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Maori and the State: Crown-Māori relations in New Zealand/Aotearoa, 1950-2000

Chapter 7

Chapter 7

1.McRobie, Alan, ‘The Politics of Volatility, 1972–1991’, in Rice (ed), Oxford History, p 385 (for ‘politics of stability’ and ‘volatility’ quotes); Butterworth, ‘Men of Authority’, p 39 (for ‘denial’ and ‘identity’ quotes); Te Awekotuku, Ngahuia, ‘He Wahine, he Whenua, e Ngaro ai te Tangata: By Women, by Land, Men are Lost’, in Mana Wahine Maori: Selected Writings on Maori Women’s Art, Culture and Politics, Auckland, 1991 (original article:1972), p 46 (for ‘[c]onsciousness of being Maori’ quote), pp 46–7 (for ‘review the validity’ quote), p 47 (for ‘renaissance’ quote); Nga Tamatoa, ‘Submissions on the Broadcasting Bill 1973’, MS Papers 1617, Folder 667, Maori organisations–Tamatoa and Nga Tamatoa Council 1971–73, Alexander Turnbull Library (p 2); Wood, Anthony, ‘Holyoake and the Holyoake Years’, in Clark, Margaret (ed), Sir Keith Holyoake: Towards a Political Biography, Palmerston North, 1997, p 44; Belich, Paradise Reforged, pp 425–35; for a summary version of Belich’s argument concerning New Zealand’s colonisation, see Belich, James, ‘Colonization and History in New Zealand’, in Winks, Robin W (ed), The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume V: Historiography, Oxford, 1999; Bedggood, Rich and Poor, pp 7–8 (for ‘founding myths’ quote); King, Michael, Nga Iwi o te Motu: One Thousand Years of Maori History, Auckland, 1997, p 100; Walker, Ka Whawhai Tonu Matou; p 222; King, Michael, Being Pakeha Now, Auckland, 1999, Ch 5.page 312
2.Sissons, ‘The post-assimilationist thought’, p 58 (for ‘new ethnic activism’ quote); New Zealand Press Association, ‘Maori influence growing – Sir Tipene’, 3 Dec 2004 www.stuff.co.nz/stuff/print/0,1478,3117011a8153,00.html [accessed 6 Dec 2004] (for ‘dramatically fuelled’ quote); Orange, The Treaty of Waitangi, p 245; Mulgan, Richard, Maori, Pakeha and Democracy, Auckland, 1989, p 5 (for ‘ethnic revival’ quote); Hazlehurst, Political Expression, p 19; Pearson, David, The Politics of Ethnicity in Settler Societies: States of Unease, Basingstoke, 2001, p 188; Coates, Ken S, ‘International Perspectives on Relations with Indigenous Peoples’, in Coates, Ken S and McHugh, P G, Living Relationships, Kōkiri Ngatāhi: The Treaty of Waitangi in the New Millennium, Wellington, 1998, p 35; Poata-Smith, E S Te Ahu, ‘He Pokeke Uenuku I Tu Ai: The Evolution of Contemporary Maori Protest’, in Spoonley, Paul, Pearson, David and Macpherson, Cluny (eds), Nga Patai: Racism and Ethnic Relations in Aotearoa/ New Zealand, Palmerston North, 1996, pp 98–103 (p 98 for ‘New Left’ quote); Harris, Hīkoi, p 15; Scott, A Radical Writer’s Life, pp 204, 208.
3. Pearson, A Dream Deferred, p 211 (for ‘the spirit of ethnicity’ quote); Vasil, Raj K, Biculturalism: Reconciling Aotearoa with New Zealand, Wellington, 2000 (rev ed), pp 19–20 (for ‘national community’ quote); Walker, Ka Whawhai Tonu Matou, p 209 (for ‘alienating culture’ quote).
