|
Pages |
Preface, ed. 1
|
V
|
Preface, ed. 2
|
VII
|
List of Figures
|
VIII
|
Part I. Introduction.
|
Chapter I. Preliminary Remarks
|
1
|
Chapter II. History of Botanical Investigation
|
8
|
1. The Period of Voyages of Discovery in the South Pacific and of Investigations by Botanists from abroad
|
8
|
The voyages of Captain Cook
|
8
|
From Vancouver's voyage (1791) to the publication of the Flora Antarctica
|
8
|
2. The Period of Colonial Collectors and Hooker's further Investigations
|
10
|
General
|
10
|
From the arrival of Colenso in New Zealand to the publication of the Flora Novae-Zelandiae (1853–55)
|
11
|
From 1855 to the publication of the Handbook (1867)
|
11
|
3. The Period of Publication by New Zealand Botanists
|
12
|
From the founding of the New Zealand Institute to the publication of Kirk's Student's Flora (1899)
|
12
|
From 1899 to the publication of Cheeseman's Manual (1906)
|
15
|
From the appearance of the Manual in 1906 to the end of 1916
|
16
|
From the commencement of 1917 to the end of 1927
|
18
|
Chapter III. Bibliography
|
26
|
Chapter IV. Sketch of the leading Physiographical Features of the Region
|
42
|
1. General
|
42
|
2. Physical Features of New Zealand proper
|
43
|
a. North Island
|
43
|
b. South Island
|
45
|
c. Stewart Island
|
47
|
3. Physical Features of the Outlying Islands
|
48
|
4. The Soils of the New Zealand Botanical Region
|
50
|
Chapter V. The Climate of New Zealand
|
52
|
General
|
52
|
Rainfall
|
53
|
Temperature
|
56
|
Sunshine
|
58
|
Wind
|
58
page XVI |
Part II.
The Vegetation of Primitive and Semi-primitive New Zealand.
|
Section I. The Vegretation of the Sea-coast.
|
Chapter I. General Observations on the Coastal-Vegetation
|
60
|
Brief account of the Coast-line
|
60
|
Florlstle statistics
|
60
|
General conditions regelating: the coastal regetation
|
62
|
Chapter II. The leading Physiognomic Plants and their Life-forms
|
63
|
Dune plants
|
63
|
Salt-swamp plants
|
65
|
Trees
|
66
|
The coastal ferns
|
67
|
Chapter III. The Autecology of the Coastal Plants
|
68
|
1. Life-Forms
|
68
|
Trees
|
68
|
Shrubs
|
69
|
Herbs and semiwoody plants
|
70
|
Lianes
|
72
|
Water plants
|
72
|
2. Pollination
|
72
|
3. Dissemination
|
73
|
4. Seasonal changes
|
74
|
5. Epharmonic modifications
|
76
|
General
|
76
|
The tree-form and shrub-form
|
76
|
The prostrate form
|
76
|
Succulence
|
77
|
Leaves
|
77
|
Colour changes
|
78
|
6. Sand-binders
|
78
|
7. Turf-making
|
78
|
Cushion-mating
|
79
|
Scrambling-lianes
|
79
|
The case of Claytonia
|
79
|
Forms not specially coastal
|
79
|
Chapter IV. The Plant Communities
|
79
|
1. Communities of Salt or Brackish Water
|
79
|
a. The seaweed communities
|
79
|
Large-brown-algae formation
|
79
|
Small emerging-algae formation
|
80
|
b. Zostera formation
|
81
|
c. Salt Swamp
|
82
|
1. Mangrove (Avicennia) tidal forest or scrub
|
82
|
2. The Salicornia formation
|
82
|
3. Juncus-Leptocarpus formation
|
83
|
4. Various minor communities
|
85
|
Mimulus repens association
|
85
page XVII |
Scirpus lacustris association
|
85
|
Brackish water submerged communities
|
85
|
2. The Salt-meadow Group of Communities
|
85
|
a. Salt-meadow proper
|
85
|
b. Coastal-moor and allied communities
|
87
|
3. Sea-shore communities
|
88
|
a. Sandy Shore
|
88
|
b. Beach of loose stones
|
89
|
4. Dune
|
91
|
General
|
91
|
Sand grass dune
|
92
|
Shrub-dune
|
92
|
Fixed-dune
|
93
|
Hollows and sand-plains
|
93
|
The primary groups of associations
|
94
|
The secondary groups of associations
|
94
|
Ancient dunes
|
95
|
Dune forest
|
95
|
