Araucaria Bidwilli, Hook.^*

Bunya Bunya. Southern Queensland. A tree 160 feet in height, with a fine grained, hard and durable wood; the seeds are edible.

Araucaria Brasiliensis, A. Rich.

Brazilian Pino. A tree, 100 feet high, producing edible seeds. Ought to be tried in our fern gullies.

Araucaria Cookii, R. Br.

In New Caledonia, where it forms large forests. Height of tree 200 feet.

Araucaria Cunningham!, Ait.^*

Moreton-Bay Pine.—East Australia, between 14° and 32° S. latitude. The tree gets 130 feet high. The timber is used for ordinary furniture,

Araucaria excelsa, R. Br.^*

Norfolk-Island Pine.—A magnificent tree, sometimes 220 feet high, with a stem attaining ten feet in diameter. The timber is useful for ship-building and many other purposes.

Araucaria imbricata, Pav.

Chili and Patagonia. The male tree attains only a height of 50 feet, but the female reaches 150 feet. It furnishes a hard and durable timber, as well as an abundance of edible seeds, which constitute a main article of food of the natives. Eighteen good trees will yield enough for a man's sustenance all the year round. In our lowlands of comparative slow growth, but likely of far more rapid development, if planted in our ranges.

Callitris quadrivalvis, Vent.

North Africa. A middling-sized tree, yielding the true Sandarac resin.

Cephalotaxus Fortunei, Hook.

China and Japan. This splendid yew attains a height of 60 feet, and is very hardy.

Cryptomeria Japonica, Don.

Japan and Northern China. A slender evergreen tree, 100 feet high. It requires forest valleys for successful growth. The wood is compact, very white, soft and easy to work.

Cupressus Benthami, Endl.

Mexico, at 5 to 7,000′. A beautiful tree, 00 feet high. The wood is fine grained and exceedingly durable.

Cupressus Lawsoniana, Murr.^*(Chamæcyparis Lawsoniana, Parl.)

Northern California. This is a splendid red-flowered cypress, growing 100 feet high, with a stem of 2 feet in diameter, and furnishes a valuable timber for building purposes, being clear and easily worked.

Cupressus Lindleyi, Klotzsch.

On the mountains of Mexico. A stately cypress, up to 120 feet high. It supplies an excellent timber.

Cupressus macrocarpa, Hartw.^*(C. Lambertiana, Gord.)

Upper California. This beautiful and shady tree attains the height of 150 feet, with a stem of 9 feet in circumference, and is one of the quickest growing of all conifers, even in poor dry soil.

Cupressus Nutkaensis, Lamb. (Chamcecyparis Nutkaensis, Spach.)

North-West America. Height of tree 100 feet. Wood used for boatbuilding and other purposes; the best for mats and ropes.

Cupressus obtusa, F. von Muell. (Retinospora obtusa, S. & Z.)

Japan. Attains a height of 80 feet; stem 5 feet in circumference. It forms a great part of the forests at Nipon. The wood is white-veined and compact, assuming, when planed, a silky lustre. It is used in Japan for temples. There are varieties of this species with foliage of a golden and of a silvery-white hue.

Two other Japanese cypresses deserve introduction, namely: Cupr. breviramea (Chamcæcyparis breviramea, Maxim.), and Cupr. pendens, (Chamæcyparis pendula, Maxim.)

Cupressus pisifera, F. von Muell. (Chamaecyparis pisifera, S. & Z.)

Japan. It attains a height of 30 feet, producing also a variety with golden foliage.

Cupressus sempervirens, L.

Common Cypress of South Europe. Height of tree up to 80 feet. It is famous for the great ago it reaches, and for the durability of its timber, which is next to imperishable. At present it is much sought for the manufacture of musical instruments.

Cupressus thurifera, Humb. B. & K.^*

Mexico; 3,000 to 4,500 feet above sea-level. A handsome pyramidal tree, upwards of 40 feet high.

Cupressus thuyoides, Linné. (Chamœcyparis sphœroidea, Spach.)

White Cedar of North America; in moist or morassy ground. Height of tree 80 feet; diameter of stem 3 feet. The wood is light, soft, and fragrant; it turns red when exposed to the air.

Cupressus torulosa, Don.^*

Nepal Cypress. Northern India; 4,500 to 8,000 feet above sea level. Height of tree 150 feet; circumference of stem, as much as 16 feet. The reddish fragrant wood is as durable as that of the Deodar Cedar, highly valued for furniture. The tree seems to prefer the limestone soil.

Dacrydium cupressinum, Soland.

New Zealand. Native name, Rimu; the Red Pine of the colonists. This stately tree acquires the height of 200 feet, and furnishes a hard and valuable wood. With other New Zealand conifers particularly eligible for our forest valleys. A most suitable tree for cemeteries, on account of its pendulous branches.

Dacrydium Franklini, Hook. fil.

