Chapter IV.
Trees Suitable for Cultivation.

Usually New Zealand trees grow so slowly that, for most gardens, they may be considered shrubs. On the other hand, certain of the smaller trees grow rapidly, and should be planted where they can fully develop. When species have male and female flowers on different individuals (dioecious), plants of both sexes must be grown in close proximity, if it is necessary, on account of their beauty, for berries or drupes (stone-fruit) to be produced.

In what follows the following abbreviations are used:—Lvs. = leaves; fls. = flowers; fts. = fruits (usually berries, or drupes); Hab. = habitat (position and locality where the plant grows wild); Cult. = garden treatment; Prop. = method of propagation, or page 26introduction into the garden; vh. = very hardy (tolerating the frost likely to be felt in any garden in New Zealand, but certainly not vh. for Great Britain); h. = hardy (hardly tolerating 16° of frost); hh. = half-hardy (tolerating only a few degrees of frost; Sp. = spring; S. = summer; A. = autumn; W. = winter; dioec. = dioecious; var. = variety.

List of Trees and a Brief Account of Each.

Agathis australis	(kauri, h.) is slow-growing, but ultimately very tall; young tree, slender, pyramidal. Hab., lowland forest, Auckland. Cult., good or poor soil. Prop., young plants, seed.
Alectryon excelsum	(titoki, h.) is moderate-sized, fairly fast; lvs. something like those of an ash; fts. showy, scarlet with jet-black seed. Hab., lowland forest to lat. 44°. Cult., good, deep soil. Prop., young plants, seed.
Aristotelia serrata	(wineberry, vh.), is small, rapid; lvs. heart-shaped, thin, up to 5 in. long, toothed; fls. rosy and white, dioec, Sp.; fts., black or red berries. Hab., forest, regenerating forest, shrubland, to 3,000 ft. Cult., fairly good soil, shrubbery. Prop., cuttings, young plants, seed. A. fruticosa (mountain wineberry, vh.), is a shrub with reddish bark, interlacing branches, small lvs., and abundant red, rose or white berries. Hab., scrub to 4,500 ft. Cult., well-drained soil, shade in dry localities, shrubbery, alpine-garden. Prop., young plants, cuttings, seed; hybrids of various forms between this and A. serrata = A. Colensoi.
Ascarina lucida	(h.), is handsome with its beautiful glossy, green lvs., more or less oblong, one to two inches long, toothed; small, dense, fairly fast, dioec. Hab., lowland forest, especially west of S. Island. page 27Cult., good soil, partial shade, useless for dry locality. Prop., young plants, cuttings, seed.
Beilschmiedia taraire	(taraire, hh.), is tall, moderately quick; lvs., oblong, 3 to 6 in. long, entire bluish-white beneath; fts. dark-purple. Hab., lowland forest, south to lat. 38°. Cult., good or medium soil. Prop., young plants, seed. B. tawa (tawa, hh.) has willow-like lvs., glaucous beneath and blackish bark; fts. dark-purple. Hab., lowland forest to extreme north of S. Island. Cult., etc., as for B. taraire.
Carpodetus serrate	(putaputawheta, vh.) is 30 ft, or less: lvs., oblong-ovate or elliptic, 1 to 2 in. long, serrate, variegated yellowish; fls. pretty, white, abundant, in broad panicles, Sp. S. Hab., forest to 3,000 ft. Cult., border, shrubbery, specimen-tree, in fairly good soil. Prop., young plants, cuttings, seed.
