig. 6

Laetmogone violacea Theel, 1879, p. 11; Theel, 1882, p. 78, Pl. 13, figs. 1–3, Pl. 36, figs. 20–24, Pl. 42, fig. 2; Perrier, 1902, p. 390, Pl. 19, figs. 1–7; Augustin, 1908, p. 21; Mitsukuri, 1912, p. 192, Pl. 6, figs. 52–54, Text-fig. 36; Ohshima, 1915, p. 237; Greig, 1921, p. 9; Herouard, 1923, p. 37; Mortensen, 1927, p. 361, figs. 213–4; Deichmann, 1930, p. 120; Heding, 1942, p. 14, Text-fig. 14.

Cryodora spongiosa Theel, 1879, p. 9.

Laetmogone spongiosa Theel, 1882, p. 80, Pl. 14, figs. 1–3, Pl. 39, figs. 5–6.

Laetmogone jourdaini Petit, 1885, p. 9.

Laetmogone brogniarti Perrier, 1886, fig. 241.

Material Examined: N.Z.O.I. Stn. C.619, 3 specimens. Marine Dept. Stn. 11, 6 specimens; Stn. 23, 1 specimen; Stn. 27, 3 specimens. Dominion Museum, B.S.209, 1 specimen.

Description: Body elongate, flattened ventrally, about three times as long as broad. Mouth subventral, anus subdorsal. Total length ranges from 57mm (an autoeviscerated specimen) to 102mm. Tentacles 15 (14 in one specimen). Dorsal surface with elongate processes in each radius (Text-fig. 6, fig. 1), ventrolateral radii with short, broad pedicels (Text-fig. 6, fig. 5), midventral radius naked. Colour in alcohol light grey with a purple tinge; dorsal processes dark reddish-purple. Bodywall thick, soft, gelatinous. Tentacles with grey stems and a brown leathery terminal disc.

Dorsal processes up to 25mm long, while ventral pedicels are up to 13mm long. Variation in the number of processes and pedicels is shown in following table:

Average number of dorsal processes 24; ventral pedicels 14.

Fragile calcareous ring a continuous network of calcareous material; radial areas with faint anterior processes for attachment of radial muscles. A thinwalled intestine describes a very large loop (Text-fig. 6, fig. 1) ; cloaca attached to bodywall by some fine muscle fibres. Intestine transparent; cloaca light violet, opaque. Single Polian vesicle elongate, cylindrical (Text-fig. 6, fig. 1), arising from ring vessel in left ventral interradius. Stone canal runs posteriorly for short distance in dorsal mesentery, terminating in a minute nodular madreporite, which opens to exterior near opening of genital duct.

Text-fig. 6.—Laetmogone violacea Theel: Fig. 1, internal anatomy, margins intact, dorsal view; Fig. 2, anchor shaped spicule of doubtful origin; Fig. 3, spinous deposits from ventral bodywall; Fig. 4, deposits from dorsal processes; Fig. 5, entire animal, ventral view; Fig. 6, portion of gonad; Fig. 7, tentacle deposits; Fig. 8, wheels (a, b, developing; c, small; d, large); Fig. 9, "endplate" deposits from ventrolateral pedicel; Fig. 10, rods from ventrolateral pedicels. Abbreviations: an., anus; clo., cloaca; c.r., calcareous ring; desc. int., descending intestine; dors. proc., dorsal process; g.d., genital duct; gon., gonad; g.pap., genital papilla; g.tub., genital tubule (caecum); mo., mouth; oes., oesophagus; ped., pedicel; p.v., polian vesicle; r.l.m., radial longitudinal muscle; ten., tentacle; v.l.m., ventral longitudinal muscle.

Gonad a large bunch of dichotomously branching genital caeca (Text-fig. 6, fig. 6). Genital duct short, opening to exterior at tip of genital papilla, a short distance from anterior end of body in mid-dorsal interradius. Longitudinal muscles five broad undivided dark brown straps.

