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Ngā Tohuwhenua Mai Te Rangi: A New Zealand Archeology in Aerial Photographs

Part 2

Part 2

Chapter 7: Northland and Auckland

1 McEwen (1986:10-14); Simmons (1976:186-187,190-192).

2 Norman (1989: 188).

3 Pātere by the late Revd Māori Marsden; from a poster of Spirits Bay published by the Ministry for the Environment, translated by the Translation Service, Wellington. I thank Shane Jones and Mrs Jane Marsden for discussion.

4 Te A. Davis and Wilson (1990: 4-5).

5 Davidson (1982a: 18-19).

6 Nicholls (1965); see also Barber (1989: 35).

7 Salmond (1991: 364-371).

8 De Surville (1982: 15).

9 De l'Horme, in de Surville (1982: 127).

10 Kennedy (1969); Davidson (1984:161); Salmond (1991:418-421).

11 See 'Plan du Port Marion' in Salmond (1991: 209).

12 For example, the pā on Motuarohia (Spencer, 1983a: 267-270); Kelly (1951).

13 Davidson (1982a, b).

14 Ballance and Williams (1982).

15 K. Jones (1988b); Coster (1989).

16 Cox (1977); Gibbs (1980: 45-47).

17 Coster (1983; 1989).

18 For Hokianga North Head, see K. Jones (1984a).

19 Walton (1985a).

20 The Northland and Auckland volcanoes are andesitic rather than rhyolitic; the latter, such as the Taupō complex, erupt far more violently.

21 The volcanoes erupted through the clay country; see also Sutton (1991: 13).

22 Sutton (1991); E. Best (1927: 303-308).

23 Sissons et al (1987: 32).

24 Fox (1983: 14-15).

25 For example, Marshall (1991).

26 Standish (1962); Harris (1984).

27 Fox (1976); Davidson (1982b); Bulmer (1987).

28 Bulmer (1987: 156).

29 Belich (1986: 41-64); Cowan (1983, Vol. 1: 34-87); Challis (1991).

30 Cowan (1983, Vol. 1: 34-48); Challis (1991).

31 Challis (1992, pers. comm.); Cowan (1983, Vol. 1: 71) reports eyewitnesses as saying the line of the wall is 'almost exactly' on the original line of the fortification. However, the New Zealand Archaeological Association site record form by S. Bartlett has the churchyard lying skew across the outline of the fortification.

32 E. Best (1927: 56, 84).

33 Cowan (1983, Vol. 1: 49-72); Belich (1986: 45-57); Wards (1968: 150-159).

34 Cowan (1983, Vol. 1: 81-83).

Chapter 8: Waikato and Coromandel Peninsula

1 Te A. Davis and Wilson (1990: 4-5).

2 Except Taranaki tribes descended from the Kurahaupō canoe.

3 G.J. Williams (1974: 87-90).

4 See Law (1982).

5 Golson (1959); Green (1963; 1970); Davidson (1984: 123, 166-169).

6 Davidson (1984: 132).

7 Cook (1955: 205-210). 'Towns' probably did exist on the East Coast but were simply not seen by Cook (K. Jones, 1988a; 1989b).