Cordyline australis	(cabbage-tree, ti, h.) needs no description. Hab., open country, swamp, rock, to 2,500 ft. Cult., almost any soil, effective in groups; cut down it puts forth new shoots. Prop., young plants, piece of rhizome ("root"), seeds. There is a purple-leaved and a variegated var. C. indivisa (toii, broad-leaved cabbage-tree, vh.), finally over 20 ft., is most striking; lvs. broad, up to 6 ft. long, with conspicuous red mid-rib, forming huge, erect rosette at top of trunk. Hab., mountain forests where rainfall is high, comes up abundantly after forest is cut down. Cult., easy if rainy days numerous, otherwise not satisfactory, deep, well-drained soil, more or less shade. Prop., seeds, young plants. C. Banksii (ti-ngahere, vh.) has a more slender trunk and lvs. narrower, drooping, stalked. Hab., forest outskirts, rocks, where rainfall high. Cult., almost any soil, unless wet, border, alpine-garden. There are several vars. with differently-coloured mid-ribs.page 28
Corynocarpus laevigata	(karaka, hh.) is small, round-headed, fairly fast; lvs. laurel-like, but much larger, dark-green, glossy; fts. 1½ in. long, orange, showy. Hab., coastal forest to almost lat. 44° on east, but hardly to Greymouth on west, also Chathams. Cult., rich, deep soil, specimen-tree, shrubbery. Prop., young plants, cuttings, seed (germinates well).
Dacrydium cupressinum	(rimu, vh.) is tall, cypress-like with drooping branchlets; young plants exceedingly attractive with erect habit, and long, pendulous, green branches. Hab., forest, to 3,500 ft. Cult., deep, rich soil, shade and efficient shelter. Prop., young plants, seed. D. biforme, D. Colensoi (silver-pine) and D. intermedium (yellow-pine)—all (vh.)—are cypress-like low trees of slow growth occurring in bogs, or where climate very wet; not easy to cultivate, but do best in rich, well-drained soil in partial shade. Prop., young plants, seed. D. Bidwillii (vh.) is very like D. biforme, but a shrub, and shoots are more slender. Cult., will do fairly well in dry ground, even in dry climate. Prop., young plants, rooted pieces, seed. D. Kirkii (monoao, hh.) is a cypress-like tree, very beautiful when young, with pale-green, spreading, linear lvs., 1¼ in. long, remaining in this state until 30 ft. high, when it is a graceful, tapering tree; fts. dioec. Hab., forest almost to lat. 37°. Cult., specimen-tree, good soil, slight shade, also pot-plant. Prop., young plants, cuttings of juvenile, seed.
Dodonaea viscosa	(akeake, hh.), up to 20 ft.; lvs., 1 to 3 in., narrow, thin, pale-green. Hab., coastal, south to about lat. 44°. Cult., medium soil, seaside planting. Prop., young plants, seed.
Dracophyllum latifolium	(neinei, hh.), D. Townsoni (h.) and D. Traversii (mountain neinei, vh.) are page 29slow-growing, low trees with straight trunks, which branch, candelabra-like into spreading, stiff branches, having at their extremities rosettes of very long, tapering reflexed lvs. Hab., forest where rainfall is very heavy; to 4,000 ft. for D. Traversii, but lowland, or montane, for the others. Cult., deep, well-drained soil, shade, but growth painfully slow, and cultivation not easy. Prop., young plants, seed (slow). D. longifolium (inanga, vh.) is a low tree of remarkable appearance with slender, erect, naked, blackish branches, having at their extremities erect, close rosettes of long, very narrow lvs.; fls. white, small, in racemes, numerous, S. Hab., coastal scrub in south, forest, subalpine scrub to 4,000 ft. Cult., shrubbery, alpine-garden, shade except in wettest districts. Prop., young plants, seed. D. arboreum (h.), of Chatham Islands, has broader lvs. and more spreading habit.
Dysoxylum spectabile	(kohekohe, hh.) is a beautiful tree of tropical aspect with fls. on trunk; medium-sized, spreading, fairly fast; lvs. bright-green, glossy, pinnate, 12 in. long; leaflets broad; fls. waxy-white, W. Hab., forest chiefly coastal, south to Marlborough Sounds. Cult., good, deep soil in slight shade, even when quite young is of striking appearance. Prop., young plants, cuttings, seed.