Huon Pine of Tasmania; only found in moist forest recesses, and might be planted in our dense fern-tree gullies. Height of tree 100 feet; stem-circumference 20 feet. The wood is highly esteemed for ship-building and various artizan's work.

Dammara alba, Rumph. (D. orientalis.Lamb.)

Agath Dammar. Indian Archipelagos and mainland. A large tree, 100 feet high, with a stem of 8 feet in diameter; straight and branchless for two-thirds its length. It is of great importance on account of its yields of the transparent Dammar resin, extensively used for varnish.

Dammara Australia, Lamb.^*

Kauri Pine. North island of New Zealand. This magnificent tree measures, under favourable circumstances, 180 feet in height and 17 feet in diameter of stem. The estimated age of such a tree being 700 or 800 years. It furnishes an excellent timber for furniture, masts of ships, or almost any other purpose; it yields besides the Kauri resin of commerce, which is largely got from under the stem of the tree. The greatest part is gathered by the Maories in localities formerly covered with Kauri forests; pieces, weighing 100 lbs., have been found in such places.

Dammara macrophylla, Lindl.

Santa Cruz Archipelagus. A beautiful tree, 100 feet high, resembling D. alba.

Dammara Moorei, Lindl.

New Caledonia. Height of tree about 60 feet.

Dammara obtusa, Lindl.

New Hebrides. A fine tree, 200 feet high; with a long, clear trunk; resembling D. Australis.

Dammara ovata, Moore.

New Caledonia. This tree is rich in Dammar resin.

Dammara robusta, Moore.

Queensland Kauri, A tall tree, known from Rockingham's Bay and Wide Bay. It thrives well even in open, exposed, dry localities at Melbourne.

Dammara Vitiensis, Seem.

In Fiji. Tree 100 feet high; probably identical with Lindley'a D. longifolia.

Fitzroya Patagonica, Hooker fil.

Southern parts of Patagonia and Chili. A stately tree, 100 feet high, up to 14 feet in diameter of stem. The wood is red, almost imperishable in the open air or under ground; it does not warp, and is easy to split. It comes into commerce in boards 7 feet long, 8 inches wide, ½ inch thick, and is used for roofing, deals, doors, casks, &c. The outer bark produces a strong fibre used for caulking ships. Like many other trees of colder regions, it would require here to be planted in our mountain forests.

Frenela Actinostrobus, Muell. (Actinostrobus pyramidalis Mig.)

From S.W. Australia, though only a shrub, is placed here on record as desirable for introduction, because it grows on saline desert flats, where any other conifers will not readily succeed. It may become important for coast cultivation.

Frenela Macleayana, Parl.

New South Wales. A handsome tree of regular pyramidal growth, attaining a height of 70 feet; the timber is valuable.

Frenela verrucosa, A. Cunn.

Also several other species from Victoria and other parts of Australia are among the trees, which may be utilized for binding the coast and desert sand. They all exude Sandarac.

Ginkgo biloba, L. (Salisburia adiantifolia, Smith.)

Ginkgo tree. China and Japan. A deciduous fan-leaved tree, 100 feet high, with a straight stem 12 feet in diameter. The wood is white, soft, easy to work, and takes a beautiful polish. The seeds are edible, and when pressed yield a good oil. Ginkgo trees are estimated to attain an age of 3000 years.

Juniperus Bermudiana, L.^*

The Pencil Cedar of Bermuda and Barbadoes. This species grows sometimes 90 feet high, and furnishes a valuable red durable wood, used for boat building, furniture and particularly for pencils, on account of its pleasant odor and special fitness. Many of the plants called Thuya or Biotia Meldensis in gardens, belong to this species.

Juniperus brevifolia, Antoine.

In the Azores up to 4,800′; a nice tree with sometimes silvery foliage.

Juniperus Cedrus, Webb.

A tall tree of the higher mountains of the Canary Islands.

Juniperus Chinensis, L.^*

In temperate regions of the Himalaya, also in China and Japan. This tree is known to rise to 75 feet. Probably identical with the Himalayan Pencil Cedar (Juniperus religiosa, Royle); it is remarkable for its reddish close-grained wood.

Juniperus communis, L.

One of the three native conifers; of Britain, attaining under favorable circumstances a height of nearly 50 feet, of medicinal uses; the berries also used in the preparation of gin.

Juniperus drupacea, Labill. Plum Juniper.

A very handsome long-leaved Juniper, the Habhel of Syria. It attains a height of 30 feet, and produces a sweet edible fruit, highly esteemed throughout the Orient.

Juniperus excelsa, Bieberst.

In Asia Minor, 2 to 6000 feet above the sea level. A stately tree, 60 feet high.

Juniperus flaceida, Schlecht.

In Mexico, 5 to 7000 feet high. A tree of 30 feet in height, rich in a resin, similar to Sandarach.