4. Vasil, Biculturalism (see title for ‘reconcile’ quote); Johnson, Miranda, ‘“The Land of the Wrong White Crowd”: Anti-Racist Organizations and Pakeha Identity Politics in the 1970s’, New Zealand Journal of History, 39(2), 2005, pp 137–8, 152–3; Auckland Committee on Racism and Discrimination, information leaflet, nd [c1973], 94-106-19/07, Polynesians in New Zealand, Herbert Otto Roth Papers (MS-Group-0314), Alexander Turnbull Library (for ‘examine critically’ quote); Citizens Association for Racial Equality and Auckland Committee on Racism and Discrimination, ‘Maori Representation – Joint Submission to the Parliamentary Select Committee established to revise the Electoral Act 1956 and Amendments thereto’, nd [c1973], 95-222-1/06, Maori Struggles, David Wickham Papers, Alexander Turnbull Library (p 11 for ‘to build a truly’ quote).
5. Poata-Smith, ‘He Pokeke Uenuku I Tu Ai’, pp 99–101 (p 101 for ‘advocated an alliance’ quote); Maori Organisation on Human Rights, ‘Waitangi Day’ Newsletter, Dec 1970, MS Papers 7888-233, Newsletters–Maori, E W G Craig Papers, Alexander Turnbull Library (p 3 for unite the various ‘races’, ‘Maori and Pakeha and all’ quotes, p 5 for ‘especially all working people’ quote); Harris, Hīkoi, p 35; Walker, Ka Whawhai Tonu Matou, p 209 (for ‘struggle for Maori rights’ quote); Nightingale, ‘Maori at Work’, pp 219–20.
6. Te Hokioi: Te Reo Ote Iwi Maori, Issue 4, vol 1, Feb/March 1969, MS Papers 7888-233, Newsletters–Maori, E W G Craig Papers, Alexander Turnbull Library (p 1 for ‘written for Maoris’ quote); Nga Tamatoa, ‘Submissions on the Broadcasting Bill’ (p 4 re ‘monocultural attitudes’); Walker, Ka Whawhai Tonu Matou, pp 209–12; Walker, ‘Maori People Since 1950’, pp 508, 511–2 (p 512 for ‘accused the education system’ quote); Nga Tamatoa, in Maori Organisation on Human Rights, July Newsletter, 1972, 99–278–05/06, Papers re the Race Relations Bill, Trevor Richards Papers, Alexander Turnbull Library (pp 1 and 6 for ‘control over those things’ quote, emphasis removed); Minutes of the Annual Conference of the Race Relations Council, Massey University, 9–11 Feb 1973, 99-278-08/09, New Zealand Race Relations Council, Polynesian Panthers, Trevor Richards Papers, Alexander Turnbull Library (p 2 for ‘the education of Maori’ quote); Rei et al, ‘Ngā Rōpū’, pp 11–2; Department of Maori Affairs, The Maori Today, 1964 (‘The Maori Language’ section); Harris, Hīkoi, pp 26, 38, 44–8; Walker, ‘The Treaty of Waitangi’, pp 57–58; Nightingale, ‘Maori at Work’, p 220.
