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Maori and the State: Crown-Māori relations in New Zealand/Aotearoa, 1950-2000

Conclusion

Conclusion

1.Fleras, Augie and Spoonley, Paul, Recalling Aotearoa: Indigenous Politics and Ethnic Relations in New Zealand, Auckland, 1999, ch 2; Mead, ‘Options’, pp 148–52; Magallenes, ‘International Human Rights’, p 224; Legat, ‘Warrior Woman’, p 68; Awatere, Maori Sovereignty, p 15 (for ‘should have control’ quote). This concluding section of the book is partly based on my many conversations, within Treaty policy, research and settlement environments, with both Maori leaders and advocates and public servants working on Treaty issues.
2. Melbourne, Maori Sovereignty, p 158 (for ‘iwi in control’ quote); O’Regan, Tipene, ‘Old Myths and New Politics: Some Contemporary Uses of Traditional History’, New Zealand Journal of History, 26(1), Apr 1992, pp 15–8; Te Runanga A Iwi O Ngapuhi, Constitution, nd, 6.1(e) (i) (for ‘confirm the enduring’ quote), 6.1(i) (for ‘independence’ quote), 6.1(j) (for ‘recognise’ quote); Webster, Steven, Patrons of Maori Culture: Power, Theory and Ideology in the Maori Renaissance, Dunedin, 1998, p 20; O’Regan, Ko Tahu, pp 172–3 (for ‘tribe is the entity’ quote).
3.Crown, R and L, The Rohe Potae: History and Proposals, Te Rohe Potae Rereahu-Maniapoto Inc, Te Kuiti, 1985; Crown, R, Proposals for Rereahu-Maniapoto Autonomy, Te Rohe Potae o Rereahu-Maniapoto Inc, Te Kuiti, 1986; Steele, R W, ‘Te Marae i Roto i te Urewera’, Salient, 29 March 1972 (for ‘lure people out’ quote); Mead, ‘Options’, p 151 (for ‘own tino rangatiratanga’ and ‘own measures’ quotes); Awaroa ki Manuka, ‘Ngaa Tikanga O Ngati Te Ata: Tribal Policy Statement’, 1991, p 2 (for ‘breaking out’ quote), p 3 (for ‘all sovereign power’ quote), p 8 (for ‘sovereign people’ and ‘right to govern’ quotes), p 9 (for ‘formal and substantive’ and ‘their collective identities’ quotes), p 60 (for ‘legitimate authority’ quote).
4. Sinclair, Karen, Prophetic Histories: The People of the Māramatanga, Wellington, 2002, pp 38, 118; Rei et al, ‘Ngā Rōpū’, p 7; Heal, Andrew, ‘The Third Way’, Metro, Oct 1998, p 45 (for ‘will not tolerate’ quote); Waitangi Tribunal, Te Whanau o Waipareira Report, Wai 414, Wellington, 1998, pp xviii–xix, xxiv–xxv, 79; Sharp, ‘Traditional Authority’, p 8; Williams, The Too-Hard Basket, p 27.
5. Waitangi Tribunal, Waipareira Report, p xviii (for the key principle’ quote); Mead, ‘Options’, p 151 (for ‘presence is detected’ quote); Dawson, The Treaty of Waitangi, p 132.
6.Royal, Te Ahukaramu Charles, ‘There are Adventures to be had’, Te Pouhere Korero Journal, 1(1), Mar 1999, p 5 (for ‘management systems’ quote); Te Runanga O Ngapuhi, Constitution, 6.1(n) (for ‘establish diplomatic’ quote), 6.1(t) (for ‘dispute resolution’ quote); Kelsey, Reclaiming, pp 20–22, 310.
7. Cox, Kotahitanga, p 141; Ferguson, Philip, ‘Race relations and social control’, Revolution, no 14, Xmas 2000–March 2001, p 36 (for ‘the very social order’); Jarvis, Huw, ‘Maori liberation versus the Treaty process’, Revolution, May–July 2004, p 36 (for ‘thoroughly intermixed’, ‘oppressed’ and ‘takes intopage 327 account’ quotes); Rata, ‘Ethnicity, Class’, pp 14–15 (for ‘economic corporation’ quote), p 15 (for ‘conceals’ and following quotes); Wellington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Access to Cancer Services for Māori: A Report prepared for the Ministry of Health, Wellington, Feb 2005, p 15; Poata-Smith, ‘He Pokeke’, p 112.
