Ethnology of Tokelau Islands
Index
Index
Page | |
adoption | 38, 46 |
adultery | 42 |
adzes | 13, 85, 88, 114, 115, 152–154, 172–173 |
agriculture | 11 (see also land tenure) |
arrowroot | 149 |
avoidance | 38, 40 |
bananas | 149 |
Bowditch Island (Fakaofu) | 5 |
breadfruit | 149 |
brothers | 38, 42, 45, 57–58 |
burial | 44, 52, 160 |
cannibalism | 86, 87, 88 |
canoes | 13, 45, 85–86, 112–123, 125, 169 (see also fishing) |
cautery | 71, 72–73 |
ceremonies | 22, 37, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 52, 59, 66–69, 98, 111, 113–114, 151–152, 158, 160, 165–166 |
chieftainship | 23, 46, 49–52, 53, 64, 162, 178 |
clothing | 38, 39, 140–142, 171 |
coconut (products, uses) | 11, 13, 16, 18, 23, 36, 37, 52, 53, 54, 58, 64, 66, 69, 70, 82, 83, 84, 85–86, 88, 89, 95, 110, 115, 117, 123, 125, 127–129, 130–131, 135–140, 143, 145–149, 150, 151, 152, 156, 163 |
Cook Islands | 17, 79, 176, 177 (see also Manihiki, Rarotonga) |
council, family | 40, 162 |
council, village | 43, 48, 52, 53, 54, 58, 66, 82, 83, 162 |
cousins | 38, 40, 45, 46, 158 |
cursing | 23, 45, 50, 64–65, 110 |
dances | 43, 44, 67, 73–74, 76–78, 151, 167 |
dogs | 13 |
drums | 75, 159, 167 |
Duke of York Island (Atafu) | 5, 28 |
Ellice Islands | 4, 14, 15, 20, 28, 34, 105, 109, 111, 118, 157, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178 |
elopement | 40 |
eyeshades | 142 |
Fafie | 19, 24, 28, 60, 62, 163 |
family | 35, 38, 40, 44, 45, 50–51 |
famine | 23, 28, 81, 149 |
father's sister | 38, 40, 45, 161 |
Fiji | 27, 79, 85–86, 112, 157, 171 |
fire | 60, 145–146, 151, 163 |
fish and fishing | 43, 51, 52, 53, 54, 59, 63, 66, 80, 84, 85, 89, 92–112, 150, 151–152, 169, 177 |
fishing boxes (tuluma) | 15, 118, 157, 173, 176 |
fowl | 150 |
Futuna | 15, 27, 160, 168 |
games | 82, 83 |
genealogies | 41, 45, 47, 50–51, 53 |
generations | 35, 45 |
Gilbert Islands | 4, 5, 28, 34, 157, 159, 160, 163, 164, 167, 170, 171, 176 |
god houses | 31, 60, 65–66, 124–125, 163–164, 171 |
gods | 59–70, 84, 85, 111, 113, 162–163 (see also Tui Tokelau) |
Great Britain | 34 |
Hawaii | 26, 75, 166, 169, 171, 173, 175 |
Hibiscus (fau) | 83, 138–139 |
houses | 13, 122–127 (see also god houses) |
incest | 41 |
inheritance | 40, 42–43, 45, 47–48, 53–54, 57–58 |
Jennings | 7, 31, 32 |
kanava (tree) | 58, 61, 75, 113, 114, 129, 141, 143, 147, 154 |
Kava (ancestor and title) | 18, 19, 23, 24, 25, 26, 50, 54 |
kava | 87, 151 |
kindred | 35, 41, 42, 43, 45–48, 49, 53–54, 57–58, 177 |
land tenure | 13, 45, 47, 53–58 |
Lu | 16, 17, 166–167, 176 |
Mafuike | 17, 167 |
maggots (ancestral) | 17, 18, 166 |
malae (marae) | 57, 59, 65, 66, 84, 152, 157, 159, 163, 164–165 |
Manihiki | 14, 15, 28, 125, 159, 160, 161, 167, 170, 173, 177 |
Marquesas | 164, 171, 172, 173, 174 |
matrilineal reckoning | 160, 161 |
matrilocal residence | 42, 46, 161 |
mats | 13, 37, 39, 40, 41–43, 44, 52, 61, 65, 67, 69, 74, 82, 113, 114, 124, 130–136, 159, 162 |