Juniperus foetidissima, Willd.

A tall beautiful tree in Armenia and Tauria, 5000 to 6,500 feet.

Juniperus Mexicana, Schiede.

Mexico at an elevation of 7000 to 11,000 feet. A straight tree, 90 feet high, stem 3 feet diameter, exuding copiously a resin similar to Sandarac.

Juniperus oceidentalis, Hook.

North California and Oregon, at 5000 feet. A straight tree, 80 feet high, with a stein of 3 feet diameter.

Juniperus Phœnicea, L.

South Europe and Orient. A small tree, 20 feet high, yielding an aromatic resin.

Juniperus procera, Hochst.

In Abyssinia. A stately tree, furnishing a hard useful timber.

Juniperus recurva, Hamilton.

On the Himalayas, 10 to 12,000 feet high. A tree attaining 30 feet in height.

Juniperus sphaerica, Lindl.

North China. A handsome tree, 40 feet high.

Juniperus Virginiana, L.

North American Pencil Cedar or Red Cedar. A handsome tree, 50 feet high, supplying a fragrant timber, much esteemed for its strength and durability; the inner part is of a beautiful red color, the outer is white; it is much used for pencils.

Libocedrus Chilensis, Endl.

In cold valleys on the southern Andes of Chili, 2000 to 5000 feet. A fine tree, 80 feet high, furnishing a hard resinous wood of a yellowish color.

Libocedrus decurrens, Torr.

White Cedar of California, growing on high mountains. Attains a height of fully 200 feet, with a stem 25 feet in circumference.

Libocedrus Doniana, Endl.

North island of New Zealand, up to 6000 feet elevation. A forest tree 100 feet high, stem 3 feet and more in diameter. The wood is hard and resinous, of a dark reddish color, fine grained, excellent for planks and spars.

Libocedrus tetragona, Eudl.

On the Andes of North Chili, 2000 to 5000 feet. This species has a very straight stem, and grows 120 feet high. The wood is quite white, and highly esteemed for various artisans' work, indeed very precious.

Nageia (Podocarpus) amara, Blume.

Java, on high volcanic mountains. A largo tree, sometimes 200 feet high.

Nageia (Podocarpus) cupressina, R. Br.

Java and Phillipine Islands. Height of tree 180 feet, furnishing a highly valuable timber.

Nageia (Podocarpus) dacrydioides, A. Rich.

In swampy ground of New Zealand; the "Kahikatea" of the Maories, called White Pine by the colonists. Height of tree 150 feet; diameter of stem 4 feet. The white sweet fruit is eaten by the natives; the wood is pale, close-grained, heavy, and among other purposes, used for building canoes.

Nageia (Podocarpus) ferruginea, Don.

Northern parts of New Zealand. The Black Pine of the colonists; native name "Miro." Height of tree 80 feet; it produces a dark red resin of a bitter taste; the wood is of a reddish color, very hard.

Nageia (Podocarpus) Lamberti, Klotzsch.

Brazils. A stately tree, yielding valuable timber.

Nageia (Podocarpus) Purdieana, Hook.

Jamaica, at 2500 to 3500 feet. This quick-growing tree attains a height of 100 feet.

Nageia (Podocarpus) spicata, Br.

Black Rue of New Zealand. Tree 80 feet high; wood pale, soft, close and durable.

Nageia (Podocarpus) Thunbergii, Hook.

Cape of Good Hope. A large tree, known to the colonists as "Geelhout"; it furnishes a splendid wood for building.

Nageia (Podocarpus) Totara, Don.^*

New Zealand. A fine tree, 120 feet high, with a stem of 20 feet in circumference; it is called mahogany pine by the colonists. The 'reddish close-grained and durable wood is valuable both for building and for furniture, and is also extensively used for telegraph posts; it is considered the most valuable timber of New Zealand. Many other tall timber trees of the genus Podocarpus or Nageia occur in various parts of Asia, Africa and Amcrica, doubtless all desirable, but the quality of their timber is not well known, though likely in many cases excellent. Nageia is by far the oldest published name of the genus.

Phyllocladus rhomboidalis, Rich.

Celery Pine of Tasmania. A stately tree up to 60 feet high, with a stem of 2 to 6 feet in diameter. The timber is valuable for ships' masts. It will only grow to advantage in deep forest valleys.

Phyllocladus trichomanoides, Don.

Celery Pine of New Zealand, northern island; it is also called Pitch Pine by the colonists. This tree attains a height of 70 feet, with a straight stem of 3 feet in diameter, and furnishes a pale close-grained timber, used particularly for spars and planks; the Maories employ the bark for dying red and black.

Pinus Abies, Du Roi.^*(Pinus Picea Linné.)