5. Rock and Cliff Vegetation
|
95
|
a. General
|
95
|
b. The Mesembryanthemum group of associations
|
96
|
c. Pohutukawa (Metrosideros tomentosa) cliff
|
97
|
d. Associations with Phorrnium Colensoi dominant
|
98
|
Hebe macroura association
|
98
|
Hebe salicifolia var. Atkinsonii association
|
99
|
e. Coastal-fern association
|
100
|
f. Rocky shore vegetation
|
100
|
g. Rock associations of local occurrence
|
101
|
Sand-eroded rock, north coast of Cook Strait
|
101
|
Celmisia semicordata association
|
101
|
Celmisia Lindsayi association
|
101
|
Cliff-vegetation, west coast of Stewart Island
|
102
|
Rock-debris associations
|
102
|
6. Coastal Scrub
|
102
|
a. General
|
102
|
b. Tree-composite scrub
|
103
|
The Senecio rotundifolius association
|
103
|
The macrocephalous Olearia association
|
104
|
c. Hebe elliptica scrub or thicket
|
105
|
d. Liane scrubs
|
106
|
Freycinetia scrub
|
106
|
Muehlenbeekia scrub
|
106
|
e. Forest scrub
|
106
|
The North Cape
|
107
|
Metrosideros tomentosa scrub
|
107
|
Other forest scrubs
|
108
|
7. Coastal forest
|
109
|
a. General
|
109
|
b. Groups of associations
|
110
|
1. The Metrosideros tomentosa (pohutukawa) group
|
110
page XVIII* |
2. The Corynocaiypus (karaka) group
|
111
|
General
|
111
|
Various associations
|
111
|
3. The Myoporum (ngaio) group
|
112
|
4. Notliofagus coastal forest
|
112
|
5. Coastal forest of certain small islands
|
113
|
The Three Kings Islands
|
113
|
The Poor Knights
|
113
|
6. Semi-coastal forest
|
114
|
General
|
114
|
Special
|
114
|
Section II. The Vegetation of the Lowlands and Lower Hills.
|
Chapter I. Introductory Remarks
|
116
|
General
|
116
|
Floristic details
|
117
|
Chapter II. The leading Physiognomic Plants and their Life-forms
|
120
|
a. Forest Plants
|
120
|
Tall or medium-sized trees
|
120
|
Small trees and tall shrubs
|
122
|
Other conspicuous species
|
125
|
b. Plants of shrubland, heath, swamp, bog, grassland and rock
|
126
|
Chapter III. The Autecology of the Lowland Plants
|
128
|
1. Life-forms
|
128
|
a. Trees
|
128
|
b. Shrubs
|
131
|
c. Herbs and semi-woody plants
|
132
|
Land plants
|
132
|
Water plants
|
133
|
d. Lianes, epiphytes and parasites
|
133
|
Lianes
|
133
|
Epiphytes
|
136
|
Parasites
|
138
|
e. Persistent juvenile-forms
|
139
|
2. Pollination
|
142
|
3. Dissemination
|
148
|
4. Seasonal Changes
|
143
|
5. Epharmonic modifications
|
145
|
Life-forms of identical jordanons within and outside the forest
|
145
|
Effect of a specially moist atmosphere or wet ground
|
145
|
Life-forms of identical jordanons with different life-histories
|
146
|
Effect of a specially dry climate
|
146
|
The deciduous habit
|
146
|
Chapter IV. The Plant Communities
|
146
|
1. Forest
|
146
|
a. Introductory
|
146
|
General
|
146
|
Ecological conditions governing lowland-lower hill's forest
|
148
page XIX |
Distribution of the species
|
149
|
General principles governing succession
|
150
|
Principles npon which the classification of New Zealand forests is based
|
158
|
b. The forest communities
|
154
|
1. Subtropical rain-forest of broad-leaved dicotylous trees and conifers.
|
154
|
α. General
|
154
|
β. Kauri (Agathis australis)-broad-leaved dieotylous-tree forest
|
156
|
(1.) General
|
156
|
(2.) Kauri forest in a wide sense
|
157
|
General
|
157
|
The kauri (Agathis anstralis) subassoeiation
|
157
|
The tarairo (Beilschmiedia tarairc) subassoeiation
|
158
|
The tawa (Bcilschmiedia tawa) subassoeiation
|
159
|
Pukatea (Laurelia novae-zclandiae) snbassoeiation
|
160
|
Life-history of Agathis-dirotylons forest.