Edwardsia (Sophora) microphylla	(kowhai, vh.) is graceful and beautiful, with feathery foliage and gorgeous, laburnum-like, large, golden-yellow fls. in profusion, Sp.; young plants for some years form a densely entangled wiry bush. Hab., lowland forest, forest outskirts, rocky ground. Cult., almost any soil, sunny position. Prop., young plants, seed (soak in boiling water, if not quite fresh). E. grandiflora, (h.), hardly a tree, is larger in all its parts; has no page 30entangled juvenile form. E. prostrata (vh.) remains at the entangled shrub stage; fls. and lvs. smaller; there are hybrids between this and E. microphylla. Cult., for all the species, almost any soil, even sandhills, in sunny position.
Elaeocarpus dentatus	(hinau, vh.), medium-sized, slow, has lvs. oblong or obovate, 2 to 4 in. long; fls. fair-sized, white, Sp. Hab., lowland forest. Cult., good soil, slight shade; the juvenile with straight stem and long lvs., good for border. Prop., young plants, seed. E. Hookerianus (pokaka, vh.) is eventually a medium-sized tree, but remains for a long time an interlacing shrub with small lvs. of many shapes. Hab., forest, subalpine scrub, to 3,000 ft. or more. Cult., ordinary soil, sun or shade. Prop., young plants, seed.
Entelea arborescens	(whau, hh.), is a beautiful small tree of tropical aspect (see fig. 2) rather like a mulberry, with lvs. cordate-ovate, 4 to 9 in. long and abundant, pretty white fls., 1 in. diam. Sp., S. Hab., coastal, south to Marlborough Sounds and N.W. Nelson. Cult., specimen-tree, good soil. Prop., young plants, cuttings, seed.
Eugenia maire	(maire-tawake, hh.) is small, slow, with more or less oblong lvs., 1 to 2 in. long and showy red fts., ½ in. long. Hab., lowland swamp-forest, south to Marlborough Sounds. Cult., rich, deep, moist soil; beautiful as specimen-tree where conditions suitable. Prop., young plants, seed.
Fuchsia excorticata	(kotukutuku, vh.), small, quick, has lvs. more or less deciduous in relation to amount of frost, ovate-lanceolate, 2 to 4 in. long, silvery beneath, soft; fls. purple, early Sp.; berries black. Hab., forest to 3,000 ft. Cult., good soil. page 31 Prop., young plants, cuttings, seed; hybrids have been raised with S. American species, but none in cultivation; there is also a purple-leaved var.
Gaya Lyallii	(mountain-ribbonwood, vh.) is of high excellence with lovely cherry-like white fls. in profusion, S.; small, quick; lvs. deciduous, richly-coloured in A., heart-shaped, rather pale-green, up to 3 in. long, long-pointed. Hab., forest in wet localities, often on stony débris after land-slips, S. Island, to 4,000 ft. Cult., almost any soil except stiff clay Prop., young plants, cuttings (even very large), seed. G. ribifolia (vh.) is similar to the last, but grows in dry montane belt of South Island, and will succeed under drier conditions; by some considered the better of the two.
Griselinia littoralis	(kapuka, broadleaf, vh.) is small, round-headed, fairly quick, dioec.; lvs. ovate, 1 to 4 in. long, bright green, glossy, entire. Hab., forest, subalpine scrub to above 4,000 ft. Cult., almost any soil, or situation, tolerates high winds, may be trimmed. Prop., young plants, seeds, cuttings; there is also a variegated variety. G. lucida (hh.) is similar, but smaller, and with considerably larger lvs.; most excellent.
Hedycarya arborea	(porokaiwhiri, pigeonwood, h.) is small, dense, fairly quick; lvs. oblong to obovate, 3 to 4 in. long, very dark-green, midrib brown; fls. pale, yellowish-green, fragrant, Sp.; fts. bright-red. Hab., lowland forest. Cult., good soil, slight shade. Prop., young plants, cuttings, seed.