Silver Fir, Tanne. In Middle Europe up to 50° N. Eat., forming dense forests. A fine tree, already the charm of the ancients, attaining 200 feet in height, and 20 feet in circumference of stem, reaching the age of 300 years. It furnishes a most valuable timber for building, as well as furniture, and in respect to lightness, toughness and elasticity it is even more esteemed than the Norway Spruce, but is not so good for fuel or for charcoal. It also yields a fine white resin and the Strassburg turpentine, similar to the Venetian.

Pinus Abies var. Cephalonica, Parlatore. (Pinus Cephalonica, Endl.)

Greece. 3 to 4000 feet above the sea. A tree 60 feet high, with a stem circumference of 10 feet. The wood is very hard and durable, and much esteemed for building.

Pinus Abies var. Nordmanniana, Parlatoro. (P. Nordmanniana, Steven.)

Crimea and Circassia, 6000 feet above the sea. This is one of the most imposing firs, attaining a height of 100 feet, with a perfectly straight stem. It furnishes a valuable building timber. The Silver Fir is desirable for our mountain forests.

Pinus alba, Ait.

White Spruce. From Canada to Carolina, up to the highest mountains. It resembles P. Picea, but is smaller, at most 60 feet high. Eligible for our alpine country.

Pinus Alcocquiana, Parlatore.

Japan, at an elevation of 6 to 7000 feet. A fine tree, with very small blue-green leaves; the wood is used for light household furniture.

Pinus amabilis, Dougl.

Californian Silver Fir. North California, at an elevation of 4000 feet. A handsome fir, 200 feet high, circumference of stem 24 feet; the stem is naked up to 100 feet.

Pinus Australia, Michx.^*

Southern or Swamp Pine, also called Georgia, Yellow Pitch or Broom Pine. In the Southern States of N. America The tree attains a height of 70 feet. It furnishes a good timber for furniture and building. It is this tree, which forms chiefly the extensive pine barrens of the United States, and yields largely the American turpentine.

Pinus Ayacahuite, Ehrenb. (P. Loudoniana, Gord.)

In Mexico, at an elevation of 8000 to 12,000 feet. An excellent pine, 100 to 150 feet high, with a stem diameter of 3 to 4 feet, yielding a much esteemed white or sometimes reddish timber.

Pinus balsamea, L.

Balsam Fir, Balm of Gilead Fir. Canada, Nova Scotia, New England. An elegant tree, 40 feet high, which with Pinus Fraseri yields the Canada Balsam, the well-known oleo-resin. The timber is light, soft and useful for furniture. It thrives best in cold swampy places. Eligible for our alps.

Pinus Canadensis, L.

Hemlock Spruce. In Canada and over a great part of the United States, on high mountains. A very ornamental tree, 100 feet high, with a white cross-grained and inferior wood. The tree, however, is extremely valuable on account of its bark, which is much esteemed as a tanning material; it is stripped off during the summer months. The young shoots are used for making spruce beer.

Pinus Canariensis, C. Smith.^*

Canary Pine. Canary Islands, forming large forests at an elevation of 5 to 6000 feet. A tree 70 feet high, with a resinous durable very heavy wood, not readily attacked by insects. It thrives well in Victoria, and shows celerity of growth.

Pinus Cedrus, L.

Cedar of Lebanon. Together with the Atlas variety on the mountains of Lebanon and Taurus, also in N. Africa. The tree grows to a height of 100 feet, and attains a very great age; the wood is of a light reddish color, soft, easy to work, and much esteemed for its durability.

Pinus Cedrus var. Deodara.^*

Deodar Cedar. On the Himalaya mountains, 4 to 12,000 feet above sea level. A majestic tree, 150 feet high, and sometimes 30 feet in circumference of stem. The wood is of a whitish yellow color, very close-grained and resinous, and furnishes one of the best building timbers known; it must, however, not be felled too young. The tree also yields a good deal of resin and turpentine.

Pinus Cembra, L.

On the European Alps, also in Siberia and Tartary. The tree attains a height of 60 feet; the wood is of a yellow color, very soft and resinous, of an extremely fine texture and is extensively used for carving and cabinet work. The seeds are edible, and when pressed yield a great quantity of oil. A good turpentine is also obtained from this pine.

Pinus cembroides, Zucc. (P. Laveana, Schiede and Deppe.)

Mexican Swamp Pine. A small tree, 30 feet high, growing at an elevation of 8000 to 10,000 feet. The timber is not of much use, but the seeds are edible and have a very agreeable taste.

P. Cilicica, Ant. and Kotsch.

Cilician Silver Fir. Asia Minor. 4000 to 6500 above sea leyel. A handsome tree of pyramidal growth 160 feet high. The wood is very soft and used extensively for the roofs of houses, as it does not warp.

Pinus contorta, Dougl.

On high damp ranges in California, attaining 50 feet in height. It is valuable as a shelter tree in stormy localities.

Pinus Coulteri, Don.