Calcareous deposits include wheels, spinous spicules. Wheels of two types, large and small. Large wheels (Text-fig. 6, fig. 8d) typically have 8–9 spokes and average 0.9mm in diameter. Smaller wheels (Text-fig. 6, fig. 8c) have 12–13 spokes, and are 0.05mm in diameter. All wheels approximately saucer-shaped, lying with concave surface facing outwards. Stages in development of large wheels commonly found (Text-fig. 6, fig. 8 a, b). Three- to six-armed spinous deposits of average length 0.1mm are numerous in ventral bodywall, but rare dorsally (Text-fig. 6, fig. 3).

Dorsal processes contain wheels, together with numerous rods and three-armed deposits, often with weakly spinous extremities (Text-fig. 6, fig. 4). Small wheels more common near distal extremities of processes, while large wheels mostly found near bases. In ventrolateral pedicels wheels numerous, and at distal extremity of each pedicel is an "endplate" composed of an aggregation of small, smooth deposits of variable shape (Text-fig. 6, fig. 9), surrounded by a ring of curved spinous rods (Text-fig. 6, fig. 10).

Tentacles contain wheels, as well as spinous rods of variable size (Text-fig. 6, fig. 7). Average length of rods 0.4mm. In walls of genital caeca are small spinous rods of average length 0.2mm.

In dorsal bodywall, a spicule of unusual character, resembling an anchor, was found (Text-fig. 6, fig. 2). This spicule is 0.2mm in length, and is possibly not of holothurian origin.

Remarks: The variation shown by the dorsal processes and ventrolateral pedicels is quite considerable. The spiculation can also vary greatly. Heding (1942) described variation in specimens collected during the "Ingolf" Expedition, and considered that such differences are too slight to be used for distinguishing the numerous forms of this species.

This is the first record of L. violacea from New Zealand. Its occurrence here is not unexpected, as L. violacea is one of the most widespread of elasipod species, being known from the Arctic, Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Heding (1942) notes that "L. violacea appears to be a cosmopolitic species, originating from the Indo-Pacific ..." The species is usually confined to deeper waters beyond the continental shelf, and has been taken from depths exceeding 1,800 metres.

?Laetmogone violacea Theel juv. Text-fig. 5, figs. 5, 6, 7

Material Examined: Marine Dept. Stn. 32, 1 specimen.

Description: The juvenile elasipod of total length 15mm has calcareous deposits greatly resembling those of Laetmogone violacea. Body contracted, skin thick, gelatinous, translucent, light purple. Lateral ventral pedicels and dorsal processes present, midventral radius naked.

Ventral processes elongate tubefeet, each about 4mm in length; a concave perforated endplate (0.5mm diameter) present, surrounded by curved spinous rods up to 0.5mm in length (Text-fig. 5, fig. 5) and small wheels (Text-fig. 5, fig. 6). Stems packed with spinous rods, which lie tranverse to longitudinal axes of tubefeet. There are 18 processes in left ventral radius, and 11 in right (damaged).

Dorsal processes deep red in colour, up to 6mm in length, with thick gelatinous bases. Processes less numerous than ventral tubefeet, there being only eight in left dorsal radius and nine in right. Calcareous deposits in processes include numerous large and small wheels (Text-fig. 5, figs. 6, 7).

Deposits apparently lacking from ventral side, but wheels common dorsally. Smaller wheels are of average diameter of 0.037mm, with 12 spokes and four page 26 central holes. Large wheels are of average diameter 0.146mm, typically with nine spokes, although wheels with more or less than nine spokes not uncommon; raised central boss has about six perforations.

Remarks : There is little doubt that this is a juvenile of an elasipod, of the genus Laetmogone, or a closely allied genus. However, there are some puzzling features about the specimen. The ventral processes are more numerous than the dorsal processes. This is not the case in L. violacea, although it is quite possible that L. violacea does not achieve its full complement of dorsal processes until later in its life history. Moreover, the ventral pedicels of the juvenile specimen exceed in number those of the adult. However, until new material becomes available it seems appropriate to consider this specimen a juvenile of L. violacea.