|
160
|
γ. Podocarp-broad leaved dicotylous forest of dry ground
|
161
|
(1.) General
|
161
|
(2.) The podocarp communities
|
163
|
Rimu (Daerydium cupressinum) communities
|
163
|
Totara (Podoearpus totara, P. Hallii — at times) communities
|
164
|
Matai (Podoearpus spicatns) communities
|
166
|
(3.) The broad-leaved dicotylous tree communities
|
166
|
General
|
166
|
Tawa (Bcilschmiedia tawa) communities
|
167
|
Kainahi (Wcinmannia raeemosa) communities
|
168
|
Northcrn-rata (Jletrosideros robusta) forest
|
169
|
Southcrn-rata (Metrosideros lueida) forest
|
170
|
Forest communities of minor importance
|
170
|
(4.) The life-history of podocarp-dicotylous broad-leaved forest of dry ground
|
172
|
δ. Podocarp-dicotylous broad-leaved forest of wet ground
|
174
|
General
|
174
|
Kahikatea (Podoearpus dacrydioides) semi-swamp forest
|
174
|
Life-history of semi-swamp forest
|
178
|
Bog-forest and related communities
|
178
|
2. Subantarctic Rain-forest
|
182
|
General
|
182
|
Montane Nothofagus forest of the Matnaku Plateau
|
183
|
Nothofagus Solandri-truneata association
|
183
|
Lowland Nothofagus forest in the west of the North-western district
|
184
|
Lowland Nothofagus forest of the Fiord district
|
184
|
Nothofagus Mcnziesii forest of the South Otago district
|
185
|
Subantarctic-Subtropical lowland-forest
|
185
|
2. Shrubland and Fernland
|
186
|
a. General
|
186
|
b. Leptospermum-Pteridium (manuka-bracken) communities
|
187
|
α. General
|
187
|
β. Ericoid shrubland
|
189
|
1. Leptospermum (manuka) shrubland
|
189
|
General
|
189
page XX |
Auckland manuka shrubland
|
189
|
Voleanic Plateau (pumice) manuka shrubland
|
191
|
Solfutara manuka shrubland
|
192
|
Southern North Island manuka shrubland
|
192
|
South Island manuka shrubland
|
192
|
Magnesian soil shrubland
|
193
|
2. Cassinia shrubland
|
194
|
γ. Pteridium (bracken) fernland
|
195
|
c. Scrub
|
195
|
Scrub of a subalpine character
|
195
|
3. Water Associations
|
196
|
4. Swamp Vegetation
|
197
|
a. General
|
197
|
b. Monocotylous herb swamp
|
198
|
Raupo (Typha) communities
|
198
|
Phormium communities
|
199
|
Nigger-head (Carex secta) communities
|
200
|
Stewart Island swamps
|
200
|
Montane swamps
|
200
|
c. Shrub swamp
|
200
|
d. Associations of warm water, or of hot ground exposed to steam
|
201
|
5. Bog Vegetation
|
202
|
General
|
202
|
Sphagnum-Gleichenia bog
|
203
|
Shrubland bogs
|
204
|
6. River-bed Vegetation
|
206
|
a. General
|
206
|
b. Unstable river-bed formation
|
207
|
c. The communities of stable river-bed
|
208
|
General
|
208
|
The eastern South Island Raoulia association
|
208
|
River-bed dune
|
208
|
Groves of trees &c. on eastern river-bed
|
208
|
The western South Island Raoulia association
|
209
|
Western river-bed forest
|
209
|
North Island river-bed
|
210
|
7. Grassland
|
210
|
a. General
|
210
|
b. The plant-formations and groups of associations
|
211
|
1. Low (Festuca-Poa) tussock-grassland
|
211
|
General
|
211
|
Life-history of the formation
|
214
|
Primitive low tussock-grassland
|
216
|
Modified lowland low tussock-grassland
|
216
|
Low tussock-grassland of semi-arid habitat
|
217
|
Montane low tussock-grassland
|
217
|
2. Tall tussock-grassland
|
218
|
General
|
218
|
The Danthonia Raoulii var. rubra (red-tussock) association
|
219
|
Danthonia Eaoulia var. flavescens association
|
220
page XXI |
8. Rock Vegetation
|
220
|
General
|
220
|
Communities of the Auckland districts
|
221
|
Communities for the rest of North Island
|
221
|
South Island roek communities
|
223
|
Section III. The Vegetation of the High Mountains.