7.Ngata, Apirana, The Treaty of Waitangi: An Explanation, trans Jones, M R, Wellington, 1963 (original: Te Tiriti o Waitangi: He Whakamarama, Hastings, 1922); J K Hunn to Secretary External Affairs, Alister D McIntosh, 1 Feb 1963, MA, W2459, Box 163, Part 1, 19/1/55/1, Treaty of Waitangi – General and Policy and Submissions by New Zealand Council, 1971–1971; Carroll, Turi, Speech to Her Majesty the Queen, Waitangi Day gathering, 6 Feb 1963, MA, W2459, Box 163, Part 1, 19/1/55/1, Treaty of Waitangi – General and Policy and Submissions by New Zealand Council, 1971–1971; Orange, The Treaty of Waitangi, pp 228–46; Harrison, Graham Latimer, p 107; Petition of Rangi Makawe Rangitaura of Big Jim’s Hill, Waitara, and Others, 1966, in Supplement no 1 to Maori Organisation on Human Rights, September Newsletter, 1972, 99-278-05/06, Papers re the Race Relations Bill, Trevor Richards Papers, Alexander Turnbull Library (p 3 for quotes).page 313
8. National Council of Churches Programme on Racism, ‘Legislation Betrays the Treaty of Waitangi’, nd, 99-266-10/1, Folder 4, Treaty of Waitangi, Alexander Turnbull Library; Ngata, H K, ‘The Treaty of Waitangi and Land’, Parts of the Current Law in Contravention of the Treaty seminar, Victoria University of Wellington, Feb 1972, reproduced in Maori Organisation on Human Rights, Newsletter, 6 Feb 1973, 85-002-02, Papers relating to human rights, South Pacific writers and literature, John Owen O’Conner Papers, Alexander Turnbull Library; Hohepa, P K, ‘Waitangi: A Promise or a Betrayal’, Papers in Race Relations no 2, 85-002-02, Papers relating to human rights, South Pacific writers and literature, John Owen O’Conner Papers, Alexander Turnbull Library (p 5 re ‘day of mourning’); ‘Nga Reo: Syd Jackson – The Life and Times of a Fully-Fledged Activist’, Tawera Productions, Television New Zealand, 2003 (for ‘seeking nothing less’ quote); Butterworth, ‘Aotearoa 1769–1988’, ch 10, p 3; Orange, The Treaty of Waitangi, pp 244, 248; Harris, Hīkoi, pp 25–6; Stirling, Eruera (as told to Anne Salmond), Eruera: The Teachings of a Maori Elder, Wellington, 1980, p 225; McLoughlin, David, ‘Singing Her Own Song’, Dominion Post, 4 Feb 2003, p B5 (for ‘we were driven’ quote); Hazlehurst, Political Expression, p 19 (for ‘an attempt to create’ quote), p 21 (for ‘shrewd appreciation’ quote), p 22; Ballara, Proud to Be White? p 163 (for ‘Maori identity’ quote).
9. Walker, ‘Maori People Since 1950’, p 512 (for ‘ferment of political activism’ quote); Poata-Smith, ‘He Pokeke Uenuku I Tu Ai’, pp 103–5; Hunn, Report on Department of Maori Affairs, pp 8–9, 52–9, 66–8; Harris, ‘Dancing with the State’, p 145 (for ‘[t]urangawaewae … can prevent’ and ‘evils of turangawaewae’ quotes).
10. Harris, ‘Dancing with the State’, pp 163–5; Presbyterian Church, A Maori View, p 28 (for ‘home ownership’ quote), p 33 (for ‘the cardinal principle’ and ‘well-being’ quotes), pp 41–2; Gilling, ‘Most Barren and Unprofitable Land’, p 7.
11. Harris, ‘Maori Land Title, pp 147–9; Butterworth and Young, Maori Affairs, pp 105–6; Prichard and Waetford, Report of the Committee of Inquiry, p 150 (for ‘that objectors were resisting’ quote), p 151 (for ‘many unjustified’ and ‘after 100 years’ quotes); Harris, Hīkoi, pp 23–4; Butterworth, ‘Aotearoa 1769– 1988’, ch 9, p 25 (for ‘aim was simply’ quote); Boast, ‘The Evolution’, pp 97–100 (p 99 for ‘coercive in nature’ quote, p 100 for ‘advocated, in essence’ quote); Butterworth, ‘Men of Authority’, p 31ff (p 31 for ‘panic’ quote); Walker, ‘Maori People Since 1950’, p 510 (for ‘last land-grab’ quote); Nightingale, ‘Maori at Work’, p 195.
12. Ballara, Proud to Be White? p 137 (for ‘rapidly becoming’ and ‘village communities’ quotes); Harris, ‘Maori Land Title’, p 148; Butterworth, ‘Aotearoa 1769–1988’, ch 9, pp 25–8; Butterworth and Young, Maori Affairs, p 106; Hazlehurst, Political Expression, p 46 (for ‘Maori tradition of tribal ownership’ quote).