Hoheria angnstifolia	(narrow-leaved lacebark, vh.) is at first an interlacing shrub with small lvs., but finally a small, dense tree with lvs. oblong, sharply toothed, 1 to 2 in. long; fls. showy, abundant, white, late S. Hab., lowland forest, banks of streams. Cult., page 32almost any soil, sun. Prop., young plants, seeds. H. populnea (houhere, h.) has much, larger lvs., which are paler green, coarsely toothed, ovate, 4 in. or more long, and it flowers later. Can be trimmed freely, rapid growth. H. sexstylosa (houhere, long-leaved lacebark, h.) is of very rapid growth, blooms when quite young; lvs. lanceolate, acuminate, 4 in. long, or more. Cult., etc., as for the other species. All the lacebarks sow themselves freely in the border beneath the trees; the three bloom at different times. They hybridize with one another.
Ixerba brexioides	(tawari, h.) is extremely beautiful and elegant; small, fairly quick; lvs. narrow-lanceolate, 3 to 6 in. long, evenly toothed, dark-green, glossy, pale beneath, juvenile much longer, narrower, and brighter green; fls. white, abundant, up to 1½ in. diam. Hab., forest, north of lat. 37°, to 3,000 ft. Cult., good deep soil, slight shade, shelter. Should be in. all gardens where hardy. Prop., young plants, cuttings, seed.
Knightia excelsa	(rewarewa, hh.) has form of Lombardy poplar, tall; lvs. oblong, 4 to 6 in. long, dark-green, hard, rigid, coarsely toothed; fls. in racemes, numerous, crowded, small, velvety, dull-crimson with "petals" curled back; the juvenile has an erect, slender main-stem, and long, narrow, thin, but stiff, evenly-toothed lvs. Hab., lowland forest to Marlborough Sounds. Cult., any kind of soil, except stiff clay. Prop., young plants, seed.
Laurelia novae-zelandiae	(pukatea, hh.) is tall, massive, handsome, slow, but young plants elegant; lvs. more or less oblong, toothed, dark-green, glossy, about 2 in. long. Hab., swamp-forest to about lat. 42°. Cult., rich, deep soil, where rainfall high. Prop., young plants, cuttings, seed.page 33
Leptospermum ericoides	(kanuka, white tea-tree, vh.) is most beautiful with its multitudes of small white fls. in Sp., S., A., graceful, dense, rapid; lvs. very small, heath-like, not sharp. Hab., forest, shrub-land, to 3,000 ft. Cult., almost any soil and situation, if not too shady. Prop., young plants, seed, cuttings; various forms differing in size, colour and abundance of fls. can be procured. L. scoparium (manuka, red tea-tree—ti-tree incorrect!—vh.) is similar, but usually a shrub; fls. larger, solitary, Sp. S., A. Hab., many situations, wet or dry, sheltered or wind-swept, to 4,000 ft. at least. Cult., any soil or position. Prop., young plants, seed, cuttings. The var. Nichollsii (not spelt Nichollii) with brilliant crimson fls., and dark purple lvs. (see frontispiece) is one of the most beautiful of garden shrubs,- from its seeds exquisite pink and white flowered forms, as also crimsons, may be easily raised; the var Chapmani, less brilliant in colour, is excellent, also the double white, Leonard Wilson. From wild plants many other desirable forms may be selected.
Libocedrus Bidwillii	(pahau-tea, vh.) and L. Doniana (kawaka, hh.) when young are exceedingly graceful and fern-like; the adult has a naked trunk and narrow, pyramidal head of cypress-like branch-lets. Hab., where rainfall is heavy, to 4,000 ft. for the first and to about lat. 39° for the second. Cult., good soil in more or less shade. Prop., young plants, seed.
Macropiper excelsum	(kawakawa, h.) is small, with bamboo-like stems; lvs. broadly heart-shaped, 3 to 5 in. long, usually much damaged by insects. Hab., coastal, south to lat. 44°. Cult., good soil, more or less shade. Prop., young plants, seed.
Melicope ternata	(wharangi, hh.) is elegant, small, spreading; lvs. ternate, leaflets 2 to 4 in. long, shining, page 34bright-green. Hob., lowland forest to Marlborough. Sounds. Cult., good, deep soil, shrubbery, specimen-tree. Prop., young plants, cuttings, seed. M. simplex is a twiggy, interlaced shrub; will grow in most soils and situations. M. Mantellii is a series of hybrids with intermediate characters.
