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Maori and the State: Crown-Māori relations in New Zealand/Aotearoa, 1950-2000

Chapter 8

Chapter 8

1. For the first time, the Chief Judge and the Minister and Secretary of Maori Affairs were all Maori: Butterworth and Young, Maori Affairs, p 115; McHugh, Paul, ‘Law, History and the Treaty of Waitangi’, New Zealand Journal of History, 31(1), April 1997, p 47 (and see McHugh more recently on principles in ‘“Treaty Principles”: Constitutional Relations Inside a Conservative Jurisprudence’, Victoria University Law Review, 39(1), 2008, which, inter alia, discusses them in the context of the emergence of indigeneity and its relationship with ‘conservatism’); Waitangi Tribunal, Report of thepage 317 Waitangi Tribunal on the Manukau Claim, Wai 8, Wellington, 1985, s 8.3; Walker, ‘The Treaty of Waitangi’, p 62, p 64 (for ‘something less than’ quote), p 65 (for ‘good order’ and ‘restore the mana’ quotes); Orange, An Illustrated History, p 153 (for ‘tested the boundaries’ quote); Kelsey, Jane, A Question Of Honour? Labour and the Treaty, 1984–1989, Wellington, 1990, p 65 (for ‘played a crucial role’ quote). In Kelsey’s view, the Tribunal was required to play a key role in mediating between Crown and Maori because, by the mid-1980s, the two were heading in opposing directions, with the key Maori demand for collectivised rangatiratanga within New Zealand sitting uncomfortably with the state’s major focus on the individualistic requirements of the western globalising political-economy.
2. Orange, The Treaty of Waitangi, p 250; Walker, Ka Whawhai Tonu Matou, pp 248–9; Oliver, Claims, pp 19–22; Keenan, Danny, ‘Bound to the Land: Māori Retention and Assertion of Land and Identity’, in Pawson, Eric and Brooking, Tom (eds), Environmental Histories of New Zealand, Melbourne, 2002, pp 258–9; Orange, An Illustrated History, pp 151–3; Walker, ‘The Treaty of Waitangi’, p 62.
3. Hazlehurst, Political Expression, p 57 (for ‘major break-through’ quote); New Zealand Maori Council, Kaupapa: Te Wahanga Tuatahi, Wellington, 1983, p 10 (for ‘sense of identity’ quote); Richards, Dancing, p 172; Butterworth, ‘Men of Authority’, p 48ff.
4. Butterworth and Young, Maori Affairs, p 111; Department of Maori Affairs, The Maori Today, 1964, ‘Welfare’ section (for ‘exercise control’ and ‘trained officers’ quotes); Fleras, ‘Towards’, p 25 (for ‘paternalistic’ quote); Hazlehurst, Political Expression, p 20 (for ‘greater community participation’ quote).
5. Fleras, ‘Towards’, p 26 (for ‘people oriented’ and ‘cultural and economic advancement’ quotes), p 27 (for ‘untapped energy’ quote); Walker, Ka Whawhai Tonu Matou, p 237; Butterworth and Young, Maori Affairs, p 113 (for ‘new philosophy’ quote); Fleras, ‘A Descriptive Analysis’, p 216 (for ‘encouraging self-reliance’ quote); Patete, Anthony, Devolution in the 1980s and the Quest for Rangatiratanga: a Maori Perspective, Wellington, Treaty of Waitangi Research Unit, 2008, pp 4–5; Butterworth, ‘Men of Authority’, pp 52–3 (p 53 for ‘common good’ quote)
6. Dawson, Richard, The Treaty of Waitangi and the Control of Language, Wellington, 2001, p 148; Butterworth, ‘Aotearoa 1769–1988’, ch 10, pp 23, 27; Fleras, ‘Towards’, p 27 (for ‘reorganising’ quote), p 30 (for ‘growing trends’ quote); Metge, New Growth, pp 24–5; Butterworth and Young, Maori Affairs, pp 112 (for ‘Wairua Maori’ quote); Fleras, ‘A Descriptive Analysis’, p 216 (for ‘action group’ quote), p 219; Durie, Whaiora, p 55; Walker, Ka Whawhai Tonu Matou, p 237.