Diagnosis: Tentacles 15. Body elongate, flattened ventrally, arched dorsally. Midventral radius naked. Lateroventral radii each with approximately 50 narrow, elongate pedicels arranged in a single, often apparently double series. Dorsal radii each with about ten small retractile processes, regularly spaced. Deposits include wheels, circular perforated plates and spinous rods. Wheels and plates tend to be aggregated into scattered heaps on the dorsal side of the body.

Type Species: Bathygone papillatum Pawson.

Remarks: This genus differs from the others in Family Laetmogonidae in possessing peculiar heaps of calcareous deposits in the dorsal side of the body. Also the extremely numerous circular plates, while not unique to this family, are usually found in the papillae or pedicels, and are rare elsewhere.

Bathygone seems most closely related to Laetmogone Theel, differing from that genus in the smaller size of the dorsal papillae, and in the absence of accessory rods and cross-shaped deposits. Bathygone differs from Benthogone Koehler in having smaller ventrolateral processes, and more than one type of deposit in the bodywall.

Bathygone papillatum Pawson

Bathygone papillatum Pawson, 1965b, p. 77, figs. 7–11.

Material Examined: Marine Dept. Stn. 20, 7 specimens.

Remarks: This species has already been discussed elsewhere (Pawson, 1965b).

Diagnosis: Mouth ventral, surrounded by 15–20 tentacles. Body flattened or almost cylindrical. Ventrolateral radii each with a single row of ca. 15 retractile pedicels; midventral radius naked. Dorsal radii with numerous small processes in a single, sometimes double row. Deposits strongly vaulted wheels of one type, with an average diameter of 0.078mm.

Type Species: Benthogone rosea Koehler.

Remarks: This genus is monotypic, differing from other genera in the family Laetmogonidae in possessing wheels of only one type; these are not associated with any other deposits, except in the pedicels. Accessory deposits are spinous rods, which are found in the pedicels, processes and tentacles.

Benthogone rosea Koehler

Benthogone rosea Koehler, 1896, p. 114; Pawson, 1965a, p. 219, Pl. V, figs. 2–5 (synonymy).

Material Examined: "Tui" Stn. 098–17, 2 specimens.

Remarks: This species is described and discussed elsewhere (Pawson, 1965a).

Distribution: Off south-west Ireland, 1,200–1,765 metres, Bay of Biscay, off Azores Is., African coast to Cape Verde Islands, 1,000–2,320 metres (Mortensen, 1927). The occurrence of species north of New Zealand is unexpected, but it now seems likely that B. rosea is widespread in the Atlantic and southern Pacific Oceans.

Diagnosis : Tentacles 20. Body depressed, with extension of bodywall around anterior extremity, constituting a very broad, large flat brim. Dorsal surface with some small projections around margin of brim, also some very small processes on ambulacra. Calcareous deposits lacking. (After Theel, 1882.)

Type Species: Enypniastes eximia Theel.

Remarks: The three species in this genus are all so far known only from the Pacific Ocean, and E. eximia Theel, in particular, is known from off Japan (Mitsukuri, 1912; Ohshima, 1915), the Moluccas (Sluiter, 1901b), and New Zealand (Theel, 1882). In commenting on Heding's (1950) attempt to revise the classification of the bathypelagic holothurians, Hansen and Madsen (1956) note that perhaps at least three species are confused under the name Enypniastes eximia.

Enypniastes eximia Theel

Enypniastes eximia Theel, 1882, p. 56, Pl. 8, figs. 6, 7; Sluiter, 1901b, p. 77, Pl. 2, figs. 8, 9, Pl. 10, fig. 5; Mitsukuri, 1912, p. 215, Pl. 7, figs. 59, 60; Ohshima, 1915, p. 243; Heding, 1950, p. 117.

Material Examined: N.Z.O.I. Stn. 603, 1 specimen.

Description: Single specimen badly damaged, 80mm in length and 55mm broad. Mouth apparently ventral; a large web of tissue projects from anterior end of body. Other external features indistinguishable, but anus appears dorsally placed. Colour in alcohol grey, tentacles purple. Most internal structures missing or lacerated. Small remaining fragment of intestine dark brown, supported by strong mesenteries. Longitudinal muscles pinkish-brown. Calcareous deposits lacking.