|
Chapter I. General Remarks
|
224
|
Floristic details
|
224
|
Vertical distribution (the belts of vegetation)
|
226
|
High-mountain plants at sea-level
|
228
|
The ecological conditions of the high mountains
|
229
|
Ropeopling the new ground during the retreat of the glaciers
|
232
|
Chapter II. The leading Physiognomic Plants and their Life-forms
|
234
|
Forest plants
|
234
|
Shrubland plants
|
236
|
Plants of tussoek-grassland, herb-field, fell-field and related formations
|
238
|
Chapter III. The Autecology of the High-mountain Plants
|
242
|
1. Life-Forms
|
242
|
Trees
|
242
|
Shrubs
|
242
|
Lianes, epiphytes and parasites
|
243
|
Herbs and semi-woody plants
|
244
|
2. Pollination
|
246
|
3. Dissemination
|
247
|
4. Seasonal changes
|
247
|
5. Epharmonic modifications
|
250
|
General
|
250
|
Nanism
|
251
|
The prostrate-form
|
251
|
The cushion-form
|
251
|
Divaricating shrubs
|
252
|
The occurrence of spines
|
252
|
Miscellaneous
|
253
|
Chapter IV. The Plant Communities
|
254
|
1. Subalpine Forest
|
254
|
a. General
|
254
|
b. The Nothofagus communities
|
255
|
α. General
|
255
|
β. The mountain southern-beech (Nothofagus cliffortioides) group of associations
|
256
|
General.
|
256
|
Dry Nothofagus cliffortioides forest
|
257
|
Wet Nothofagus cliffortioides forest
|
258
|
γ. Silver southern-beech (Nothofagus Menziesii) group of associations
|
260
|
General
|
260
|
The upper forest of Mount Tc Aroha (Th.)
|
260
|
Montane forest of Hast Cape district
|
261
page XXII |
Montane lower subalpine forest of the Volcanic Plateau
|
261
|
The uppermost belt of the Tararua Mountains
|
261
|
Upper forest of Mount Stokes (SN.)
|
261
|
Various associations of the North-western district
|
262
|
Governor's Hush near Mount Cook Hermitage
|
262
|
Associations of the Fiord and South Otago districts
|
262
|
δ. Montane Nothofagus Solandri forest of the Eastern district
|
263
|
ε. Life-history of Nothofagus forest
|
263
|
c. Conditional subantarctic forest communities
|
265
|
Tree-composite forest
|
265
|
Mountain toa-toa (Phyllocladus alpinus) group of associations
|
266
|
Mountain ribbonwood (Hoheria glabrata) low forest
|
267
|
d. Subtropical rain-forest and allied communities
|
267
|
α. General
|
267
|
β. Associations and groups of such
|
268
|
Southern kawaka-totara (Libocedrus Bidwillii-Podocarpus Hallii) group
|
268
|
Katuahi (Weinmannia raeemosa) group of associations
|
269
|
Southern-rata (Metrosideros lucida) group of associations
|
270
|
e. Montane and subalpine bog-forest
|
271
|
General
|
271
|
The Volcanic Plateau
|
272
|
North-western district
|
272
|
Western district, eastern side of the Divide
|
272
|
Western district, western side of the Divide in southern part
|
272
|
2. Shrub Communities
|
273
|
a. General
|
273
|
b. Associations usually of shingly ground
|
273
|
Disearia thicket
|
273
|
Hebe shrubland
|
274
|
c. Subalpine-scrub
|
275
|
α. General
|
275
|
β. Shrub-composite scrub
|
277
|
General
|
277
|
Mount Hikurangi (EC.)