7. Williams, Charlotte, More Power to Do the Work: Maori and the Health System in the Twentieth Century, Wellington, Treaty of Waitangi Research Unit, 2007, pp 26–7 (p 26 for ‘devolution of power’ quote); Fleras, ‘Towards’, pp 27–9, p 30 (for ‘My government’ quote), pp 31–32, p 34 (for ‘re-establishment of Maoritanga’ quote), p 35 (for ‘concur with the objectives’ quote), p 36 (for ‘potential of Tu Tangata’ quote); Reedy, T M, ‘Foreword’, in Butterworth, G V and Young, H R, Maori Affairs/Nga Take Maori, Wellington, 1990, p 3 (for ‘insistence to Maori communities’ quote); Fleras, ‘A Descriptive Analysis’, pp 216–7; Patete, Devolution, p 5 (for ‘aroha of the community’ quote).
8. Ormsby, ‘Maori Tikanga’, p 18; Metge, New Growth, p 269; Fleras, ‘A Descriptive Analysis’, p 305.
9. Patete, Devolution, p 4; Byron, Nga Perehitini, p 12 (for ‘community component’ quote); Walker, Ka Whawhai Tonu Matou, p 237; Butterworth and Young, Maori Affairs, pp 113–4 (p 114 for ‘education, employment’ quote), pp 118–9; Butterworth, ‘Aotearoa 1769–1988’, ch 10, pp 28–9; Hunn, Affairs of State, p 154.
10. Karetu, Timoti, ‘Māori Language Rights in New Zealand’, in Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove and Phillipson, Robert (eds), Linguistic Human Rights: Overcoming Linguistic Discrimination, Berlin/New York, 1994, pp 217–8; Rei, Tania and Hamon, Carra, ‘Te Kāhanga Reo 1982–’, in Else, Anne (ed), Women Together: A History of Women’s Organisations in New Zealand: Ngā Rōpū Wāhine o te Motu, Wellington, 1993, pp 40–42; Byron, Nga Perehitini, p 12; Boyd, Sarah, ‘The Kohanga Generation’, Dominion Post, 9 April 2005; McCarthy, Maarie, ‘“He Hinaki Tukutuku: The Baited Trap”: Whare Wananga: Tensions and Contradictions in Relation to the State’, in Benseman, John, Findsen, Brian and Scott, Miriama, The Fourth Sector: Adult and Community Education in Aotearoa/New Zealand, Palmerston North, 1996, p 83 (for ‘underlying philosophical base’ and ‘a form of whanau’ quotes); Metge, New Growth, pp 24–5; Fleras, ‘Towards’, p 29 (for ‘the most successful’ quote); Walker, Ka Whawhai Tonu Matou, pp 238–9 (p 239 for ‘as much a political’ quote); Walker, ‘Maori People Since 1950’, p 515; Butterworth and Young, Maori Affairs, p 114; May, Helen, Politics in the Playground: The World of Earlypage 318 Childhood in Post War New Zealand, Wellington, 2001, pp 180–85; Fleras, Augie and Elliott, Jean Leonard, The ‘Nations Within’: Aboriginal-State Relations in Canada, the United States, and New Zealand, Toronto, 1992, pp 211–7; Butterworth, ‘Breaking the Grip’, p 4; Patete, Devolution, p 5.
11. McCarthy, ‘He Hinaki’, pp 81–2 (for ‘a number of educational initiatives’ quote); Northcroft, Claire, ‘The Process of Establishing a Bicultural Organisation in Aotearoa New Zealand’, essay for Master of New Zealand Studies, Victoria University of Wellington, 2003, p 5; Walker, ‘Maori People Since 1950’, p 515; Walker, Ka Whawhai Tonu Matou, pp 239–40; Simon and Smith (eds), A Civilising Mission? p 308 (for ‘Kura Kaupapa Māori’ quote).