Melicytus ramiflorus	(mahoe, vh.) is small, dense, dioc.; lvs. oblong-lanceolate, 2 to 4 in. long; fts. abundant, violet. Hab., lowland forest. Cult., moderately good soil, tolerates wind. M. macro-phyllus (hh.) is similar, but a shrub; lvs. large. M. lanceolatus (vh.) is an attractive tall shrub with bright-green, willow-like, toothed lvs. and abundant bluish-black berries. Hab., forest to 3,000 ft. Cult., good soil, slight shade. Prop., for all species of Melicytus, young plants, seed.
Meryta Sinclairii	(puka, hh.), of tropical aspect, is splendid where hardy; small with round head of immense lvs. in rosettes, crowded at ends of branches; leaf-blade more or less oblong, up to 15 in. long, smooth, leathery, shining. Hab., Three Kings and Hen and Chickens Islands, forest. Cult., specimen-tree, groups, good deep soil, shelter. Prop., young plants, cuttings, seed.
Metrosideros Incida	(southern rata, vh.) is a dense rounded shrub in gardens, but eventually tall; lvs. more or less lanceolate, 1 to 2 in. long, bright glossy-green; when young a pleasing brown or purple; fls. bright crimson, very showy, abundant, S. Hab., where rainfall high, south to Lord Auckland Islands, forest, subalpine scrub, to 4,000 ft. Cult., good, well-drained soil, difficult in dry climate. Prop., young plants, cuttings, seed. M. robusta (northern rata, hh.) is similar but taller and more massive, fls. dark-scarlet. Hab., forest, south to lat. 42°. Cult., etc., page 35as for M. lucida. M. tomentosa (pohutukawa, hh.) much resembles the last, but more rapid and amenable to cultivation; lvs. white-tomentose beneath; fls. dark-crimson. Hab., coastal cliffs and forest to somewhat south of lat. 38°. Cult., most kinds of soil, tolerates high wind, but growth stunted. Prop., young plants, cuttings, seed. M. villosa (hh.) of the Kermadecs, is similar to the last but less hardy. M. Parkinsonii (vh.) is straggly, slender, small; fis. crimson: Hab., forest, N.W. Nelson, to 3,000 ft. Cult., good soil, shade,, much moisture. Prop., young plants, cuttings, seed.
Myoporum laetum	(ngaio, h.) is small with round crown of straggling branches; lvs. lanceolate to obovate, 1 to 4 in. long; fls. small, white, dotted purple, Sp., S. Hab., forest, usually coastal. Cult., fairly good soil; becomes leggy when old. Prop., young plants, cuttings, seed; can be trimmed.
Nothofagus cliffortioides	(mountain southern-beech, vh.) is medium-sized, dense, fairly quick; lvs. ovate, acute, ¼ to ⅔ in. long, white-tomentose beneath; fls. red, abundant. Hab., forest, subalpine-scrub, to 5,000 ft. Cult., almost any soil or climate, groups, specimen-tree. Prop., young plants, seed. N. fusca (red southern beech, vh.) is much taller and massive; lvs. much larger, brighter green, thinner, sharply toothed. Hab., forest to 3.500 ft. in wet climate. Cult., fairly good soil, rapid growth in wet climate. Prop., young plants, seed. M. Menziesii (silver southern-beech, vh.) is tall and massive; lvs. small, ovate-deltoid to orbicular, crenate. Hab., as for N. fusca, but ascends higher. Cult., etc., as for N. fusca. N. Solandri (black southern-beech, vh.) is like N. cliffortioides but taller and lvs. rather narrow-oblong and cuneate at base. There are many very page 36distinct hybrids between N. fusca and N. cliffortioides and N. Solandri, some excellent for gardens. Prop., young plants, grafting on any of the three (if a definite form is required).