Maui | 16, 79, 166–167, 175, 176 |
men's houses | 39, 48–49, 125, 162 |
Micronesia | 4, 161, 162, 164, 170, 171, 172, 173, 175, 177, 178 (see also Gilbert Islands) |
midwife | 36 |
mother's brother | 41 |
New Zealand | 14, 15, 26, 60, 79, 159, 164, 166, 171, 172, 173 |
Ontong Java (Leuaniua) | 22, 78, 160, 166 |
origin myths | 16–18, 166 |
pandanus | 36, 39, 58, 66, 119, 123, 124, 127–128, 129–130, 131–135, 136, 141, 147, 149, 150, 156 |
patrilineal reckoning | 35, 45, 160 |
patrilocal residence | 43 |
pearl-shell ornaments | 13, 52, 81, 83, 142, 143, 171 |
Phoenix Islands | 5 |
pigs | 150 |
pillows | 124, 171, 177 |
polygyny | 41 |
possession (divine) | 63–64 |
pregnancy | 35, 42, 82, 87 |
priests | 29, 47, 51, 53, 60, 61, 63–65, 69–70, 163 |
property | 13, 45, 47, 48, 51–52 (see also land tenure and inheritance)page 183 |
Pukapuka | 14, 28, 159, 162, 176 |
Quiros' Island (Olosenga) | 5 |
rank | (see chieftainship and seniority) |
Rarotonga | 14, 18, 28, 33 |
Rotuma | 79, 160, 161, 165, 168 |
Samoa | 4, 14, 15, 16, 19, 22, 27, 32, 33, 34, 45, 48, 50, 53, 59, 66, 79, 89, 90, 94, 99, 109, 112, 113, 119, 121, 135, 137, 151, 152, 157, 159–177 |
seniority | 45, 46, 48, 49–50, 53, 57, 162 |
sexual license | 42 |
Sikaiana | 22, 164, 173 |
Sina | 79, 80–85, 167, 177 |
Singano | 18 |
sisters | 38, 44, 45, 46, 57–58 |
songs | 17, 27, 29, 41, 43, 61, 76–79, 81, 82, 86, 87, 93 |
souls | 37, 62, 69 |
spirits | 35, 36, 37, 61–63, 69, 84, 113, 162 |
South American raiders | 33, 34 |
stars | 26, 85, 89–90 |
stones (sacred) | 23, 59, 60, 65, 67, 162, 175 |
Swain's Island (Olosenga) | 5 |
Tahiti | 26, 164, 165, 166, 172, 174 |
Talanga | 16, 17, 18, 166–167 |
Tangaloa | 59, 66, 77, 81, 85, 162–163, 165, 172, 177 |
tapu | 35, 39, 40, 44, 51–52, 61, 63, 67, 69, 110, 113–114, 165–166, 175 |
taro | 10, 13, 23, 149, 177 |
tattooing | 143–145 |
tides | 36, 93, 97, 98 |
Tikitiki | 16, 24, 166, 175 |
Tikopia | 22, 171 |
Tinilau | 78, 79, 80, 81, 83, 84 |
Tonga | 15, 16, 27, 79, 83, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 166, 168, 170, 171 |
Tongareva | 28, 60, 168 |
Tui Tokelau | 22, 23, 31, 50, 51, 59–60, 63, 64, 66–69, 152, 163, 164 |
twins | 37–38 |
umbilical cord | 36–37 |
Union Islands (Tokelau) | 5 |
Uvea | 27, 28, 32, 77, 112, 168, 173 |
villages | 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 48, 53, 54, 55–57 |
virginity | 41 |
wailing | 43, 52 |
walls | 5, 48, 56, 162 |
war | 13, 19–23, 29, 48–49, 113, 157–158, 159 |
winds | 10, 89, 90 |
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Fish Nets: A, Long-Handled Dip Net for Catching Flying Fish, with Forked Arms Lashed Together at Ends to Form Oval or Leaf-Shaped Frame; B, O Dip Net of Sennit with Netting Knot; C, Long Seine of Twisted Fau Cord with Wood Floats along Upper Edge and Shell Sinkers along Lower Edge, Used in Big Fish Drives.