12. Durie, Whaiora, p 1 (for ‘Maori health development’ and ‘Central to the notion’ quotes), p 53 (for ‘spirituality as a basis’ quote), pp 56–7; Williams, More Power, pp 28–31; Dyall, Lorna, ‘Oranga Maori: Maori Health’, New Zealand Health Review, 8(2), 1988, p 14 (for ‘to assist Maori’ and ‘holistic view of health’ quotes), p 16 (for ‘help[ing] improve’ quote); Reedy, ‘Foreword’, p 3; Fleras, Augie, ‘“Tuku Rangatiratanga”: Devolution in Iwi–Government Relations’, in Spoonley, Paul, Pearson, David and Macpherson, Cluny (eds), Nga Take: Ethnic Relations and Racism in Aotearoa/New Zealand, Palmerston North, 1991, p 171; Department of Maori Affairs, The Maori Today, 1964, ‘Welfare’ section (for ‘good citizenship and civic responsibility’ quote); Williams, The Too-Hard Basket, p 12 (for ‘a burst of energy’ quote).
13.van Meijl, Toon, ‘Community development among the New Zealand Maori: The Tainui case’, in Blunt, Peter and Warren, Michael D (eds), Indigenous Organizations and Development, London, 1996, pp 201–2; van Meijl, ‘Maori Hierarchy’, pp 292–3 (p 292 for ‘government structures’ and ‘revitalize’ quotes); Love, Morrie, ‘Our Country, Our Choice’, typescript, nd, Treaty of Waitangi Research Unit collection; McLeay (ed), New Zealand Politics, p 249; Orange, An Illustrated History, p 155; Butterworth and Young, Maori Affairs, p 117; Ward, An Unsettled History, p 29 (for ‘return of large’ quote); Ritchie, Tribal Development, p 30; Durie, Te Mana, pp 6–8.
14. Williams, The Too-Hard Basket, pp 14–5 (p 14 for ‘determine their own future’ and ‘better targeted support’ quotes); Butterworth and Young, Maori Affairs, pp 117–8 (p 118 for ‘strengthening the Maori tribal system’ quote); Patete, Devolution, pp 7–8; Durie, Whaiora, p 53 (for ‘integrated cultural’ and ‘greater Māori’ quotes); Keenan, Danny, ‘The Treaty is Always Speaking? Government Reporting on Maori Aspirations and Treaty Meanings’, in Dalley, Bronwyn and Tennant, Margaret (eds), Past Judgement: Social Policy in New Zealand History, Dunedin, 2004, p 210 (for ‘a clear call’ and ‘Give us the power’ quotes); Horomia, Parekura, ‘Speech notes prepared for the Hui Taumata 2005’, 1 March 2005, http://www.beehive.govt.nz/node/22330 [accessed June 2008] (for ‘Maori had to be empowered’ quote); Melbourne, Hineani, Maori Sovereignty: The Maori Perspective, Auckland, 1995, p 81 (for ‘supreme control over their lives’ quote); Venter, Nick, ‘A Maori agenda’, Dominion Post, 26 Feb 2005 (for ‘being told what to do’ quote); Herzog, ‘Toward’, p 131; van Meijl, ‘Community development’, p 203.
15. Patete, Devolution, p 9 (for ‘iwi could autonomously’ quote); Ritchie, Tribal Development, p 16; Butterworth, ‘Breaking the Grip’, pp 2–3, 37; Butterworth and Young, Maori Affairs, pp 118–20 (including ‘return to the mauri’ and ‘underpin’ quotes); Reedy, ‘Foreword’, p 3.