California, on the eastern slope of the coast range at an elevation of 3000 to 4000 feet. A pine of quick growth, attaining a height of 75 feet; it has the largest cones of all pines.

Pinus Douglasii, Sabine.^*

Oregon Pine. N.W. America' forming very extensive forests. A largo conical shaped tree, up to 300 feet in height, with a stem of 2 to 10 feet diameter. Only in a moist forest climate of rapid growth.

Pinus dumosa, Don (P. Brunoniana Wall.)

Bootan, Sikkim and Nepal, 10.000 feet above sea level. A very ornamental fir, rising to 70 or 80 feet.

Pinus excelsa, Wall.^*

The Lofty or Bootan Pine. Himalaya, forming large forests at from 6000 to 11,500 feet elevation. A fine tree, 150 feet high, furnishing a valuable, close-grained, resinous wood, as well as a good quantity of turpentine.

Pinus Fortunei, Parlatore.

China, in the neighbourhood or Foochowfoo. A splendid tree, 70 feet high, somewhat similar in habit to P. Cedrus.

Pinus Fraseri, Pursh.

Double Balsam Fir. On high mountains of Carolina and Pennsylvania. This tree, which gets about 20 feet high, yields with P. balsamea Canada Balsam.

Pinus Gerardiana, Wall.

Nepal Nut Pine. In the N.E. parts of the Himalaya at an elevation of 10,600 to 12,000 feet, forming extensive forests. The tree gets 50 feet high, and produces very sweet edible seeds, also turpentine.

Pinus grandis, Dougl.

Great Silver Fir of North California. A splendid fir, 200 feet high and upwards, growing best in moist valleys of high ranges; the wood is white and soft.

Pinus Haleppensis, Mill.^*

Aleppo Pine. South Europe and North Africa, This well known pine attains a height of 80 feet with a stem of from 4 to 5 feet in diameter. The timber of young trees is white, of older trees of a dark color; it is principally esteemed for ship building, but also used for furniture. The tree yields a kind of Venetian turpentine, as well as a valuable tar. It thrives well in waterless rocky places, also on the sandy sea coast. P. maritima is a variety of this species. Content with the poorest and driest localities, and rapid of growth.

Pinus Hartwegii, Lindl.

Mexico, 9000 to 13,000 feet above sea level. A pine, 50 feet in height, with a very durable wood of a reddish color; it yields a large quantity of resin.

Pinus Larix, L.

Common Larch; deciduous. On the European Alps up to 7000 feet. It attains a height of 100 feet, sometimes rising even up to 160 feet, and produces a valuable timber of great durability, which is used for land and water buildings, and much prized for ship buildiug. The bark is used for tanning and dyeing. The tree is of great importance for its yield of the Venetian turpentine, which is obtained by boring holes into it in spring; these fill during the summer, supplying from ½ to ¾ pint of turpentine. In Piedmont, where they tap the tree in different places and let the liquid continually run, it is said that from 7 to 8 may be obtained in a year", but the wood suffers through this operation. P. L. var. Rossica, Russian Larch, grows principally on the Altai mountains from 2,600 to 5,600 feet above sea level; it attains a height of 80 feet. The species would be important for our upland country.

Pinus leiophylla, Schiede and Deppe.

7000 to 11,000 feet up on the mountains of Mexico. A tree 90 feet high. The wood is excessively hard.

Pinus leptolepis, Sieb and Zucc.

Japan Larch. In Japan, between 35° and 48° N. lat., up to an elevation of 9000 feet. The timber is highly valued by the Japanese.

Pinus longifolia, Roxb.^*

Emodi Pine or Cheer Pine. On the Himalaya mountains, from 2000 to 7000 feet. A handsome tree with a branchless stem of 60 feet; the wood is resinous and the red variety useful for building; it yields a quantity of tar and turpentine. The tree stands exposure and heat well.

Pinus Massoniana, Lamb. (P. Sinensis, Lamb.)

China and Japan. This pine attains a height of 60 feet, and supplies a resinous tough and durable wood, used for buildings and furniture. The roots, when burned with the oil of Brassica Orientalis, furnish the Chinese Lampblack.

Pinus Menzieuii, Dougl.

North West America. A very handsome tree, which grows to a height of 70 feet, and furnishes a valuable timber; it thrives best in moist ground.

Pinus Hudsonica, Poir. (P. Banksiana, Lamb.)

Grey Pine; North America, up to 64° N. lat. Height of tree 40 feet, in the cold north only a shrub. The wood is light, tough and easily worked.

Pinus Jeffreyi, Murr.

North California, on a sterile sandy soil. A noble pine, 150 feet high; stem 4 feet thick.

Pinus Kæmpferi, Lamb.

Chinese Larch; also called Golden Pine. China. This is the handsomest of all the larches. It is of quick growth, and attains a height of 150 feet; The leaves, which are of a vivid green during spring and summer, turn to a golden yellow in autumn. The wood is very hard and durable.