8 Golson (1959); S. Best (1980); for artefacts, see Green and Green (1963).

9 Shawcross and Terrell (1966); S. Best (1980).

10 Selby(1982).

11 Selby(1982).

12 Bellwood (1969); Cassels (1972).

13 S.P. Smith (1910a; 224-238). A photograph of Mātakitaki is in chapter 6.

14 Cassels (1972) underestimates the importance of kūmara cultivation, concentrating more on fernroot gathering.

15 Law and Green (1972).

16 Discussed in Lilburn (1985: 37-71,125-127).

17 Walton (1983).

18 These areas are just to the north of the areas where Cassels and Walton worked, and have not been planted in pines.

19 Fox (1976: 44-45).

20 Kelly (1949: 305-308).

21 Phillips (1989: 14-17).

22 De Lange (1992, pers. comm.).

23 Hargreaves (1961: 227).

24 Court (1976); Hammer (1991: vii, 63-87).

25 Cowan (1983, Vol. 1: 289-335); Belich (1986: 119-157).

26 State Highway 1.

27 Cowan (1983, Vol. 1: 316-336).

28 Belich (1986: 158-165); Cowan (1983, Vol. 1: 336-413).

29 L. Barber (1978: 22).

30 Cowan (1983: Vol. 1, 364-407).

31 Belich (1986: 167).

32 Cowan (1983: Vol. 1, 384).

33 Belich (1986: 175-176).

page 281

Chapter 9: Bay of Plenty and the Taupō Region

1 Stirling and Salmond (1980: 220). The former is a landscape feature near Waihi beach.

2 Banks (1958: 67).

3 Healy (1982).

4 New Zealand Geological Survey (1972).

5 Healy (1982).

6 Stirling and Salmond (1980: 83).

7 Te A. Davis and Wilson (1990: 4-5).

8 Banks (1958: 66-68).

9 K. Jones (1986); O'Keeffe (1991: 82-88).

10 McGlone (1983).

11 Blake-Palmer (1947).

12 Newman (1988).

13 K. Jones (1991a: 149-159).

14 Seelenfreund-Hirsch (1985); Davidson (1984: 197-200).

15 Seelenfreund-Hirsch (1985: 156).

16 S.P. Smith (1910a: 265-271).

17 Kelly (1949: 40).

18 Hargreaves (1959); Van der Wouden (1984).

19 Cowan (1983, Vol. 1: 421-440); Belich (1986: 177-95).

20 Belich (1986: 178).

21 Cowan (1983, Vol. 1: 416-418).

22 Nevin and Nevin (1980).

23 Cowan (1983, Vol. 2: 84-95); (1980).

24 Cowan (1983, Vol. 2: 337-361).

25 Cowan (1983, Vol. 2: 371-387); O. Wilson (1961); Belich (1986: 280-284).

26 The site is in Rotoaira Forest.

27 The reserves are managed by the Department of Conservation and the New Zealand Historic Places Trust.

28 O. Wilson (1961); Smart (1961).

29 O. Wilson (1961: 36, photo credit).

30 O. Wilson (1961: 47-48); compare Belich (1986: 283).

31 Smart (1961:63-65); see also comment by Belich (1986:283).

Chapter 10: East Coast

1 New Zealand Soil Bureau (1954); Pullar (1962).

2 K. Jones (1988a; 1989b).

3 Ngata and Buck (1988: 249).

4 Fowler (1974: 15-17).

5 From 'He Oriori mo Tu Tere Moana' by Tu Hoto Ariki, Ngata and Jones (1958, Poem 201, Vol. 3: 3-17). Ira-nui was a sister of Kahungūnu and an important ancestor of several East Coast iwi. Korau is the edible base of the frond of a tree fern.

6 Simmons (1976: 132-146).

7 K. Jones (1983; 1989b: 249-252; 1989c).

8 Banks (1958: 63, 147).

9 Banks (1958: 63); K. Jones (1983).

10 British Library Add. MS 23920, f. 38; K. Jones (1983: 534).

11 Cook (1955: 169-170). The ability of local Māori by sheer force of numbers to cut off a retreat to the Endeavour may have been a reason.

12 K. Jones and Law (1987: 107-110).

13 See photograph in K. Jones (1988a: 31).

14 K. Jones (1988a).

15 E. Best (1927: 386).

16 K. Jones (1988a).

17 K. Jones (1991).

18 K. Jones (1988a; 1991b).

19 K. Jones (1988a; 1989a).

20 Unpublished site records by Anne Leahy and Wendy Walsh and my field observations.

21 K. Jones (1989c).

22 K. Jones (1988a; 1991).

23 Belich (1986: 210, 219); Cowan (1983, Vol. 2:125-128). Te Aitanga a Māhaki is the iwi of the upper Waipāoa River.

24 Cowan (1983, Vol. 2: 124). The plan appears to be speculative.

25 K. Jones (1988a).

26 The cemetery is that of the Anglican Māori pastorate and is several sections to the north, not in the yard of the church.

27 Surviving photographs show a ruined, lightly constructed palisade and a very slight breastwork profile.

28 Professor Judith Binney stresses that unpublished accounts of the battle record a division between the occupants of this locality and the existence of two pā, or a new pā built in 1865 in a part of the old (see also Binney and Chaplin, 1986: 6).

29 Cowan (1983, Vol. 2: 270-284); Belich (1986: 260-267).

Chapter 11: Hawke's Bay

1 Te A. Davis and Wilson (1990: 5); Mitchell (1944: 47).

2 McEwen (1986: 10-15).

3 Binney (1990: 168-169).

4 W. Williams (1974: 415).

5 Mitchell (1944: 64, 80-82).

6 Unpublished; fieldwork contract supervised by the writer in 1987.

7 S.P. Smith (1910a: 320-368).

8 McEwen (1986: 41-44); Mitchell (1944).

9 E. Best (1927: 291-298).

10 Fox (1980); McEwen (1986: 42).

11 Bain (1992, pers. comm.).

12 Fox (1980: 235-240).

13 Fox (1982: 67-68).

14 Fox (1982: 77).

15 Fox (1978).

16 O. Wilson (1961).

17 In several phases. See Cowan (1983, Vol. 2: 129-136, 401-408).

18 Taylor (1987: 75-88); Walton (1982).

19 Cowan (1983, Vol. 2: 137-142).

20 Fox (1982: 77).

Chapter 12: Taranaki

1 The Mōkau River, to the north, is within the rohe of Ngāti Maniapoto (Prickett, 1983: 281-287).

2 Buist (1964); Prickett (1980; 1982a; 1983; 1990).

3 E. Best (1927: 189-239).

4 Neall (1982).

5 Prickett (1983: 284-286).

6 Simmons (1976: 191-201).

7 Excerpt from 'He Oriori mo Wharau Rangi' by Rangi Takoru of Ngāti Apa. 'Rangi Tawhi' is a puzzling reference to the pāpage 282of Turi at Pātea (Ngata and Jones, 1958, Poem 282, Vol. 3: 376-381). See also Davis and Wilson (1990: 65-67).

