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Maori and the State: Crown-Māori relations in New Zealand/Aotearoa, 1950-2000

Chapter 5

Chapter 5

1.Sissons, ‘The post-assimilationist thought’, p 58; McDonald, K C, Our Country’s Story: An Illustrated History of New Zealand, Christchurch, 1963, p 148 (for ‘there is no country’ quote); Walker, Ranginui J, ‘State of the Nation’, New Zealand Listener, 21 Feb 2004, p 32; Hunn, Affairs of State, p 147 (for ‘powerful solvent’ quote); Harré, John, ‘Maori–Pakeha Intermarriage’, in Schwimmer, Erik (ed) The Maori People in the Nineteen-Sixties: A Symposium, pp 121, 129; Ausubel, The Fern and the Tiki, pp 182–4; Orange, The Treaty of Waitangi, p 242; Booth and Hunn, Integration, p 4; Nightingale, ‘Maori at Work’, pp 205, 248; Walker, Ranginui, ‘The Treaty of Waitangi in the Postcolonial Era’, in Belgrave, Michael, Kawharu, Merata and Williams, David (eds), Waitangi Revisited: Perspectives on the Treaty of Waitangi, Auckland, 2005, p 56.
2.Hunn, Affairs of State, p 145 (for ‘No impartial observer’ quote); McDonald, Our Country’s Story, p 148 (for ‘disturbing evidence’ quote); Secretary of External Affairs to the Prime Minister, 24 Dec 1959, attached draft, ‘Discrimination against Maoris’ (for ‘generally agreed’ quote); Ausubel, The Fern and the Tiki; Kersey, Harry, ‘Opening a Discourse on Race Relations in New Zealand: “The Fern and the Tiki” Revisited’, Journal of New Zealand Studies, Oct 2002; Archer and Archer, ‘Race, Identity’; Thompson, Race Relations in New Zealand, pp 31–5, 57–69.
3.Department of Maori Affairs, The Maori Today, 1964, ‘The Future’ section (for ‘happy circumstance’ and following quotes); Harris, Aroha, ‘Current Narratives of Maori and Integration in the 1950s and 60s’, Journal of New Zealand Studies, NS 6–7, 2007–2008, p 143 (for ‘A large number of Maori’ quote), Hill ‘Social Revolution’, p 4 (for ‘consciously or unconsciously’ quote).
4.Bedggood, David, Rich and Poor in New Zealand: A Critique of Class, Politics and Ideology, Auckland, 1980, p 81 (re ‘non-relations’); Sinclair, Keith, ‘Why are Race Relations in New Zealand Better than in South Africa, South Australia or South Dakota?’, in Webb, Stephen and Collette, John (eds), New Zealand Society: Contemporary Perspectives, Sydney, 1973, p 19; Ausubel, Maori Youth, p 115; Hunn, Report on Department of Maori Affairs, p 14 (for ‘prevent a “colour” problem’ and ‘understand and appreciate’ quotes); Thompson, Race Relations in New Zealand, p 42; Harris, ‘Dancing with the State’, pp 137–8; Booth and Hunn, Integration, p 10 (for ‘rightful place’ quote).
5.Hunn, Affairs of State, p 147 (for ‘smooth the process’ quote); Harris, ‘Maori and “the Maori Affairs”’, p 203; Fraser, Peter, ‘Foreword’, p 2 (for ‘the home is the place’ quote); Booth and Hunn, Integration, p 9 (for ‘set of values’ quote).
6.Hunn, Affairs of State, p 136 (for ‘to prevent further’ quote); Hunn, Report on Department of Maori Affairs, p 13 (for ‘stocktaking’ and ‘assets’ quotes); Booth and Hunn, Integration, p 10 (for ‘disproportionate’ quote); Hill, ‘Social Revolution’, p 4; Nightingale, ‘Maori at Work’, pp 36–40, 181–2.
7.Hunn, Report on Department of Maori Affairs, p 15 (for ‘remnants of Maori culture’ quote); Hunn, Affairs of State, p 136 (for ‘an accounting’ quote), p 139 (for ‘sat on’ quote), p 137 (for ‘main purpose’ quote); Ballara, Proud to Be White? pp 133–5; Butterworth, ‘Men of Authority’, p 6ff; Booth and Hunn, Integration, pp 1–3 (p 3 for ‘distant end-result’ and ‘final blending’ quotes).
8.Hunn, Report on Department of Maori Affairs, p 3 (for ‘a fundamental bearing’ quote); Hunn, Affairs of State, p 140 (for ‘soon became devoted’ quote), p 141 (for ‘Government policy’ quote); Kenworthy, L M, Martindale, T B and Sadaraka, S M, Some Aspects of the Hunn Report: A Measure of Progress, Wellington, 1968, p 6 (for ‘called for recognition’ quote); Harris, ‘Dancing with the State’, ch 5; Booth and Hunn, Integration, pp 1–4.