Nothopanax arboreum	(whauwhaupaku, vh.) is very handsome, small, round-headed, dioec.; lvs. 5 to 7-foliate, large, smooth, dark-green, shining; fts. purplish-black, in great bunches. Hab., lowland forest. Cult., fairly good soil, specimen-tree, shrubbery. Prop., young plants, cuttings, seed. N. laetum (hh.), of the Thames hills has much larger lvs. N. Colensoi (vh.) resembles N. arboreum but is usually a shrub; leaflets not stalked; ascends to 4,000 ft. Cult., etc., as for its allies; its var. montanum has many straight erect stems and much smaller lvs. N. Edgerleyi (raukawa, vh.) has simple, large, glossy, oblong or lanceolate lvs. when adult, but the juvenile are compound and deeply cut. Hab., lowland and montane forest, south to Stewart Island. Cult., etc., as before. N. simplex (haumakaroa, vh.) has juvenile similar to the last, but adult lvs. smaller and less glossy; it ascends to 4,000 ft. Cult., etc., as before. N. Sinclairii (vh.) is similar, but lacks the cut-leaved juvenile form and adult lvs. are 3 to 5-foliate. Hab., North Island mountains to nearly 4,000 ft. Cult., etc., as before.
Olea Cunninghamii	(maire, hh.) and O. lanceolata (white maire, hh.) are tall, slow, dioec.; lvs. willow-like, those of the latter the narrower. Hab, lowland forest, south to about lat. 42°. Cult., good soil. Prop., young plants, seed. O. montana (narrow-leaved maire, hh.) has much narrower lvs. Cult., etc., similar.
Paratrophis microphylla	(turepo, milk-tree vh.), when juvenile is a much interlacing shrub, but adult is a small tree with dark-green lvs., more or less page 37oblong, ⅓ to 1½ in. long. Hab., lowland forest. Cult., rather deep soil. Prop., young plants, cuttings, seed. P. opaca (hh.) is coastal; lvs. much, larger. Cult., etc., the same. P. Smithii (hh.) of the Three Kings has much larger lvs. still.
Pennantia corymbosa	(kaikomako, vh.) is handsome, small, dense; interlaced juvenile persists many years; adult lvs. obovate to oblong, 2 to 4 in. long, dark-green; fls. numerous, pretty, white, fragrant, dioec., Sp. Hab., lowland forest. Cult., good soil. Prop., young plants, seed; if cuttings can be struck, the adult form could be established right away.
Persoonia toru	(toru, h.) is desirable; small, dense; lvs. narrow, 4 to 8 in. long, smooth, pale-green, blotched brown, purplish beneath, thick. Hab., lowland forest, shrubland of poor soil, Auckland. Cult., even poor soil, specimen-tree. Prop., young plants, seed.
Phyllocladus glaucus	(toatoa, hh.) is the most striking for the garden of our taxads; symmetrical, slow; cladodes in whorls, pinnate, up to 12 in. long, pale bluish-green when young. Hab., lowland and montane forest, Auckland. Cult., almost any soil, specimen-tree. Prop., young plants, seed. The "leaves" of Phyllocladus are not true lvs., but flattened leaf-like shoots called "cladodes." P. trichomanoides (tanekaha, hh.) is taller than the last and cladodes smaller, dark-green, deeply-cut, fern-like. Hab., lowland forest, south to about lat. 42°. Cult., etc., as for the last. P. alpinus (mountain toatoa, vh.) is frequently only a shrub with the cladodes not pinnate. Hab., forest, boggy forest, subalpine-scrub, to 4,500 ft. Cult., etc., as above, but large pieces can be got from the creeping, rooting stem.page 38
Pisonia Brunoniana	(parapara, hh.) is a small coastal tree, south, to lat. 38°; lvs. more or less oblong, up to 1 ft., or more, long; fts., very narrow, over 1 in. Long, extremely sticky. Cult., fairly good soil. Prop., young plants, seed.