Pinus Koraiensis, Sieb. and Zucc.

China and Japan. A handsome tree, 30 to 40 feet high, producing edible seeds.

Pinus Lambertiana, Dougl.

Giant or Sugar Pine. North-west coast of America; mostly in great altitudes. A lofty tree, upwards of 300 feet high, with a straight, naked stem of from 20 to 60 feet in circumference. It thrives best in sandy soil, and produces a soft, white, straight grained wood, which for inside work is esteemed above any other pine in California, and furnished in large quantities. The cones are 18 inches long; the seeds are edible, and used as food by the natives. Would come best to perfection in the humid regions of our higher mountains.

Pinus Laricio, Poir. ^*

Corsican Pine. South Europe. It attains a height of 120 feet. The wood is white, towards the centre dark, very resinous, coarse-grained, elastic and durable, and much esteemed for building, especially for waterworks. There are three main varieties of this pine, viz.: P. L. Poiretiana, in Italy; P. L. Austriaca, in Austria; P. L. Pallassiana, on the borders of the Black Sea. The tree grows best in calcareous soil, but also in poor, sandy soil, where, however, the timber is not so large nor so good. It yields all the products of P. silvestris, but in greater quantities, being perhaps the most resinous of all pines.

Pinus Mertensiana, Bong.

Californian Hemlock Spruce, North-west America. The wood is white and very soft, but is often used for building. The tree is from 100 to 150 feet high, by a stem diameter of 4 to 6 feet.

Pinus mitis, Michx.

Yellow Pine of North America. In dry sandy soil, attaining a height of 60 feet. Wood durable, fine-grained, moderately resinous, valuable for flooring.

Pinus monophylla, Torr. and Frem.

Stone or Nut Pine of California, on the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Mountains, 6,500 feet. The seeds are edible, of an almond-like taste, and consumed in quantity by the natives. Height of tree only 35 feet; thickness of stem 8 to 10 inches.

Pinus montana, Du Roi. (P. Pumilio Hænke.)

On the Alps and Carpathians up to the highest points, covering largo tracts, and thriving on the poorest soil. The tree, which grows about 25 feet high, in favourable localities 50, yields much oil of turpentine. The wood is used for carving and for firewood. Only available to advantage for our highlands.

Pinus Montezumae, Lamb. (P. Devoniana, Lindl.) (P. Grenvilleœa, Gord.)

Mexico. A handsome Pine, 80 feet high; wood white, soft and resinous.

Pinus monticola, Dougl.

California, at an elevation of 7,000 feet. It thrives best in poor soil of granite formation, and attains the height of 200 feet, with a stem of 1½ to 4 feet thick. The wood is white, close-grained.

Pinus muricata, Don.

Bishop's Pine. California. Found up 7,500 feet. This pine grows to about 40 feet.

Pinus nigra, Ait.

Black Spruce. North-East America, Occurring extensively between 44° and 53° N. latitude. This tree, which is termed Double Spruce by the Canadians, attains a height of 70 feet, and furnishes a light elastic timber of white colour, excellent for yards of ships. The young shoots are used for making spruce-beer, and the small roots serve as cords. It likes swampy forest land.

Pinus nobilis, Dougl.

Noble White Fir. North west coast of America, on the Columbia River and the mountains of North California, where it forms extensive forests at 6 to 8,000 feet. A majestic tree, 150 to 200 feet high, with regular horizontal branches. It furnishes a valuable timber for building.

Pinus orientalis, L.

Sapindus Fir. In Asia Minor, at 4,000 feet. The tree rises to about 80 feet, and resembles somewhat the Norway Spruce. The wood is exceedingly tough and durable.

Pinus parviflora, Sieb.

In Japan. It only gets about 25 feet high; but is much used as an avenue tree; wood for fine furniture and boat-building.

Pinus Pattoniana, Parl.

California; 5 to 6,000 feet above sea-level. A very fine fir, 300 feet high, with a perfectly straight stem. The wood is bard, of a reddish colour, with handsome veins; but poor in resin.

Pinus patula, Schiede and Deppe.

In Mexico; at an elevation of 8 to 9,000 feet. A graceful pine, 80 feet high.

Pinus pendula, Soland, (P. microcarpa, Lamb.)

Small-coned American Larch; Black Larch or Tamarack. Frequent in Vermont and New Hampshire. A pine of pyramidal growth, 100 feet high. The timber is white, heavy, resinous, and as highly valued as that of the Common Larch.

Pinus picea, Du Roi.^*(P. Abies, L.)

Norway Spruce, Fichte, Middle and Northern Europe and Northern Asia; rising from the plains to an elevation of 4,500 feet, and forming extensive forests. The tree attains a height of 150 feet or even more, and furnishes an excellent timber for building and furniture; commonly known under the name of White Deal. It also produces the Burgundy Pitch in quantity, while the bark is used for tanning. Though enduring our dry summers, this spruce would have to be restricted for timber purposes to the damp mountains.