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Canoes: A, Model Double Canoe with Reversed Hulls Connected by 2 Center and 2 End Booms, Shown in near Hull; Upper Hull Decked with 2 Planks; Hatch Cover with Lifting Ropes; End and Side Weather Boards Surrounding Deck; Center Deck between Hulls with End Weather Boards, and Cross Plank on Edge in Middle for Stepping Mast; Mast Braced by Fore and Aft Stays Running to End Weather Boards of Center Deck, and Shrouds Running to Ends of Center Booms; Rope Loop at Lashing of Shrouds to Mast for Hoisting Sail; Lashing Cleat at Foot; Ornamental Shells (In Actual Canoes, Cypraea Ovula) Surmounting Mast; Outer Weather Boards, Bow and Stern; Connecting Bar of Pyramidal Projections on Bow and Stern Covers. B, Model Fishing Canoe Built of 3 Sections with Sides Raised by Plank Strakes, Bow Cover with Wave Guard, Pyramidal Projections, and Connecting Bar; Stern Cover with Block Rest for Fishing Pole and Ornamented Pyramidal Projections; 6 Outrigger Booms, the Bow and Stern Booms Attached to the Float by 4 Diagonal, Uncrossed Connectives and a Suspensory Lashing, the Middle and Shorter Booms by Single Connectives; Longitudinal Stringers across Outer Ends of Booms; Plank Platform Lashed under Two after Booms; Stern Lifting Grip Lashed to Stern Boom and Port Gunwale; Bow Lifting Bar Lashed across Gunwales behind Bow Cover; 5 Seats before Booms, and Stern Seat before Stern Cover.
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House THATCHING: A, Modern House with FALA PANDANUS-LEAF and COCONUT-LEAF Wall SHEETS; End Showing Trimmed FALA-LEAF Sheets Stretched under Supporting Rod and across Middle and Plaited COCONUT-LEAF Screens Strung on Cords over Windows and DOORWAYS; Raised COCONUT-LEAF Screens under Eaves of Side of HOUSE. B, Commencement of FALA Pandanus Thatching SHEET; Butt End of Leaf over Rod of Split COCONUT-LEAF MIDRIB, Punctured with Bone AWL, and Pinned with COCONUT-LEAFLET Midrib Held in WORKER'S Right HAND. C, Pinning Leaves of Thatching SHEET; Man at Left Has Pinned Commencement Edge of First LEAF; Man at Right Has Laid 4 Leaves on ROD, the LEFT-HAND Border Overlapping the Right of the Preceding Leaf.
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House CONSTRUCTION: A, Typical Rectangular Dwelling Home with Modern High Eaves and Open WALLS, Protected by Dropping Wall SCREENS; on Coral Platform Retained by Slabs of Coral Set on Edge and Coconut LOGS; Coral Floor Retained by Smaller Logs Running between House POSTS. B, Interior of Modern Dwelling House Showing Kingpost Supporting RIDGEPOLE. C, Meeting House (FALA LOA) at Atafu of Type with Low Eaves Used Formerly for MEN'S HOUSES; Light Wall Poles Prevent Wall Screens from Blowing.