13. Simon and Smith (eds), A Civilising Mission? p 258; Butterworth and Young, Maori Affairs, pp 106–7, 110; ‘Maori Proposal for Separate Parliament’, The Press, 8 Dec 1969, p 18; Butterworth, ‘Men of Authority’, pp 36–7, 40, 55.
14. Harrison, Graham Latimer, pp 74–7, p 81 (for ‘a far different type’ quote), p 82 (for ‘vanguard of a new elite’ quote), pp 83, 87, 89, 92; Walker, Ka Whawhai Tonu Matou, p 6; Ranginui Walker, interviewed by Chris Laidlaw on Radio New Zealand National, 20 Jan 2008.
15. Harrison, Graham Latimer, pp 89, 98, 107, 111; Alves, Dora, The Maori and the Crown: An Indigenous People’s Struggle for Self-Determination, Westport, CT, 1999, p 65; Hazlehurst, ‘Maori Self-Government, p 95 (for ‘a forum within’ and following quote); Walker, ‘The Treaty of Waitangi’, p 58.
16. Jeffries, Bill, ‘Kirk’s Prime-ministership 1972–1974’, in Clark, Margaret (ed), Three Labour Leaders: Nordmeyer, Kirk, Rowling, Palmerston North, 2001, p 111 (for ‘bi-cultural togetherness’ quote), p 114 (for ‘the foundation stone’ quote); McLeay, Elizabeth, ‘Roles, Rules and Leadership’, in Clark (ed), Three Labour Leaders, p 82; Anderton, Jim, ‘Kirk and Rowling: Recollections and Significance’, in Clark (ed), Three Labour Leaders, p 51; Orange, The Treaty of Waitangi, p 246; Ward, A Show of Justice, back cover (for ETJ Durie’s ‘historical landmark’ quote); Mein Smith, Philippa, A Concise History of New Zealand, Melbourne, 2005, ch 10 (p 226 for ‘Treaty revival’ quote).
17. McHugh, The Maori Magna Carta, p 357; Hazlehurst, Political Expression, p 35 (for ‘person of the Maori race’ quote), p 47 (for ‘a major philosophical’ quote), p 48 (for ‘to a considerable extent’ quote); Maori Land Court, ‘Shane Gibbons – A New Direction’, Te Pouwhenua, 8, Nov 2001, available online: http://www.justice.govt.nz/Maorilandcourt/pdf/tepouwhenua8.pdf [accessed June 2008], p 3 (for ‘the page 314vehicle that re-establishes’ quote); Butterworth and Young, Maori Affairs, pp 109–110; Butterworth, ‘Men of Authority’, pp 42–5; Hayward, Margaret, Diary of the Kirk Years, Wellington, 1981, pp 39–40.
18. Orange, The Treaty of Waitangi, p 246; Forbes, George, in New Zealand Parliamentary Debates, vol 234, 9 Nov, 1932, p 223; Treaty of Waitangi Act 1975, s 6; Boast, Richard, ‘The Treaty of Waitangi and the Law’, New Zealand Law Journal, April 1999, p 124.
19. Hazlehurst, Political Expression, p 48; McLeay (ed), New Zealand Politics, p 245; Scott, A Radical Writer’s Life, pp 286–297 (pp 288–9 for ‘new book came out’ quote); Scott, Dick, Ask that Mountain: The Story of Parihaka, Auckland, 1975; King, Being Pakeha Now, p 109ff. Despite the hostile reception to Scott’s Parihaka book from professional historians, a number of the same people were later at the forefront of ‘politically correct’ history when the historical establishment’s line changed.