9.Hunn, Report on Department of Maori Affairs, p 14 (for ‘welcomed as the quickest’ quote), p 15, (for ‘Evolution is clearly’ quote), p 78 (for ‘Full integration’ quote); Hunn, Affairs of State, p 144 (for ‘a fact of life’ and ‘never been articulated’ quotes); Harris, Hīkoi, pp 21, 23.
10. Hunn, Affairs of State, p 144 (for ‘successive stages’ quote); Hunn, Report on Department of Maori Affairs, p 14 (for ‘well nigh’ quote), p 15 (for ‘only the fittest’, ‘onset of civilisation’ and ‘two dissimilar peoples’ quote), p 16 (for ‘object of policy’, ‘complacently living’, ‘pressure brought to bear’ and ‘a pakeha but’ quotes); Harris, ‘Dancing with the State’, pp 116, 120–121, 129–30; Herzog, Christine, ‘Toward a Sustainable Relationship: Pakeha and Tangata Whenua in Adult and Community Education’, in Benseman, John, Findsen, Brian and Scott, Miriama (eds), The Fourth Sector: Adult and Community Education in Aotearoa/New Zealand, Palmerston North, 1996, pp 129, 131; Allen, Chadwick, ‘Postcolonial Theory and the Discourse of Treaties’, American Quarterly, 52(1), March 2000, pp 61–2.page 307 The hybridisation of the colonial encounter, which leads to a whole new, negotiated culture, as argued by Homi Bhabha, is not the operative process in New Zealand; see Bhabha, Homi K, The Location of Culture, London, 1994.
11. Hunn, Affairs of State, p 144 (for ‘blended new species’ quote), p 145 (for ‘some continuation’, ‘the [Maori] language’, ‘the Maoris themselves’ and ‘entirely a matter’ quotes), p 150 (for ‘fundamental tenets’ quote); Hunn, Report on Department of Maori Affairs, p 15 (for ‘to form one nation’ quote); Butterworth, ‘The Health of the Body’, p 112; Ballara, Proud to Be White? p 134; Booth and Hunn, Integration, pp 1–4, (p 1 for ‘vanguard’ quote, p 2 for ‘uniformity’, ‘closing the gap’, ‘whole new culture’ and ‘tolerant of diversity’ quotes, and p 3 for ‘submergence’ quote); McEwen, ‘Urbanisation’, p 84 (for ‘no citizen’ quote); Kawharu, ‘Introduction’, in Brookes and Kawharu (eds), Administration, p 9 (for ‘distant future’ quote); see too Ritchie, ‘Planning’, p 112, and for a gendered perspective, Woods, Megan C, ‘Integrating the Nation: Gendering Maori Urbanisation and Integration, 1942–1969’, PhD thesis, Christchurch, 2002.
12.Hunn, Report on Department of Maori Affairs, p 15 (for ‘adopted the 1960 pattern’ quote); Ritchie, The Making of a Maori, p 38 (for ‘the economics and social consequences’ quote); McEwen, ‘Urbanisation’, p 84 (for ‘fusion’ quote); Barrington, John, Separate but Equal? Māori Schools and the Crown 1867–1969, Wellington, 2008, pp 268–9; Booth and Hunn, Integration, p 8.
13.Meek, R L, Maori Problems Today: A Short Survey, Wellington, 1944; Scott, A Radical Writer’s Life, p 89 (for ‘only a good liberal effort’ and ‘no value in artificially’ quotes), p 90 (for ‘nonsense to worry’ and ‘gross maladjustments’ quotes), p 108 (for ‘wither away’ quote); Booth and Hunn, Integration, p 9 (for ‘ways of the pakeha’ and ‘numerical proportion’ quotes).
14.Hunn, Report on Department of Maori Affairs, p 14 (for ‘remarkable strides’ quote).
15.Butterworth, ‘Aotearoa 1769–1988’, ch 9, p 15 (for ‘its failure to consult’ quote); Harris, ‘Dancing with the State’, pp 127–8; Kenworthy et al, Some Aspects, pp 5–6, 60, 64, 86–90; Hunn, Affairs of State, p 142; Butterworth and Young, Maori Affairs, p 102; Ritchie, The Making of a Maori, p 38 (for ‘feel themselves’ quote); Ritchie, James E, ‘The Grass Roots of Maori Politics’, in Pocock, J G A (ed), The Maori in New Zealand Politics, Auckland and Hamilton, 1965, p 85 (for ‘wise, balanced and fair’ quote).