Pinus Pinaster, Soland.^*

Cluster Pine. On the shores of the Mediterranean. The tree is of quick growth, and rises to 60 feet in height; the wood is soft and resinous; it yields largely the French turpentine. Among the best pines for consolidation of sandy coast land, and converting rolling sands into pasture and agricultural land. For ease of rearing and rapidity of growth, one of the most important of all pines.

Pinus Pinoeana, Gord.

Mexico, up to 9000 feet above sea level. A very remarkable pine, having drooping branches like the Weeping Willow; 60 feet high. Most desirable for cemeteries.

Pinus Pindrow, Royle.

In great abundance on the spurs of the Himalaya mountains, 8 to 12,000 feet above the sea level. A fine straight stemmed tree, 100 feet high.

Pinus Pinea, L.^*

Stone Pine. Frequent in the countries bordering on the Mediterranean: height of tree 60 feet; the wood is whitish, light, but full of resin, and much used for buildings, furniture and ships. The seeds are edible, somewhat resembling almonds, but of a taste resinous though not disagreeable; they only ripen in their third year. This pine grows as easily and almost as quickly as the Cluster Pine.

Pinus Pinsapo, Boiss.

Spanish Fir. In Spain, on the Sierra Nevada, 4 to 6000 feet. A tree of 60 feet high, with branches from the ground.

Pinus ponderosa, Dougl.^*(P. Benthamiana, Hartw.)

Yellow or Pitch Pine of the mountains of N.W. America. Height of tree up to 225 feet, with a stem of 24 feet in circumference, of comparatively quick growth; the wood is heavy, and for general purposes preferred to that of any other pine. Has proved well adapted even for dry localities in Victoria.

Pinus Pseudo-Strobus, Lindl.^*

In Mexico. This tree is superior in appearance to any other Mexican pine; height 80 feet.

Pinus Pyrenaica, Lapeyr.

In the South of Spain and on the Pyrenees. A fine ornamental tree of quick growth, 80 feet high; the wood is white and dry, poor in resin.

Pinus radiata, Don.^*(P. insignis, Dougl.)

California. A splendid pine, fully 100 feet high, with a straight stem 2 to 4 feet in diameter. It is of remarkably rapid growth, a seedling, one year old, being strong enough for final transplantation; the wood is tough, and much sought for boat-building and various utensils.

Pinus religiosa, Humb.

Oyamel Fir. Mexico, 4 to 9000 feet above the sea level. A magnificent tree with silvery leaves, growing 100 feet high; stem 6 feet in diameter; the wood is particularly well fit for shingles.

Pinus resinosa, Soland.

Red Pine. N. America, principally in Canada and Nova Scotia. It gets 80 feet high and 2 feet in diameter; the wood is red, fine-grained, heavy and durable, not very resinous, and is used for ship-building.

Pinus rigida, Mill.^*

American Pitch Pine. From New England to Virginia. It grows to a height of 80 feet; the timber, when from good soil, is hard and resinous and used for building; but the tree is principally important for its yield of turpentine, resin, pitch and tar.

Pinus rubra, Lamb.

Hudson's Pine, Red Spruce. Nova Scotia, Newfoundland and other northern parts of the American Continent. A straight slender tree, 70 feet high; the wood is of a reddish color and highly esteemed

Pinus Sabiniana, Dougl.^*

Californian Nut Pine or White Pine, Most frequent on the western slopes of the Rocky Mountains, intermixed with other trees; 160 feet high; stem 3 to 5 feet in diameter; the wood is white and soft; the clustered heavy cones attain a length of 1 foot; the feeds are edible. Proves in dry localities of Victoria to be of quick growth.

Pinus serotina, Michx.

Pond Pine. Southern States of North America, in black morassv soil, principally near the sea coast; it is 50 feet high, stem 18 inches in diameter; the wood is soft.

Pinus silvestris, L.^*

Scotch Fir, Foehre. Middle and Northern Europe, up to 70° N. Lat., and North Asia, thriving best in sandy soil. A very valuable tree, fully 100 feet high, growing to the age of about 120 years. The lied Baltic, Norway, or Riga deals are obtained from this pine, as well as a large portion of the European pine tar. Proves well adapted even for the drier parts of Victoria.

Pinus Sibirica, Turcz. (P. Pichta, Fisch.)

Siberian Pitch Fir. On the Altai Mountains; it reaches a height of 50 feet.

Pinus Strobus, L.^*

Weymouth Pine or American White Pine. N.E. America, growing on any soil, but preferring swampy ground; it is found 160 feet high, with a stem of 4 to 6 feet in diameter; the wood is soft, white, light, free of knots; almost without resin, easy to work, and much esteemed for masts; it yields American turpentine and gallipot.