8 Buist (1964); Prickett (1983).

9 Prickett (1980; 1982a).

10 Cowan (1983, Vol. 2: 294-295).

11 Buist (1976: 6, dustjacket, P1.4).

12 Buist (1976: 3); Cassels and Walton (1992); Walton and Cassels (1992).

13 A. Walton (1992, pers. comm.).

14 Thomson (1976: 29).

15 Phillips (1989: 151).

16 Phillips (1989: 151).

17 Belich (1986: 81-116); Cowan (1983, Vol. 1: 145-211). For maps, see Cowan (1983, Vol. 1: 186); Prickett (1990: 45-53).

18 S.P. Smith (1910a: 219-220); Kelly (1949: 387-391).

19 Cowan (1983, Vol. 1: 211-220); Belich (1986: 108-113).

20 Cowan (1983, Vol. 1: 219).

21 Prickett (1991, pers. comm.).

22 S.P. Smith (1910b: Map 5).

23 Belich (1986: 108-113).

24 Chandler (1974).

25 Sinclair (1961: 232).

26 Prickett (1990: 52).

27 Belich (1986: 203-257); Cowan (1983, Vol. 2: 46-71).

28 Buist (1976: 9).

29 Buist (1976: 15).

30 Buist (1976: 7, 11, also Plate 6).

Chapter 13: Southern North Island

1 The river valley is narrow with very narrow ridges adjacent to it, making for poor visibility of sites. In the Whanganui National Park, most sites are under a forest cover.

2 J. Wilson (1990: 17-20). For a discussion of Kupe's Sails, I thank Mr Hami Te Whaiti.

3 New Zealand Soil Bureau (1954).

4 E. Best (1901).

5 Cassels et al (1988).

6 S. Davis (1962); Davidson (1976).

7 Some of the pits were excavated by Walton (1985b).

8 The pits have not been fully published, but see Carkeek (1966: map 8).

9 H.M. Leach (1976).

10 H.M. Leach (1984: 33-52).

11 McFadgen (1980a) argued that the stones had been imported from the beach ridges which run parallel to the coastline and not generally from the native soils of the coastal strip.

12 H.M. Leach (1976: 11-13).

13 H.M. Leach (1979).

14 Wards (1968: 263).

15 Although they are earlier in age than extant European fortifications elsewhere; Cowan (1983, Vol. 1: 88-134); Wards (1968:214-300).

16 K. Jones (1987).

17 Mitcalfe (1970) argues for a pre-European age; Carkeek (1966: map 9).

Chapter 14: South Island

1 Tau et al (1990: 3/6).

2 Te A. Davis and Wilson (1990: 91); Tau et al (1990: 5/25).

3 For discussion, see Davidson (1984:30-59). Anderson (1989) discusses many South Island sites.

4 Anderson (1989).

5 I. Smith (1989).

6 Duff (1977); Anderson (1989: 122-125).

7 Trotter in Duff (1977: 349-354).

8 Anderson (1989: 122-125).

9 Anderson (1989: 131-134); Teviotdale (1939); Knight and Gathercole (1961).

10 Knight and Gathercole (1961: 133-136).

11 A. Jones (1962). Records of pits to the south of the peninsula are not considered to be for horticulture.

12 Trotter (1977); Trotter and McCulloch (1979); Brailsford (1981: 96-176); Rigg and Bruce (1923); H.M. Leach (1984: 33-53).

13 Trotter (1982: 97-99); McFadgen (1980b: 9-12).

14 Aerial photographs in Brailsford (1981).

15 Blake-Palmer (1947).

16 The main river channel enters a fan and breaks into several smaller channels or distributaries.

17 Brailsford (1981: 119-129).

18 Evison (1993: 49-50).

19 McKay and Trotter (1961).

20 Anderson and Sutton (1973).

21 K. Jones (1984b).

22 H.M. Leach and B.F. Leach (1980); Bristow et al (1985).

23 Davidson (1984:195-200).

24 Toughness was important in maintaining the cutting qualities during hard use.

25 Evison (1993: 51).

26 Brailsford (1981: 177-181).

27 They show only in original plans, see Brailsford (1981:177).

28 Brailsford (1981: 184-189); Evison (1993: 61-62).

29 Brailsford (1981: 154-156).