16.Butterworth, Graham, Newspaper Clippings Collection, Treaty of Waitangi Research Unit, box 2 (for ‘Maori canoe’ quote); Hanan, J R, ‘Foreword’, in Department of Maori Affairs, The Maori Today, 1964 (for ‘the world a lead’ quote); see also Fleras, Augie, ‘Towards “Tu Tangata”: Historical Developments and Current Trends in Maori Policy and Administration’, Political Science, 37(1), July 1985, p 23; McEwen, ‘Urbanisation’, p 83.
17.Ritchie, in Brookes and Kawharu (eds), Administration, p 112 (for ‘deep suspicion’ quote); Hunn, Affairs of State, p 142; Walker, ‘Maori People Since 1950’, p 503; Biggs, Bruce, ‘Maori affairs and the Hunn report’, Journal of the Polynesian Society, 70(3), September 1961; Thompson, Race Relations in New Zealand, pp 38–9, 44 (p 39 for ‘representative of’ quote); Presbyterian Church of New Zealand, Maori Synod, A Maori View of the ‘Hunn Report’, Christchurch, 1961, p 8 (for ‘A race cannot be forced’ quote); Johns, Atihana, ‘What’s Wrong with the Pakeha’, letter to editor, New Zealand Listener, 4 Sept 1961, contained in MA 1, Box 655, 36/1/21, Part 4, Race Relations–Integration–Segregation, 1961–62 (for ‘queer’ and ‘the biggest problem’ quotes); Harris, ‘Dancing with the State’, pp 129–31.
18. Hunn, Affairs of State, p 142; Sorrenson, M P K, Maori and European since 1870: A Study in Adaptation and Adjustment, Auckland, 1967, pp 37–40 (p 37 for ‘So long as’ quote).
19. Ballara, Proud to Be White? p 138 (for ‘individualised aid’ quote); Kawharu, ‘Introduction’, in Brookes and Kawharu (eds), Administration, p 13 (for ‘really means’ quote); Mead, Sidney Moko, ‘A Pathway to the Future: He Ara Ki Te Ao Marama’, in Landmarks, Bridges and Visions: Aspects of Maori Culture, Wellington, 1997 (orig article 1979), p 124 (for ‘alienating us’ quote); Hohepa, Pat, ‘Maori and Pakeha: The One-People Myth’, in King, Michael (ed), Tihe Mauri Ora: Aspects of Maoritanga, Wellington, 1978, p 106 (for ‘really affected Maori attitudes’ quote), p 111 (for ‘one nation of two peoples’ quote); Fleras, ‘Towards’, p 24 (for ‘To Maori leaders’ quote).
20.Prichard and Waetford, Report of the Committee of Inquiry, p 76 (for ‘compelled to move’ quote); Harris, ‘Maori and “the Maori Affairs”’, pp 203-4; Butterworth and Young, Maori Affairs, pp 99-100 (for ‘retarded areas’ quote); Walker, ‘Maori People Since 1950’, p 501; ‘Conference of District Officers’, Notes of Discussions, Wellington, 22–24 Nov 1960, AAMK, 869, Box 663d, Part 2, 19/1/237, Conference of District Officers, 1960-62 (for ‘guide [the process]’ quote); J K Hunn topage 308 Father P J Cleary, 25 Oct 1961, MA 1, Box 655, 36/1/21, Part 4, Race Relations–Integration–Segregation, 1961-62 (for ‘[I]nstead of standing’ quote); Nightingale; Report from Palmerston North to Head Office, re ‘Housing Target 1961/62’, 28 Oct 1960, AAMK, 869, Box 663d, Part 2, 19/1/237, Conference of District Officers, 1960–62 (for ‘We think’ quote); Harris, ‘Dancing with the State’, pp 143-6.
21.Kenworthy et al, Some Aspects, pp 60, 64, 86-7, 89 (p 60 for ‘tremendous improvement’ quote, p 64 for ‘to take advantage’ quote); Department of Maori Affairs, The Maori Today, 1964, ‘Education’ section (for ‘to provide specialised assistance’ and following quotes); Butterworth, ‘Aotearoa 1769–1988, ch 9, pp 15–8; Butterworth and Young, Maori Affairs, p 103; ‘Maori Education: A New Foundation’, pamphlet, Eph A MAORI 1962, Alexander Turnbull Library (for ‘those of the pakeha’ and ‘remainder of the community’ quotes).
22.Presbyterian Church, A Maori View, p 10 (for ‘Let it be understood’ and ‘lost soul’ quotes); Jackson, Michael D, ‘Literacy, Communication and Social Change: A Study of the Meaning and Effect of Literacy in Early Nineteenth Century Society’, in Kawharu, I Hugh (ed), Conflict and Compromise: Essays on the Maori Since Colonisation, Wellington, 1975 (2003 ed), p 48 (for ‘to steer a course’ quote).