Remarks: The general form of this specimen somewhat resembles that of E. eximia Theel, which was described (Theel, 1882) from four specimens taken near New Zealand (40° 28′ S., 177° 43′ E.) at a depth of 1,980 metres. As the specimen was taken from the vicinity of the type locality of the species it probably represents the true E. eximia, and not one of the synonyms referred to by Hansen and Madsen (1956).

Diagnosis: Midventral radius with a double row of pedicels. Dorsal surface lacking any large appendages.

Type Species: Benthodytes typica Theel.

Remarks: Benthodytes embraces approximately 20 species, of which one, B. typica, has a cosmopolitan distribution, while B. sanguinolenta appears to be confined to the Pacific Ocean. The species are most commonly found at depths of approximately 3,000 metres, and have been taken from depths in excess of 5,000 metres.

Benthodytes hystrix Sluiter Text-fig. 7

Benthodytes hystrix Sluiter, 1901b, p. 59, Pl. IV, fig. 4, Pl. IX, fig. 10; Heding, 1940, p. 367.

Material Examined: In the collection of the Department of Zoology, Victoria University of Wellington, VUZ 109, off Palliser Bay, 600 fathoms, mud, 2 specimens.

Description: Both specimens extensively damaged externally; some features of external anatomy impossible to determine. One specimen approximately 130mm long, while another approximately 155mm long. Body more or less cylindrical, four to five times as long as broad. Tentacles destroyed in both specimens. Mouth appears to lie on ventral surface of body, a short distance behind anterior end. Anus subdorsal, a large aperture. Bodywall thick, soft, but parts of dorsal side invested in a thin rough layer comprising calcareous deposits. (This layer of calcareous material may have been continuous in living specimens). Layer finely papillate; each papilla contains a calcareous deposit.

Colour in life, "uniformly dark purple". In alcohol, specimens grey ventrally, mottled dark purple dorsally.

The two specimens are a male and a female of same species. In both, oesophagus thin-walled and intestine describes a large S-shaped loop (Text-fig. 7, figs. 1, 2). Cloaca enlarged, attached to bodywall by fine muscle fibres. Entire alimentary canal purplish-black. Longitudinal muscles broad straps, dark brown in male, violet in female. Transverse muscles inconspicuous.

Male damaged anteriorly, lacking water-vascular ring and some related structures, but in female, there is a single cylindrical Polian vesicle 45mm long, which arises from ventral side of water-vascular ring. Dorsally, stone canal emerges from ring vessel, terminating in a small bulbous madreporite, which opens to exterior in dorsal interradius, about 20mm from anterior end of body.

Gonad well developed in both specimens. In male, there are two genital ducts, each about 45mm in length, which subtend short branching tufts of genital caeca. Female has two genital ducts, one being about 30mm long, the other almost twice that length. Genital caeca composed of a small number of conspicuous bifurcate sacs, containing large eggs 0.9–1.1mm in diameter. In male and female, the two genital ducts unite to form a single canal which opens to exterior immediately adjacent to madreporite (Text-fig. 7, figs. 1, 2).

Calcareous deposits present in bodywall, gonad, stone canal and madreporite.

Bodywall with large numbers of four-armed spicules, arms radiating from a central point, which also carries two smaller processes; arms 0.4–0.6mm in length, page 29

Text-fig. 7.—Benthodytes hystrix Sluiter: Fig. 1, internal anatomy of female, left ventral view; Fig. 2, internal anatomy of male, right ventral view; Fig. 3, calcareous meshwork from madreporite; Fig. 4, four armed deposits of male; Fig. 5, unusual deposit from male specimen; Fig. 6, deposits from male genital duct; Fig. 7, rods from stone canal; Fig. 8, four armed deposits of female; Fig. 9, developing genital duct deposit; Fig. 10, deposits from female genital duct. Abbreviations: an., anus; cl., cloaca; g.d., genital duct; gon., gonad; int., intestine; mad., madreporite; mad.d., stone canal; m.f., muscle fibres; oes., oesophagus; p.v., polian vesicle; r.l.m., radial longitudinal muscle; r.v., ring vessel.