|
277
|
Mount Egmont (EW.)
|
277
|
Tararua Mountains (RC.)
|
277
|
Southern Alps and mountains of the North-western district
|
278
|
Stewart Island
|
278
|
North-eastern district
|
279
|
γ. Other types of subalpine-scrub
|
279
|
Phyllocladus scrub
|
279
|
Cupressoid-podocarp scrub
|
279
|
Dracophyllum scrub
|
280
|
Manuka (Leptospermum) scrub
|
280
|
Cassinia scrub
|
281
|
Southern-beech (Nothofagus) scrub
|
281
|
3. Mixed communities (shrubs, herbs, semi-woody plants, grasses &c.)
|
281
|
a. Rock vegetation
|
281
|
α. General
|
281
page XXIII |
β. The rock communities
|
283
|
North Island communities
|
283
|
South Island dry mountains communities
|
284
|
Communities of South Island wet mountains
|
286
|
Stewart Island rocks
|
287
|
b. Vegetation of loose, stony debris
|
287
|
1. The shingle-slip formation and allied communities
|
287
|
α. General
|
287
|
β. The associations of true shingle-slip and their allies
|
289
|
Those of South Island dry greywacke mountains
|
289
|
The Ilaastia pulvinaris association
|
290
|
The association of the Western district
|
290
|
Vegetation of scoria slopes
|
291
|
Vegetation of rock slides
|
291
|
2. Vegetation of river-beds, fans and allied habitats
|
292
|
River-bed vegetation
|
292
|
Vegetation of fans
|
293
|
c. The fell-field, grassland and herb-field series of communities
|
293
|
1. General
|
293
|
2. Fell-field
|
294
|
α. General
|
294
|
β. Fell-field of the dry mountains or a specially dry substratum
|
296
|
Pumice fell-field
|
296
|
The subalpine group of associations of the dry South Island mountains
|
298
|
The alpine group of associations of the dry South Island mountains
|
299
|
Fell-field dependant on the chemical nature of the substratum
|
300
|
γ. Fell-field of the wet mountains
|
301
|
3. Grassland
|
303
|
α. General
|
303
|
β. Low tussock-grassland
|
304
|
General
|
304
|
The Festuca novae-zelandiae group of associations
|
304
|
Poa Colensoi or P. intermedia (blue-tussock) grassland
|
305
|
Danthonia setifolia grassland
|
306
|
γ. Tall tussock-grassland
|
306
|
General
|
306
|
Red-tussock (Danthonia Eaoulii var. rubra) grassland
|
307
|
Snowgrass (Danthonia Eaoulii var. flarescens) grassland
|
307
|
δ. Mat-grassland
|
309
|
The carpet-grass (Danthonia australis) association
|
309
|
Neodle-grass (Poa acieularifolia) association
|
309
|
Mountain-twitch (Triodia exigua) association and its allies
|
310
|
4. Herb-field
|
310
|
α. General
|
310
|
β. North Island dry herb-field
|
313
|
Mounts Te Moehau (T.) and Hikurangi (EC.)
|
313
|
The Tararua Mountains
|
313
|
Mount Egmont
|
313
|
γ. South Island dry herb-field proper
|
314
page XXIV |
δ. Tall tussock herb-field
|
317
|
The North Island communities
|
317
|
The South Island communities
|
317
|
ε. South Island wet herb-fleld
|
318
|
5. Herb-moor
|
318
|
General
|
318
|
South Island herb-moor
|
319
|
Stewart Island herb-moor
|
320
|
a. Bog, water and swamp communities
|
321
|
α. Bog associations
|
321
|
General
|
321
|
Various classes of bog
|
322
|
β. Water and swamp vegetation
|
323
|
Water communities
|
323
|
Swamp
|
324
|
Section IV. The Vegetation of the Outlying Islands.
|
Chapter I. The Vegetation of the Kermadec Islands
|
324
|
General
|
324
|
The physiognomic plants
|
325
|
Autecology of the plants
|
326
|
The plant-communities
|
327
|
Chapter II. The Vegetation of the Chatham Islands
|
328
|
General
|
328
|
The leading physiognomic plants and their life-forms
|
329
|
The autecology of the plants
|
331
|
The plant-communities
|
332
|
Chapter III. The Vegetation of the Subantarctic Islands
|
336
|
General
|
336
|
The ecological conditions
|
338
|
The leading physiognomic plants and their life-forms
|
338
|
The autecology of the plants
|
340
|
The plant-communities
|
343
|
Part III.