20. Orange, The Treaty of Waitangi, p 234, p 246; New Zealand History online, ‘The First Waitangi Day’, Ministry for Culture and Heritage, http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/politics/treaty/waitangi-day/the-first-waitangi-day, updated 25 Sept 2007 (for ‘unique relationship’ quote); Palmer, Matthew S R, The Treaty of Waitangi in New Zealand’s Law and Constitution, Wellington, 2008, p 187; Maori Organisation on Human Rights, Newsletter, July 1972, MS Papers 7888-233, Newsletters – Maori, E W G Craig Papers, Alexander Turnbull Library (p 2 for ‘absorption’ quote); Rata, Matiu, in New Zealand Parliamentary Debates, vol 407, 1976, p 3424 (for ‘spirit embraced’ quote); Walker, Ka Whawhai Tonu Matou, p 212
21. Nightingale, ‘Maori at Work’, p 229 (for ‘truly bicultural’ quote), p 228 (for ‘one nation’ quote), p 260 (for ‘negative integration’ quote); O’Regan, Tipene, interviewed by Paul Diamond, ‘Nga Manu Taiko’, National Radio, 23 February 2003; Parininihi Ki Waitotara Incorporation website, http://www.pkw.co.nz/; ‘Land Wrangle Leads to High Court’, Daily News, 9 Sept 2003; Kawharu, ‘Introduction’ in Conflict and Compromise, p 14 (for ‘groping towards’ quote); van Meijl, Toon, ‘The Politics of Ethnography in New Zealand’, in Jaarsma, Sjoerd R and Rohatynskyj, Marta A (eds), Ethnographic Artifacts: Challenges to a Reflexive Anthropology, Honolulu, 2000.
22. RRata, Matiu, in New Zealand Parliamentary Debates, vol 407, 1976, p 3424 (for ‘an instrument of mutuality’ quote); Minogue, Kenneth R, Waitangi: Morality and Reality, Wellington, 1998, p 1 (for ‘merely as a response’ quote); Walker, Ranginui J, ‘Hostages of History’, Metro, Feb 2001, p 86 (for ‘touchstone for defusing’ quote); Rigby, Barry, ‘The Waitangi Tribunal: The Significance of a 25 Year Experiment’, paper presented at 25th Anniversary of the Waitangi Tribunal conference, Wellington, 10–11 Oct 2000 (for ‘safety valve’ quote); Williams, Chief Judge J V, speech at 25th Anniversary of the Waitangi Tribunal conference, Wellington, 11 Oct 2000 (for ‘shift from protest to process’ quote); McLeay (ed), New Zealand Politics, p 245 (for ‘the result was bound’ quote).
23. Walker, ‘Maori People Since 1950’, pp 512–3 (p 513 for ‘not one more acre’ quote); Walker, Ka Whawhai Tonu Matou, pp 212, 214 (for ‘more dynamic’ quote); Harrison, Graham Latimer, p 99; King, Whina, p 206ff; Butterworth, ‘Aotearoa 1769–1988’, ch 10, pp 5–7 (p 6 for ‘twin themes’ quote); Te Roopu Ote Matakite, ‘Why We Protest’, leaflet, nd, 2004-024-3/02, Maori Organisation on Human Rights, Peter Langdon Franks Papers, Alexander Turnbull Library (for ‘Land is the very soul’ and following quotes); Butterworth and Young, Maori Affairs, pp 110–111; Legat, Nicola, ‘Warrior Woman’, North & South, April 2000, p 67; Durie, Whaiora, p 52 (for ‘demonstrated the extent’ quote); Harris, Hīkoi, pp 68–77.
24. King, Whina, p 211; Butterworth, G V, ‘Breaking the Grip: An Historical Agenda for Nga Iwi Maori’, revision of a paper presented to the History Department, Massey University, 16 April 1987, p 2 (for ‘Maori people’ quote); Walker, ‘Maori People Since 1950’, p 513; Harris, Hīkoi, pp 60–62; Walker, ‘The Treaty of Waitangi’, p 59.