Pittosporum Colensoi	and P. tenuifolium (kohulru—not matipo,—vh.) are small bushy trees with more or less oblong lvs., 1 to 4 in. long and fts. woody capsules, containing the black seeds in a sticky fluid. P. Colensoi has larger, thicker, not wavy lvs., but the two species are much, alike. Hab., forest, to 3,000 ft., shrubland. Cult., almost any soil or situation, tolerate wind and close clipping, shrubbery, hedges; there is a variegated form of P. tenuifolium. P. Buchanani, (vh.) is almost identical with P. tenuifolium; it may not be in cultivation, but forms of the last-named are so-called. P. crassifolium (karo, h.) is small, dense, quick; lvs. obovate, 2 to 3 in. long, white-tomentose beneath; fls. purple, Sp. Hab., coastal, south to about lat. 38°. Cult. as for P. tenuifolium. P. Ralphii, (h.) is similar to the last named but lvs. oblong, larger. P. Fairchildii (hh.) of the Three Kings Islands, is much like P. crassifolium in form and cultural requirements. P. Dallii (vh.) is most desirable; distinct, small, bushy; lvs. 2 to 4 in. long by ½ to 1½ in., sharply-toothed; fls. in dense masses, white, very fragrant. Hab., only known so far in one locality at 3,500 ft., forest, N.W. Nelson. Cult., good, deep soil, slight shade. Prop., young plants, seed. In Cornwall a plant of this species has reached 10 ft. high and as much through in ten years from time of sowing. P. eugenioides (tarata, vh.) is of high excellence; small, bushy, quick; lvs. extremely glossy, 2 to 4 in. long, margins wavy; fls. in large bunches, partly dioec., showy, yellow, fragrant, Sp. Hab., lowland forest. Cult., border, good soil. Prop., young page break Fig 8. Aciphylla maxima on left growing in company with Olearia moschata just above the forest-line on the Tooth Peaks near Lake Wakatipu. Photo. W. D. Reid Fig 9. Dracophyllum Menziesii planted on a large rock in the alpine-garden, Queenstown Gardens. page break Photo. J. Crosby-Smith Fig. 10. Haastia Sinclairii, a prostrate semi-woody plant, which occurs at a high altitude on screes where the climate is very wet. Photo. W. D. Reid Fig. 11. The prostrate shrub-groundsel (Senecio revolutus) growing on Mount Dick, near Lake Wakatipu; the dark shrubs are Dracophyllum uniflorum (turpentine shrub). page 39plants; there is a variegated var. P. Kirkii (hh.) is a fairly tall shrub of open habit; lvs. linear-obovate, 2 to 5 in. long, thick, fleshy, glossy, dark-green, with yellowish midrib; fls. yellow, S. Hab., an epiphyte, from N. Auckland, south to Mt. Egmont. Cult., border, good soil. Prop., young plants, seed. P. obcordatum (h.) has juvenile and adult form; one of the rarest plants in the flora, found only at Kaitaia, Wairoa (Hawke's Bay), and Akaroa.* Cult., good deep soil. Prop., young plants, seed. P. patulum (vh.) has young lvs. linear, much-cut, ½ to 1½ in. long, but adult lvs. broader, thick, entire or crenate. Hab., mountain forests, N.W. Nelson and near L. Hawea, to 4,000 ft. P. Turneri (vh.) of the Volcanic Plateau is very similar. Cult. (for both), rather good soil, slight shade. Other species for large collections are P. ellipticum, P. Huttonianum and P. virgatum (all hh.).
Plagianthus betulinus	(lowland ribbonwood, vh.), deciduous, handsome, is an interlaced shrub when young; adult has soft, ovate-lanceolate, strongly-toothed lvs., 1 to 3 in. long; fls. small, yellowish, in great masses, Sp. Hab., deep alluvial soil in valleys. Cult., good deep soil, specimen-tree. Prop., young plants, cuttings, seed.