8.Rumbles, Wayne, ‘Treaty of Waitangi Settlement Process: New Relationship or New Mask?’, in Ratcliffe, Greg and Turcotte, Gerry (eds), Compr(om)ising Post/colonialism(s): Challenging Narratives and Practices, Sydney, 2001, p 235 (for ‘protects the construction’, ‘displaces claims’ and ‘reinscribes’ quotes); Durie, Te Mana, pp 238–40; Solomon, Maui, ‘The Context for Maori (II)’, in Quentin-Baxter, Alison (ed), Recognising the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Wellington, 1998, pp 63, 64–5; Waitangi Tribunal, The Taranaki Report, section 2.1 (re autonomy); Sharp, Justice and the Māori, p 287 (for ‘enough cross-ethnic’ quote); Anaya, James, Indigenous Peoples in International Law, New York, 1996, p 76; Herzog, ‘Toward’, p 129 (for ‘hybrid’ quote); Fleras and Spoonley, Recalling Aotearoa, p 240.
9.Gilling, Bryan, ‘The Most Fundamental Desire of Maori Landowners’: Land Management and Governance Options for Maori from the 1950s, Wellington, Treaty of Waitangi Research Unit, 2007; Mead, ‘Options’, p 151 (for ‘ruling council of elders’ and ‘make our own laws’ quotes); Quaintance, Lauren, ‘Fishing Furore: Customary Rights Or Deep Sea Plunder?’, North & South, March 1998, pp 33–4.
10. Orange, An Illustrated History, pp 209–210; Delamere, Tuariki, personal communication, 20 May 1999 (for ‘political vehicle’ quote); Hake, Ni, ‘Confederation of United Tribes Affirmed’, Scoop (website), 23 Sept 2002, http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PO0209/S00119.htm [accessed June 2008]; Dixon, Greg, ‘Face to Face’, North & South, 1 April 2001, p 84; Ralston, Bill, ‘Godzone: the Maori kingmaker. Stubbing with Tau’, Metro, June 1999, p 37; Williams, David V, ‘Unique Treaty-Based Relationships Remain Elusive’, in Belgrave, Michael, Kawharu, Merata and Williams, David (eds), Waitangi Revisited: Perspectives on the Treaty of Waitangi, Auckland, 2005, p 383 (for quote on ‘genuine space’); Greenland, Hauraki, ‘Ethnicity as Ideology: The Critique of Pakeha Society’, in Spoonley, Paul, Macpherson, Cluny, Pearson, David and Sedgwick, Charles (eds), Tauiwi: Racism and Ethnicity in New Zealand, Palmerston North, 1984, p 88; Edwards, Brent, ‘Maori not to blame for abuse – Henare’, Evening Post, 9 Sept 1998, p 1 (for ‘sanitised, bureaucratised’ quote); Williams, The Too-Hard Basket, pp 107–8 (re ‘relational’ quotes); McHugh, Paul, ‘Living with Rights Aboriginally: Constitutionalism and Māori in the 1990s’, in Belgrave et al (eds), Waitangi Revisited, pp 284, 301–2 (for ‘rights-integration’ quote); Mitchell, Hilary Ann and Mitchell, Maui John, Foreshore and Seabed Issues: a Te Tau Ihu Perspective on Assertions and Denials of Rangatiratanga, Treaty of Waitangi Research Unit, Wellington, 2006.
11.Pocock, J G A, ‘The Treaty Between Histories’, in Sharp, Andrew and McHugh, Paul (eds), Histories, Power and Loss: Uses of the Past – A New Zealand Commentary, Wellington, 2001, p 80 (for ‘perpetually contested’ quote); Ladley, ‘The Treaty’, p 24; Wilson, Margaret, ‘Dealing with Treaty issues’, Mana, Issue 35, Aug–Sept 2000, p 57 (for ‘through war, trickery and neglect’ quote); Winiata/Diamond, ‘Nga Manu Taiko’; Sharp, Andrew, ‘The Treaty in the Real Life of the Constitution’, in Belgrave, Michael, Kawharu, Merata and Williams, David (eds), Waitangi Revisited: Perspectives on the Treaty of Waitangi, Auckland, 2005; James, Colin (ed), Building the Constitution, Wellington, 2000; Perry, Paul and Webster, Alan, New Zealand Politics at the Turn of the Millennium: Attitudes and Values About Politics and Government, Auckland, 1999, pp 73–4; Fleras and Spoonley, Recalling Aotearoa, pp 13–18; Metge, Joan, ‘Myths for New Zealand’, in Bell, Adrian (ed), One Nation, Two Partners, Many Peoples, Porirua, 1996 (for ‘Treaty fatigue’ quote).
12.Turia, ‘Flying the Flag’; Dominion Post, 17 November 2008; Orange, An Illustrated History, pp 190–92, pp 266–8; Dodd, Nation Building, p 1 (for ‘genuine self-rule’ quote); Kelsey, Reclaiming, p 52 (for ‘central objective’ quote); Te Puni Kokiri, ‘Treaty Framework’, draft policy document, Nov 1999, pp 4–5 (for ‘Tribunal has shown’ and ‘the collective power’ quotes); Bain, Helen, ‘Maori MPs speak first in break with tradition’, Dominion, 9 Feb 2000 (for ‘Maori autonomy’ quote).