25. Sharp, Andrew, ‘The Treaty of Waitangi: Reasoning and Social Justice in New Zealand?’, in Spoonley, Paul, Pearson, David and Macpherson, Cluny (eds), Nga Take: Ethnic Relations and Racism in Aotearoa/New Zealand, Palmerston North, 1991, p 134; Renwick, William, ‘Decolonising Ourselves From Within’, British Review of New Zealand Studies, no 6, 1993, p 31; Oliver, W H, Claims to the Waitangi Tribunal, Wellington, 1991, p 8; Kelsey, Jane, ‘Legal Imperialism and the Colonization of Aotearoa’, in Spoonley, Paul, Macpherson, Cluny, Pearson, David and Sedgwick, Charles (eds), Tauiwi: Racism and Ethnicity in New Zealand, Palmerston North, 1984, pp 41–2; Allen, ‘Postcolonial Theory’, p 61 (for ‘re-recognize’ quote), p 62 (for ‘disavowed’ and ‘cross-cultural and cross-national’ quotes); McLeay (ed), New Zealand Politics, p 245; Orange, The Treaty of Waitangi, pp 244–5; Poata-Smith, ‘He Pokeke Uenuku I Tu Ai’, p 105.page 315
26. Renwick, ‘Decolonising Ourselves’, p 51 (for ‘we are not one people’ and ‘made us one’ quotes); Walker, Ka Whawhai Tonu Matou, p 236; Orange, An Illustrated History, p 147 (for ‘any form of distinction’ quote); Mansfield, Bill, ‘Healthy Constitutional Relationships in a Culturally Diverse Society’, Wellington, Ministry of Justice internal resource document, nd, p 10.
27.Orange, The Treaty of Waitangi, p 247.
28. Orange, An Illustrated History, pp 147, 182; Walker, ‘Maori People Since 1950’, p 513; Harris, Hīkoi, pp 78–85; Poata-Smith, ‘He Pokeke Uenuku I Tu Ai’, pp 104–5; Walker, Ka Whawhai Tonu Matou, pp 183, 215–9; Tupoutahi Tamihana Te Winitana, personal communication, 28 July 2001 (for ‘tribal time’ and ‘take as long as it took’ quotes); Orange, The Treaty of Waitangi, pp 247–8; Renwick, ‘Decolonising Ourselves’.
29. Mansfield, ‘Healthy Constitutional Relationships’, p 10; Hazlehurst, Political Expression, p 39; Pearson, A Dream Deferred, p 239; Tirikatene-Sullivan, Whetu, in New Zealand Parliamentary Debates, vol 405, 1976, p 2275 (for ‘not forfeit the right’ quote); Awatere, Donna, Maori Sovereignty, Auckland, 1984, p 15 (for ‘should have control’ quote), p 59 (for ‘no longer seek’ quote).
30. Ross, Ruth, ‘Te Tiriti o Waitangi: Texts and Translations’, New Zealand Journal of History, 6(2), 1972; Orange, The Treaty of Waitangi, pp 40–41, 246; Orange, An Illustrated History, p 144; Cleave, Peter, The Sovereignty Game: Power, Knowledge and Reading the Treaty, Wellington, 1989, p 59.
31. Ngata, The Treaty of Waitangi, p 2 (for ‘English expressions’ quote), p 5 (for ‘absolute authority’ quote), p 6 (for ‘chiefly authority’ quote), p 8 (for ‘right of a Maori’, ‘wishful thinking’ and ‘as the authority’ quotes); Orange, The Treaty of Waitangi, pp 228–9; King, Nga Iwi o te Motu, pp 101–2; ‘Tamatoa Council’, nd [1971], MS Papers 1617, Folder 667, Maori organisations – Tamatoa and Nga Tamatoa Council, Alexander Turnbull Library (p 1 for ‘various Maori Committees’ quote); Maori Organisation on Human Rights, Newsletter, 6 Feb 1973, 85-002-02, Papers relating to human rights, South Pacific writers and literature, John Owen O’Conner Papers, Alexander Turnbull Library (p 2 for ‘apologist for’ quote).