Pinus Tæda, L.

Frankincense or Loblolly Pine. Florida and Virginia, in sandy soil, attaining a height of 80 feet; the timber is esteemed for ship-building. It also yields turpentine in good quantity, though of inferior quality.

Pinus tenuifolia, Benth.

Mexico, at an elevation of 5000 feet, forming dense forests; height of tree 100 feet, stem up to 5 feet in diameter.

Pinus Teocote, Cham, and Schlecht.

Okotc or Torch Pine. Mexico, 5 to 8000 feet above the sea level. Tree 100 feet high, stem 3 to 4 feet in diameter; the wood is resinous and durable.

Pinus Tsuga, Ant.

In the northern provinces of Japan, 6 to 9000 feet above the sea. The tree gets only 25 feet high; its timber is highly esteemed for superior furniture, especially by turners.

Pinus Webbiana, Wallich.^*

King Pine, Dye Pine. On the Himalaya Mountains, at an elevation of 12 to 13,000 feet. A splendid fir 70 to 80 feet high, with a stem diameter of generally 3 to 4 feet, but sometimes even 10 feet. The wood is of a white color, soft, coarse-grained and very resinous; the natives extract a splendid violet dye from the cones.

Sciadopitys verticillata, Sieb.

The lofty and curious Umbrella Fir of Japan, 140 feet high; resists severe frosts; wood white and compact.

Sequoia sempervirens, Endl.^*(Taxodium sempervirens, Lamb.)

Red Wood or Bastard Cedar of N. W. America, chiefly California. A splendid tree, 300 feet high, occasionally with a diameter of the stem of 55 feet. The wood is reddish, close-veined, but light and brittle. One of the most colossal trees of the globe.

Sequoia Wellingtonia, Seem.^*(Wellingtonia gigantea, Lindl.)

Mammoth Tree. California, up to 5000 feet above the sea. This, the biggest of all trees, attains a stem of 320 feet in length and 112 feet in circumference, the oldest trees being estimated at 1100 years; the total height of a tree will occasionally be 450 feet; a stem broken at 300 feet had yet a diameter of 18 feet. The wood is soft and white when felled, afterwards it turns red.

Taxodium distichum, Rich.^*

Virginian Swamp or Bald Cypress. In swampy places of North America. A large and valuable tree, 100 feet high, with a stem circumference of sometimes 40 feet, of rapid growth, with deciduous foliage like that of the Larch and Ginkgo; it is found fossil in the miocene formation of many parts of Europe. The wood is fine-grained, hard and durable; it yields an essential oil and a superior Kind of turpentine. Useful for avenues on swampy margins of lakes or river banks.

Taxodium mucronatum, Ten.

The famed Montezuma Cypress of Mexico, 120 feet high, with a trunk 44 feet in circumference; it forms extensive forests between Chapultepec and Tescuco.

Taxus baccata, L.

Yew. Middle and South Europe and Asia, at 1000 to 4000 feet elevation. Generally a shrub, sometimes a tree 40 feet high, which furnishes a yellow or brown wood, exceedingly tough, elastic and durable, and much esteemed by turners. The tree is of very slow growth, and reaches a great age, perhaps several thousand years; some ancient ones are known with a stem of fifty feet in girth.

Taxus brevifolia, Nuttall. (T. Lindleyana, Laws.)

N. W. America. Western Yew. A stately tree, 75 feet high, with a stem of 5 feet in circumference. The Indians use the wood for their bows.

Thuya gigantea, Nutt.

N. W. America, on the banks of the Columbia River. The Yellow Cypress of the colonists. A straight, graceful tree, 200 feet high, furnishing a valuable building timber of a pale or light yellow color.

Thuya oeeidentalis, L.

N. America, particularly frequent in Canada. A fine tree, 70 feet high; the wood is reddish or yellowish, fine-grained, very tough and resinous, and well fit for building, especially for water work. The shoots and also an essential oil of this tree are used in medicine; the bast can be converted into ropes.

Thuyopsis dolabrata, Sieb and Zucc.

Japan. A majestic tree, furnishing an excellent hard timber of a red color.

Torreya Californica, Torr. (T. myrislica, Hooker.)

In California. Tree 80 feet high.

Torreya grandis, Fortune.

China. A tree 60 feet high, with an umbrella-shaped crown; it produces good timber.

Torreya nucifera, S. and Z. (Caryotaxus nucifera, Zucc.)

Japan. Height of tree about 80 feet. From the nuts the Japanese press an oil, used as an article of food.

Torreya taxifolia, Arnott.

Florida. A tree 50 feet in height, with a firm, close-grained, durable wood of a reddish color.

Widdringtonia juniperoides, Endl.

South Africa, 3000 to 4000 feet above sea level. A middling sized tree, rich in resin.