16.Booth, Pat, ‘Maori Devolution: The Path to Unity or Another Tacky Affair?’, North & South, June 1989, p 68; Butterworth, ‘Breaking the Grip’, pp 4, 38–9; Patete, Devolution, pp 9–10; Durie, Te Mana, pp 7–8; Williams, The Too-Hard Basket, p 52 (for ‘flagship’ quote); Butterworth and Young, Maori Affairs, p 114 (for ‘deinstitutionalize’ and ‘using the strengths’ quotes); Fleras, ‘Tuku Rangatiratanga’, p 176 (for ‘viable channels’ quote); van Meijl, ‘Community development’, p 203; Maaka, Roger and Fleras, Augie, The Politics of Indigeneity: Challenging the State in Canada and Aotearoa New Zealand, Dunedin, 2005, ch 4.
17. Williams, The Too-Hard Basket, pp 42, 52–4; Hazlehurst, Political Expression, pp 175–6; McCarthy, ‘He Hinaki’, p 83 (for ‘core operational components’ quote), p 85; Butterworth and Young, Maori Affairs, p 117; van Meijl, ‘Maori Hierarchy’, pp 292–5; van Meijl, ‘Community Development’, p 204.
18.Durie, Te Mana, pp 8, 11, 56, 224 (p 11 for ‘Positive Māori development’ quote); Butterworth and Young, Maori Affairs, p 120; Patete, Devolution, pp 11–2; Kelsey, Jane, The New Zealand Experiment: A World Model for Structural Adjustment? Auckland, 1997 (orig ed 1995), pp 115–49; Kelsey, A Question Of Honour? A full account of the Rogernomics phenomenon has yet to be written; for a post-war economic contextualisation, see Easton, Brian, In Stormy Seas: The Post-War New Zealand Economy, Dunedin, 1997, ch 5.page 319
19. Harrison, Graham Latimer, pp 120, 126; Walker, Ka Whawhai Tonu Matou, pp 253–4; Butterworth and Young, Maori Affairs, pp 117, 120; Williams, The Too-Hard Basket, p 14 (for ‘on an equal footing’ quote); Orange, An Illustrated History, pp 161–2; Reedy, ‘Foreword’, p 3 (for ‘mission’ quote); Fleras, ‘Tuku Rangatiratanga’, p 179.
20. Durie, Whaiora, p 60, p 85 (for ‘special significance’ and following quotes); Williams, More Power, pp 32–7; Henare, Denese, ‘The Ka Awatea Report: Reflections on its Process and Vision’, in Wilson, Margaret A and Yeatman, Anna (eds), Justice and Identity: Antipodean Practices, Wellington, 1995, p 55 (for ‘do everything’ quote).
21. Williams, The Too-Hard Basket, p 47 (for ‘perhaps the most direct proposition’ quote), pp 21, 47–9; Keenan, ‘The Treaty’, pp 213–4 (p 213 for ‘greater government recognition’ and ‘an ideal site’ quotes); McClure, A Civilised Community, pp 224–5; Metge, New Growth, p 25; Ministerial Advisory Committee on a Maori Perspective for the Department of Social Welfare, Puao-Te-Ata-Tu, Wellington, 1986, p 9 (for ‘attack all forms of cultural racism’, ‘the values’ and ‘[s]haring power and authority’ quotes); Orange, An Illustrated History, p 161; Nightingale, ‘Maori at Work’, pp 240ff.
22.Jackson, Moana, The Maori and the Criminal Justice System: A New Perspective: He Whaipaanga Hou, Part 2, Wellington, 1988; Harvey, Layne, ‘Judge’s Corner: Proposals to Reform the Māori Land Court’, Te Pouwhenua, 16, April 2003, available online: http://justice.org.nz/maorilandcourt/pdf/Te%20Pouwhenua16.pdf [accessed June 2008], p 8; Williams, The Too-Hard Basket, pp 81, 92, 95, 127–8; Metge, New Growth, ch 7 (p 125 for ‘learn about their ancestors’ quote); Durie, Te Mana, pp 144–5; Waitangi Tribunal, Finding of the Waitangi Tribunal Relating to Te Reo Maori and a Claim Lodged by Huirangi Waikerepuru and Nga Kaiwhakapumau it Te Reo Incorporated Society, Wai 11, Wellington, 1986; New Zealand History online, ‘History of the Maori language – Te Wiki o Te Reo Maori’, Ministry for Culture and Heritage, http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/culture/maori-language-week/history-of-the-maori-language, updated 10 July 2007.