32. Nga Tamatoa, in Maori Organisation on Human Rights, July Newsletter, (pp 1 and 6 for ‘control over those things’ quote, emphasis removed); United Peoples Liberation Movement of Aotearoa, ‘Attention!’, information sheet, nd [c1977], MS Papers 8958-24, Papers relating to race relations in New Zealand, Andrew Dodsworth: Papers relating to left-wing activity, Alexander Turnbull Library (for ‘that which is rightfully theirs’ quote); Ngata, H K, ‘The Treaty of Waitangi and Land’, (p 1 for ‘sovereignty over New Zealand’ quote); Maori Organisation on Human Rights, ‘Waitangi Day’ Newsletter, Dec 1970, (p 1 for ‘marked the birth’ quote); Te Hokioi, Issue 4, vol 1, Feb/March 1969, p 10; Walker, Ranginui J, ‘Keep the fires burning’, in Amoamo, Jacqueline (ed), Nga Tau Tohetohe: Years of Anger, Auckland, 1987 (original in New Zealand Listener, 6 July 1974), p 44 (for ‘chiefs yielded’ quote); Waitangi Action Committee, ‘Te Tiriti o Waitangi: He Teka’, nd, 95-222-1/06, Maori Struggles, David Wickham Papers, Alexander Turnbull Library.
33. Walker, Ranginui J, ‘Shaky foundations’, in Amoamo (ed), Nga Tau Tohetohe (original published in New Zealand Listener, 22 March 1980); Walker, Ranginui J, ‘Maori sovereignty’, in Amoamo (ed), Nga Tau Tohetohe (original published in New Zealand Listener, 1 March 1986); Waitangi Action Committee, ‘The Treaty of Waitangi – A Broken Contract’, Nov 30 1981, MS Papers 8958-24, Papers relating to race relations in New Zealand, Andrew Dodsworth: Papers relating to left-wing activity, Alexander Turnbull Library (for ‘Maori people are a sovereign’ quote); Awatere, Maori Sovereignty; Maori Peoples Liberation Movement of Aotearoa, ‘Critique by Maori Peoples Liberation Movement of Aotearoa’, nd, pamphlet, reprinted from MPLMA newsletter, 99-266-10/1, Folder 4, Treaty of Waitangi, Alexander Turnbull Library (p 1 for ‘the majority of young Maori’ quote).
34. Walker, Ka Whawhai Tonu Matou, p 220 (for ‘radical cutting edge’, ‘couched in terms’ and ‘carried their activism’ quotes); Waitangi Action Committee, Te Tiriti (especially p 7 for ‘[r] ight of all indigenous peoples’ quote – emphasis removed, p 13 for ‘expose the nature’ quote, p 18 for ‘yoke of Capitalism’ quote); Poata-Smith, ‘He ‘Pokeke Uenuku I Tu Ai’, p 105; King, Nga Iwi, p 97; Walker, ‘The Treaty of Waitangi’, p 60.
35. Rapson, Bevan, ‘Extremist Makeover’, Metro, Nov 2004, p 58; Tauroa, Hiwi, Race Against Time, Wellington, 1982, p 9; Harris, Hīkoi, pp 95–8; Walker, Ka Whawhai Tonu Matou, pp 221–5; Hazlehurst, Kayleen M, Racial Conflict and Resolution in New Zealand: The Haka Party Incident and its Aftermath, 1979–1980, Canberra, 1988; Walker, Ranginui J, ‘A Maori Parliament’, in Amoamo (ed), Nga Taupage 316 Tohetohe (originally published in New Zealand Listener, 29 Sept 1979) p 104 (for ‘manifestations of the stifled desire’ quote). As well as being uncomfortable with Maori leaders endorsing extreme activity, many sympathetic pakeha (and many Maori engaged in radical action) found (and find) equally problematic various refusals by Maori leaders to give women speaking rights on marae – including on ‘new’ marae where protocols could be more flexible; see Philip, Matt, ‘Female trouble’, Listener, 29 Jan 2000.
36. Maori Peoples Liberation Movement of Aotearoa, ‘Critique’ (p 2 for ‘Pakeha people, who … try to tell us’ and following quotes, emphasis removed).