13. Minogue, Waitangi, p 58; Round, Truth or Treaty? pp 102–3 (for ‘how generous’ quote); Trotter, Chris, ‘The unanswered question’, Dominion Post, 12 Dec 2003 (for ‘modern, democratic and prosperous’ quote); Vasil, Biculturalism, p 44; Byrnes, Giselle, The Waitangi Tribunal and New Zealand History, Melbourne, 2004.
14. Meredith, Paul, ‘Hybridity in the Third Space: Rethinking Bi-cultural Politics in Aotearoa/New Zealand’, He Pukenga Korero, 4(2), 1999, p 12 (for ‘over-simplified’ and ‘reconceptualisation’ quotes);page 328 Meredith, Paul, ‘Revisioning New Zealandness: A Framework for Discussion’, Te Matahauariki Research Institute, http://lianz.waikato.ac.nz/PAPERS/paul/NZ.pdf [accessed June 2008], p 6 (for ‘criss-crossing’ quote). The types of quest outlined are often influenced, consciously or otherwise, by post-structural and post-modern theories or their derivatives, such as Homi Bhabha’s hybridisation theory: with the hybrid identity inhabiting more than one ‘imagined community’, it inherently deconstructs both binarism and ethnocentrism, and in the world of hybridity the (unattainable) concept of ‘unified nation’ can give way to something more in tune with the complexities of society; see Bhabha, The Location of Culture, pp 140–144.
15. Belich, ‘Colonization and History’, p 187 (for ‘to emphasize the particular’ quote); Pearson, The Politics of Ethnicity, p 204.
16.Privy Council Office, ‘Attorney General v. Henry Michael Horton and Another, Judgment of the Lords of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, Delivered the 8th March 1999’, 7 March 2002, http://www.privy-council.org.uk/files/pdf/JC_Judgments_1999_no_9.pdf [accessed June 2008], p 4 (for ‘the continuing needs’ quote); Young, Audrey, ‘NZ urged to give treaty certainty in law’, New Zealand Herald, 18 Sept 2002 (for ‘fulfilling its obligations’ quote); Te Puni Kokiri, ‘Treaty Framework’, p 5 (for ‘balanced against’ quote), p 6 (for ‘demands of rangatiratanga’ quote), p 7 (for ‘Crown should support’ quote); Dawson, Richard, ‘“Rights” and Policy’, Institute of Policy Studies seminar paper, 16 Nov 2000, p 5 (for ‘New Zealand Government’ quote); Minogue, Waitangi, p 86; Jackson, Moana, ‘Seabed deal plainly not fair to Maori’, New Zealand Herald, 22 Dec 2003; Pearson, A Dream Deferred, p 246.
17. Constitutional Arrangements Committee, New Zealand Parliament, ‘Terms of reference’, 16 Dec 2004 (for ‘undertake a review’ quote); Ladley, ‘The Treaty’, p 23 (for ‘relative degrees of power’ quote); Cabinet Policy Committee, paper, 21 Feb 2000, para 28, (for ‘historical grievances’ quote); Turia, ‘Flying the Flag’ (for ‘the heart’ quote).
18. Vasil, Biculturalism, p 1 (for ‘chief purpose’ quote); Maaka and Fleras, The Politics of Indigeneity, p 255ff (p 296 re ‘middle way’); Dawson, The Treaty of Waitangi, p 240 (for ‘workable mutuality’ quote). On the need for constitutional change, see also the contributions to James (ed), Building the Constitution; Kelsey, ‘Māori, Te Tiriti’, p 82; Brookfield, F M, Waitangi and Indigenous Rights: Revolution, Law and Legitimation, Auckland, 1999, pp 169–84; Dahlberg, Tina R Makereti, ‘Māori Representation in Parliament and Tino Rangatiratanga’, He Pukenga Korero, 2(1), 1996; Durie, Mason, ‘A Framework for Considering Constitutional Change and the Position of Maori in Aotearoa’, in Ngā Kāhui Pou: Launching Māori Futures, Wellington, 2003; Durie, Mason, ‘Tino Rangatiratanga’; Hall, Donna, ‘Maori Governance and Accountability’, in Hayward, Janine and Wheen, Nicola R, The Waitangi Tribunal: Te Roopu Whakamana i te Tiriti o Waitangi, Wellington, 2004; Sharp, ‘The Treaty in the Real Life’.
19. Webster, Peter, Rua and the Maori Millennium, Wellington, 1979, p 279; Keenan, ‘The Treaty’.