The Effect of Settlement upon the Plant-covering of New Zealand.
|
Chapter I. The Introduced Plants growing wild without Cultivation
|
352
|
General
|
352
|
Statistical
|
353
|
Chapter II. The New Vegetation
|
355
|
1. General
|
355
|
2. Modified communities
|
356
|
General
|
356
|
Some examples of modified communities
|
357
|
3. Exotic-induced communities
|
358
|
a. Tree associations
|
358
|
b. Shrub associations
|
359
|
Leguminous shrubs
|
359
page XXV |
Rosaceous shrubs
|
359
|
Australian shrubs
|
360
|
c. Communities of herbaceous and semi-woody plants
|
360
|
Thymus Tulgaris (garden thyme) association
|
360
|
Some herbaceous plant communities
|
360
|
4. Indigenous-induced communities
|
361
|
a. General
|
361
|
b. The grassland series
|
362
|
Danlhonia pilosa grassland
|
362
|
Induced steppe
|
363
|
Celmisia spectabilis and Chrysobaetron colonics
|
365
|
The incoming and spreading of Lyeopodium fastigiatum
|
366
|
Invading shrub-associations
|
367
|
c. The swamp series
|
367
|
The Phormium association
|
367
|
Cabbage-tree (Cordyline australis) swamp
|
368
|
Divaricating-shrub swamp
|
368
|
Induced Phormium association
|
368
|
d. Some high-mountain induced associations
|
368
|
Hebe shrubland
|
368
|
Induced fell-field and herb-field
|
369
|
Indueed cushion-plant association
|
369
|
5. Artificial communities (by A. H. Cockayne)
|
370
|
Displacement of forest by burning and replacement by artificial pasture without ploughing the ground
|
370
|
Fern crushing
|
371
|
Chapter III. Agriculture and Horticulture in New Zealand
|
372
|
Agriculture
|
372
|
Horticulture
|
374
|
Part IV.
The Flora of New Zealand, its Distribution and Composition.
|
Chapter I. The Botanical Subdivisions of the Region
|
378
|
1. General
|
378
|
2. The Botanical Provinces
|
379
|
1. The Kermadec Province
|
379
|
2. The Northern Mainland Province
|
379
|
3. The Central Mainland Province
|
379
|
4. The Southern Mainland Province
|
379
|
5. The Chatham Province
|
379
|
6. The Subantarctic Province
|
379
|
3. The Botanical Districts
|
380
|
The Kermadec District
|
380
|
The Three Kings District
|
380
|
The North Auckland District
|
380
|
The South Auckland District
|
381
|
The Volcanio Plateau District
|
383
|
The East Cape District
|
385
|
Tho Egmont-Wanganui District
|
386
|
The Ruahine-Cook District
|
387
page XXVI |
The Sounds-Nelson District
|
388
|
The North-eastern District
|
389
|
The North-western District
|
390
|
The Eastern District
|
392
|
The Western District
|
394
|
The North Otago District
|
395
|
The South Otago District
|
396
|
The Fiord District
|
398
|
The Stewart District
|
399
|
Certain other Districts
|
400
|
Chapter II. The Families, Genera and Elements of the Flora
|
400
|
1. The General Statistics
|
400
|
Hybrids
|
401
|
2. The Elements of the Flora
|
403
|
The endemic element
|
403
|
The Palaoozelandic element
|
407
|
The Australian clement
|
409
|
The Subantaretic element
|
411
|
The Palaeotropic element
|
414
|
The Cosmopolitan element
|
415
|
The Lord Howe and Norfolk element
|
416
|
3. General Conclusions
|
416
|
Part V.
The History of the Flora.
|
General
|
418
|
The problematical history of the flora
|
422
|
Index
|
427
|
Plates I—LXXXVII.
|
|