23. Ward, An Unsettled History, p 161; Patete, Devolution, p 19; Durie, Te Mana, p 224; Metge, ‘Kia Tupato!’, p 1; van Meijl, Toon, ‘Maori Tribal Organisations in New Zealand History: From Neglect to Recognition, and the Implications for the Assimilation Policy’, Ethnologies comparées, no 6, Printemps, 2003, pp 14–16; van Meijl, ‘Refining Ideology in Time: Maori Crossroads between a Timeless Past and a New Future’, Anthropos, 90, 1995, p 11.
24.Quaintance, Lauren, ‘Georgina te Heuheu’, North & South, Nov 1998, p 84; Durie, Te Mana, p 55 (for ‘Māori began to question’ quote); Orange, ‘Exercise in Maori Autonomy’, p 172 (for ‘inappropriate structure’, ‘base of the Maori world’ and ‘only leaps’ quotes); Hazlehurst, ‘Maori Self-Government’, p 95; Fleras, ‘Tuku Rangatiratanga’, p 179; Ritchie, Tribal Development, pp 28–9; Patete, Devolution, pp 11–2; Patterson, Brad and Patterson, Kathryn (eds), New Zealand, Oxford, 1998, p lv.
25. Melbourne, Maori Sovereignty, p 81; Belich, Paradise Reforged, p 406ff, (p 407 for ‘New Right revolution’ quote); McLoughlin, David, ‘Muriwhenua Muddle’, North & South, June 1997, p 99 (citing Ann Herbert on divide and rule); Williams, The Too-Hard Basket, p 49; Patete, Devolution, p 12 (for ‘ultimately retaining’ quote); Kelsey, A Question Of Honour? p i (for ‘assertion of economic’ quote), p 20 (for ‘in the embryonic stage’ and ‘Both sought’ quotes); Kelsey, Jane, ‘Māori, Te Tiriti, and Globalisation: The Invisible Hand of the Colonial State’, in Belgrave, Michael, Kawharu, Merata and Williams, David (eds), Waitangi Revisited: Perspectives on the Treaty of Waitangi, Auckland, 2005, pp 82 and 98 (for ‘commercial self-governance’ and ‘colonial state’ quotes); Turia, Tariana, ‘Whanau development and literacy’ speech, Kaitaia, 8 Sept 2003, http://www.beehive.govt.nz/speech/whanau+development+and+literacy [accessed June 2008] (for ‘collective strengths’ quote); van Meijl, ‘Refining Ideology’, p 12.
26.Rata, Elizabeth, ‘Ethnicity, Class and the Capitulation of the Left’, Red & Green, 4, 2004, p 19 (for ‘neotribal comprador bourgeoisie’ quote), p 21 (for ‘fundamentally different’ quote), p 23 (for ‘the accumulatory competitive environment’ quote); Rata, Elizabeth, A Political Economy of Neotribal Capitalism, Lanham, MD, 1999, p 4 (for ‘revivalism becomes subverted’ quote), p 226 (for ‘workers- in-community’ quote), p 231 (for ‘[p]roperty-owning’ quote), p 232 (for ‘capital-labour political relations’ and ‘depoliticised mode’ quotes); van Meijl, ‘Maori Tribal’, pp 14, 24; Maaka and Fleras, Politics of Indigeneity, p 73.
27. Fleras, ‘Descriptive Analysis’, p 313 (for ‘historic aim’ quote); Turia, ‘Whanau development’ (for ‘iwi organisations first started’ and following quotes); Kelsey, A Question Of Honour? p 1 (for ‘completepage 320 authority’ quote); Maaka and Fleras, Politics of Indigeneity, p 73; Ballara, Angela, Iwi. The Dynamics of Maori Tribal Organisation from c.1769 to c.1945, Wellington, 1998.