37. Mead, Sidney Moko, ‘The Rebirth of a Dream’, in Landmarks, Bridges and Visions: Aspects of Maori Culture, Wellington, 1997 (original article 1980), pp 130–131 (for ‘What we did in the past’ quote), p 145 (for ‘retain our cultural identity’ quote); Stewart-Harawira, Margaret, ‘Maori, Who Owns the Definition? The Politics of Cultural Identity’, Te Pua, 2(1–2), 1993; Williams, The Too-Hard Basket, p 11; Walker, Ka Whawhai Tonu Matou, pp 234–5; Harris, Hīkoi, p 112.
38. Hazlehurst, Political Expression, p 49 (for ‘the most influential Maori’ quote), pp 51–5 (p 53 for ‘the party had become’ quote), pp 61–3 (p 62 for ‘more than a political party’ quote), pp 72–3; Walker, Ranginui J, ‘Mana Motuhake’, in Amoamo (ed), Nga Tau Tohetohe (original published in New Zealand Listener, 4 Aug 1980); Walker, Ka Whawhai Tonu Matou, p 228 (for ‘we must command’ quote); King, Michael, Nga Iwi, p 96.
39. Hazlehurst, Political Expression, p 73 (for ‘total institutional transformation’ quote), pp 74–75, 94, p 103 (for ‘self-reliance and advancement’ quote), p 127 (for ‘communal authority by restoring’ quote).
40. Butterworth, ‘Aotearoa 1769–1988’, ch 10, pp 19–22; Hazlehurst, Political, pp 153, 164 (for ‘all fighting for reform’ quote), p 165; Walker, Ka Whawhai Tonu Matou, p 244; McLeay (ed), New Zealand Politics, pp 236, 248–9; King, Maori, p 253 (for ‘the most spectacular’ quote).
41. Kawharu, ‘Introduction’, in Conflict and Compromise, p 4 (for ‘a common cultural identity’ and ‘desire to pursue’ quotes).
42. Mead, Sidney Moko, ‘Options for Self-Determination: Tino Rangatiratanga’, in Landmarks, Bridges and Visions: Aspects of Maori Culture, Wellington, 1997 (orig paper: 1993), pp 147–8 (p 147 for ‘a better reflection’ quote); Hazlehurst, Political Expression, p 57; van Meijl, Toon, ‘Maori Hierarchy Transformed: The Secularization of Tainui Patterns of Leadership’, History and Anthropology, vol 7, 1994, p 301 (for ‘the most important thing’ quote); Kidman, Fiona, At the End of Darwin Road: A Memoir, Auckland, 2008, p 220.
43. Hazlehurst, Political Expression, pp 57–8; Sharp, Andrew, Justice and the Māori: Māori Claims in New Zealand Political Argument in the 1980s, Auckland, 1990, p 233; Winiata, Whatarangi, ‘Reducing the Socio-Economic Disparities in Housing, Employment, Health and Education: A Maori Solution’, paper for the Anglican Church, Wellington, 1998, available online: http://homepages.ihug.co.nz/~sai/MSoln_Win.html [accessed June 2008]; Joint Methodist Presbyterian Public Questions Committee, Tino Rangatiratanga, TWM, July 1993, http://homepages.ihug.co.nz/~sai/Maori_tino.htm#Constitutional [accessed June 2008]; Mead, ‘Options’, pp 148–9; Hazlehurst, ‘Maori Self- Government’, p 80; Walker, Ka Whawhai Tonu Matou, pp 246–7.
44. Levine, Hal and Henare, Manuka, ‘Mana Maori Motuhake: Maori Self-Determination’, Pacific Viewpoint, 35(2), 1994, pp 196–7; Walker, ‘Maori People Since 1950’, p 514; Orange, The Treaty of Waitangi, p 249; Orange, An Illustrated History, pp 156–7; Tauroa, Race Against Time, pp 22–3, p 82 (for ‘a multicultural nation’ and following quotes); Nightingale, ‘Maori at Work’, pp 235–8.