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University of New Zealand.

B.A. Examination for Honours, 1885.

Natural Science.

Paper b (2). Botany.

(Group: Vascular Cryptogams.)

Examiner: S. H. Vines, M.A., D.Sc.

1. Give a sketch of a natural classification of the Vascular Cryptogams, including both existing and fossil forms.

Discuss the affinities of the Vascular Cryptogams with the Muscineæ on the one hand and with the Gymnosperms on the other.

2. Show that in passing from the lowest to the highest Vascular Cryptogams, the oophore gradually diminishes in size and independence.

3. Point out the peculiarities in the histology of the vegetative organs of Vascular Cryptogams which are, on the whole, characteristic of the group.

4. Discuss the division of the Vascular Cryptogams into Leptosporangiata and Eusporangiata as proposed by Goebel. Give an account of the development of the sporangium of

a.	any Homosporous Leptosporangiate,
b.	any Homosporous Eusporangiate.

Briefly discuss the morphology of the apparently multilocular sporangia of Marattia, Psilotum, and Tmesipteris.

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5. Give a general account of the mode of development of the spores in the Vascular Cryptogams.

Give a detailed comparative description of the development of the macrospores in Selaginella and Isoëtes.

Describe the peculiarities of the spores of the Salviniaceæ.

6. Describe the germination of (a) the microspores, (b) the macrospores of the Heterosporous Vascular Cryptogams.

Point out any facts which are likewise to be met with in the germination of the spores of Phanerogams.

7. Describe and discuss the morphology of the sporocarps of the Rhizocarpæ (Hydropterideæ).

8. Give a comparative account of the early stages in the development of the embryo from the oospore in the Vascular Cryptogams. Discuss the morphological and physiological significance of the suspensor of Selaginella.