page 30 spinous, curved; inner faces of central processes densely spinous (Text-fig. 7, figs. 4; 8). Spicules of male (Text-fig. 7, fig. 4) differ little from those of female (Text-fig. 7, fig. 8), although in former they bear fewer spines. Deposits orientated in body wall in such a way that curved arms are directed inwards, and the central processes project above level of the bodywall. A single spicule of unusual shape was found in bodywall of male specimen (Text-fig. 7, fig. 5).

Walls of genital ducts and caeca carry three- to five-armed deposits. Those of female (Text-fig. 7, fig. 10) more robust than those of male (Text-fig. 7, fig. 6). Ends of arms smooth or weakly spinous. Developmental stages of these deposits also common (Text-fig. 7, fig. 9).

Madreporite invested in complex meshwork of calcareous material (Text-fig. 7, fig. 3), which also contains four-armed spicules of type found in gonad and genital caeca. Stone canal contains straight rods of average length 0.3mm with spinous extremities (Text-fig. 7, fig. 7), as well as widely scattered four-armed deposits.

Remarks: The specific identity of these specimens is not clear, for external features cannot here be used as a guide in determining the species. The calcareous deposits of the skin and gonads resemble those described by Sluiter (1901) for Benthodytes hystrix, a single specimen collected in the East Indies at a depth of 2,798 metres. Some differences in spiculation, especially in regard to the size of the spicules and certain features of their shape, between the present material and Sluiter's may not be significant, when the unique character of the spicules themselves is considered. Ohshima (1915) notes that B. gotoi has some spicules of exactly the same type as those in B. hystrix, but also has others with an anchor-shaped spire, similar to those in B. anchora Herouard. Theel (1882) illustrates the gonads of male and female of B. abyssicola Theel, and his figures show that the gonads in that species closely resemble those of B. hystrix. It is apparent that sexual dimorphism of this nature is not uncommon throughout the elasipods. The slight differences between the calcareous deposits of male and female in the present material are not important, but it is of considerable importance to have some indication of the range of variation of these deposits.

Distribution: B. hystrix was previously known only from the East Indian region in depths ranging from 768 to 2,798 metres (Sluiter, 1901b, Heding, 1940).

Diagnosis: Body slightly elongate or egg-shaped, at most two and a half times as long as broad; tentacles ten. Anteriorly, dorsal side carries a transverse row of 3–4 papillae, sometimes discrete, sometimes adjoining, sometimes fused into a voluminous transverse four-lobed process. Immediately posterior to papillae a small number of isolated very small papillae present on radii. Ventral radii each with a row of pedicels, usually restricted to posterior half of each radius. Deposits triradiate bodies, together with sigmas. (After Perrier, 1901 in Deichmann, 1930.)

Type Species: Periamma roseum Perrier.

Remarks : This genus was formerly known as Periamma Perrier, but the generic name was preoccupied. The new name Amperima was given elsewhere (Pawson, 1965a). Amperima is cosmopolitan and contains seven species, five of which are known from the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Madsen (1958) notes that most species can be found below about 3,000 metres.

Diagnosis : Body elongate to ovate. Tentacles ten. Dorsal surface of body with a small number of processes, restricted to anterior end of body or present anteriorly and posteriorly. Ventrolateral pedicels present in small numbers throughout radii. Midventral radius naked. Deposits include C-shaped spicules, unbranched rods, and three-armed spicules, of which the last two types may be spinous.

Type Species: Scotoplanes globosa Theel.

Remarks: This genus embraces seven species, and is known from the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, from 500 metres to depths of approximately 10,000 metres.

Scotoplanes gilpinbrowni Pawson

Scotoplanes gilpinbrowni Pawson, 1965a, p. 217, Pl. IV, figs. 4–6.

Material Examined: "Tui" Stn. 003–02, 1 specimen.

Remarks: The species has already been described and discussed elsewhere (Pawson, 1965a).