23.Kawharu, I Hugh, ‘Introduction’, in Kawharu, I Hugh (ed), Conflict and Compromise: Essays on the Maori Since Colonisation, Wellington, 1975 (2003 ed), p 16 (for ‘Maori attitudes’ quotes).
24. Hunn, Report on Department of Maori Affairs, pp 46–78 (p 48 for ‘national interest’ quote, p 49 for ‘aptitude or experience’ and ‘In future’ quotes, p 52 for ‘Everybody’s land’ and ‘European invention’ quotes, p 55 for ‘treadmill effort’ quote, p 68 for ‘in trust’ quote); Presbyterian Church, A Maori View, p 26; Prichard and Waetford, Report of the Committee of Inquiry, Wellington, 1965, p 95 (for ‘unoccupied and undeveloped’ quote).
25.McLeay, Elizabeth (ed), New Zealand Politics, p 238; Simon, Judith and Smith, Linda Tuhiwai (eds), A Civilising Mission? Perceptions and Recommendations of the New Zealand Native Schools System, Auckland, 2001; Prichard and Waetford, Report of the Committee of Inquiry, pp 67–8, 77–84, 150 (p 77 for ‘house site in town’ quote, p 150 for ‘nothing in the Treaty’ quote); Bradly, ‘Education’s Impact’, p 67.
26.Booth and Hunn, Integration, p 8 (for ‘changing environment’ quote); Anderson, ‘Welfare Requirements’, pp 99–100; Nightingale, ‘Maori at Work’, p 226; McHugh, The Maori Magna Carta, p 203; Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, New Zealand Handbook on International Human Rights, 2nd ed, Wellington, 2003, p 120; International Labour Organisation, Convention concerning the Protection and Integration of Indigenous and Other Tribal and Semi-Tribal Populations in Independent Countries, C107, Geneva, 1957; Secretary of External Affairs to the Prime Minister, 24 Dec 1959, and attached draft, ‘Discrimination against Maoris’ (for ‘on the grounds’ quote in letter and ‘[a]ny possible danger’ quote in draft); B E Souter, Assistant Secretary, Instructions to District Officers, re ‘Discrimination against Maoris: The Indigenous Population Convention, 1957’, 23 May 1960, AAMK, 869, Box 1063c, 36/1/21A, Race Relations–Interdepartmental Report, 1964–72 (for ‘everything possible’ quote)
27.United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, ‘International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination’, 1965; Bennett, R to Mr Souter, 12 Oct 1966, MA 1, Box 656, Part 9, 36/1/21, Race Relations–Integration–Segregation, 1964–68 (for ‘international scrutiny’ quote); McEwen (Secretary for Maori Affairs) to Secretary External Affairs, re ‘International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination’, 7 Aug 1967, MA 1, Box 656, Part 9, 36/1/21, Race Relations–Integration–Segregation, 1964–68; McEwen (Secretary for Maori Affairs) to Minister Maori Affairs, report re ‘Maori Wardens’, 11 May 1970, MA 1, Box 657, Part 10, 36/1/21, Race Relations–Overseas Countries–Policy and Correspondence, 1964–71 (for ‘legislation governing’ quote); de Bres, Joris, ‘Current Issues in Race Relations’, Speech by Race Relations Commissioner, 16 March 2004, pp 4–5, available online: http://www.hrc.co.nz/home/hrc/newsandissues/currentissuesinracerelations2004.php [accessed June 2008]; Magallenes, Catherine J Iorns, ‘International Human Rights and their Impact on Domestic Law on Indigenous Peoples’ Rights in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand’, in Havemann, Paul (ed), Indigenous Peoples’ Rights in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand, Auckland, 1999.
28. Hunn, Affairs of State, pp 152–3; McLeay (ed), New Zealand Politics, p 238 (for ‘alternative leadership system’ quote); Hazlehurst, ‘Maori Self-Government 1945’; Butterworth, ‘Men of Authority’, pp 7–9; Gustafson, Barry, The First 50 Years: A History of the New Zealand National Party, Auckland, 1986 pp 241–55, for Maori and the National Party.page 309
29.Williams, John A, Politics of the New Zealand Maori: Protest and Co-operation, 1891–1909, Auckland, 1969, p 163; Pearce, G L, The Story of the Maori People, Auckland, 1968, p 148; Butterworth and Young, Maori Affairs, p 103; Walker, Ka Whawhai Tonu Matou, pp 204–5; Department of Maori Affairs, The Maori Today, 1964, ‘Welfare’ section (for ‘to complete’ quote); Butterworth, ‘Men of Authority’, pp 9–11 (including ‘charter’ and ‘dissolution’ quotes).