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Ancient Houses and God HOUSE: A, Stone Piers in Lagoon and Native Houses at ATAFU, 1841. Illustrated by Wilkes (34); Top of Stone Pier in FOREGROUND, with COCONUT-SHELL Water Bottles Suspended from Forked STICK, and Natives Wearing MALO and EYESHADES; Stone Pier in Center Made of Wall of Covered Coral Slabs Filed with Coral RUBBLE; Toilet at End Partly Supported by PILES; Ancient Types of Native Houses with Pitched ENDS, Top under Ridge Ends of ROOF, and Eaves 1 or 2 Feet from GROUND. B, Ancient God House on MALAE at FAKAOFU, Illustrated by Wilkes (34); Coral Slabs of Tui Tokelau and Te Moana Wrapped in MATS; FOUR-LEGGED Wooden Seat OPPOSITE; Roof Supported by 3 Center Posts and Wall POSTS; Railing around Floor Appears to the Built on a Platform in Rear Part of HOUSE; Thatch at Eaves and into Tassels
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Kilt and MATS: A, MAN'S Kilt of KIE Pandanus LEAF, Worn Double with Fringes of Both Edges Hanging DOWN; Black Band Border Made of Dyed Coconut LEAF. B, FALA Pandanus Sleeping Mats Showing Patterns Obtained by Plaiting Bleached and Unbleached STRIPS; Black Borders Parallel to Edges Made of Dyed Coconut LEAF; Left MAT, FETI PATTERN; Center MAT, TUPONO PATTERN; Right MAT, TULIMA Pattern.
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Coconut-LEAF PLAITING: A, Coconut Leaf Basket Made in 5-TWILL TECHNIQUE; Plaiting Board and STICK; and Coconut Water Bottle Covered with Sennit Cord Mesh Made by Single HALF-TURN KNOTTING, Seized Cord Handle and Attached Wooden STOPPER. B, FANS: Two Upper Fans Decorated with DYED, Overlaid COCONUT-LEAF STRIPS, Fan at Left with White Sea Bird FEATHERS; Lower ROW: LEFT, Decorated with Sea Bird Feathers and Double Band of Dyed Coconut Leaf Wrapped around WEFTS; MIDDLE, Decorated with Chicken Feathers and Having Open Work in PLAITING, a Modern TECHNIQUE; RIGHT, Simple Ancient Type Fan with Triple POINT, Decorated Border of Dyed LEAF, and Handle Covered with DARK- and LIGHT-COLORED Plaiting.
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Wooden Bowls and Fishing BOX: A, TOP, Large KANAVA Bowl (KUMSTE TULA) with Rounded BOTTOM, Elliptical RIM, and Angular Lug HANDLES; LEFT, Shallow Bowl (KUMETE Tau LOLO), Broadly Rounded BOTTOM, Elliptical Ring with Rounded Lug HANDLES; RIGHT, FLAT-BOTTOMED Bowl (KUMETE Pala IKA) OF PUAPUA Wood with Knobbed HANDLES. B, Fishing Bucket (TULUMA); LEFT, under Side of Cover Showing UNDERCUTTING, Leaving Flange to Fit around Rim Flange to Make Bucket WATER-TIGHT; RIGHT. Cover Fitted ON, Showing Top LUG, Perforated for Lashing and Carrying CORD; Patch Set into Lower Right Side of Bucket.
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Ancient Stone WORK: A, Grave Edged with Coral Slabs Set on EDGE, Head and Foot Stone Set on END; in BACKGROUND, Adjacent Graves of Modern CEMETERY. B, Stone Circle for Soaking Coconut HUSKS, Built of Coral Slabs in Courses by Early People of ATAFU; Interior Originally DEEPER. C, Stone Pier at FAKAOFU; Modern Pier on Sea Side of Islet Built to Present Height over Several GENERATIONS; Dwelling Houses on TOP, Toilet on Piles at RIGHT; End of Pier Used as Landing for Small Boats.