Podocarpus ferrugineus	(miro, vh.) is eventually lofty, yew-like, slow; young plant slender, fern-like, beautiful, excellent for pot-culture. Hab., lowland and montane forest. Cult., good soil, ample shade where rainfall low. Prop., young plants, cuttings, seed. P. dacrydioides (kahikatea, white-pine, vh.) remains for long time as juvenile, poor for gardens; later is of cypress-like form. Cult., as for the last; grows naturally in swamp-forest. P. spicatus (matai, page 40black-pine, vh.) is very like P. ferrugineus but worthless as juvenile. Cult., as before. P. totara (totara, vh.) is rather yew-like, brownish, dioec., slow. Hab., lowland and montane forest. Cult., almost any soil. Prop., young plants, cuttings, seed. P. Hallii (thin-bark totara, vh.), is almost identical; ascends to 4,000 feet.
Pseudopanax crassifolium	var. unifoliolatum (horoeka, lancewood, vh.) has small, rounded head at top of naked straight trunk, fairly slow; young plant is unbranched; lvs. linear, 2 ft. long more or less, thick, hard, blackish-green, distantly toothed, purplish beneath, pointing downwards—this stage lasts many years. Hab., lowland forest. Cult., fairly good soil, young plant uncommon-looking. Prop., young plants, seed; the var. trifoliolatum (hh.) has compound lvs. P. chathamicmn (h.) lacks the long-leaved deflexed, juvenile-form. P. ferox, (vh.) is similar to P. crassi-folium var. unifoliolatum, but the juvenile has large, coarse, hooked teeth. P. Lessonii (houpara, hh.) has dark-green, compound lvs., with 3 to 5 fairly broad leaflets. Hab., coastal scrub, south to about lat. 38°. Cult., etc., much as for the others.
Quintinia acutifolia	(vh.) is slender, fairly quick, handsome; lvs. more or less oblong, 3 to 7 in. long, yellowish with green veins and crinkled margins; fls. showy, in racemes, white, 6 in. long. Hab., forest, to 3,000 ft. where rainfall high. Cult., deep soil, shade in dry climate. Prop., young plants, seed. Q. serrata (tawheowheo, hh.) has narrower lvs.
Rhopalostylis sapida	(nikau hh.) is a slow-growing palm which is not a success in many gardens. Hab., lowland forest, south to nearly Greymouth on west and lat. 44° on east. Cult., rich deep soil, shade. Prop., young plants, seed. R. Cheesemanii of the Kermadecs is very similar.page 41
Sideroxylon novo-zelandicum	(tawapou, hh.) is handsome, dense, small; lvs. very broad-obovate, 2 to 4 in. long, shining, with many parallel veins from midrib. Hob., coastal to about lat. 38°. Cult., good soil, specimen-tree. Prop., young plants, seed.
Suttonia australis	= Myrsine (Rapanea) Urvillei (mapou, vh.) is small, bushy, fairly fast; twigs red; lvs. oblong, 1 to 2 in. long, crinkled; drupes numerous, small, black. Hab., forest to 3,000 ft. Cult., almost any soil and situation. Prop., young plants, cuttings, seed. S. chathamica (h.) has dull-green, obovate lvs., 1 to 2 in. long; drupes purple. Hab., forest and coastal scrub, Chathams, coastal Stewart Island. Cult., etc., as for above. S. Coxii (h.), of swamp-forest, Chathams, is 12 ft. high; lvs. narrow-obovate, ½ to ¾ in. long; drupes, purplish. Cult., rich deep soil in shade. Prop., rooted piece, young plants, cuttings, seed. B. salicina (toro, hh.) is very distinct; lvs. long, narrow, smooth pale-green, Hab., lowland forest, south to about Greymouth. Cult., rich, deep soil, more or less shade. Prop., young plants, seed, cuttings.
Vitex lucens	(puriri, hh.) is extremely handsome; lvs. with 3 to 5 dark-green, glossy leaflets; fls. dull-red, 1 in. long, W., Sp. Hab., lowland forest, south to northern Taranaki. Cult., rich, deep soil. Prop., young plants, cuttings, seed.
Weinmannia racemosa	(kamahi, vh.) is, for many years, a dense shrub which blooms; adult lvs. more or less oblong, 1 to 4 in. long, dull-green, coarsely toothed; fls. pretty, pale-lilac, in short racemes, S., A. Hab., forest to 3,500 ft. Cult., most soils and situations. Prop., young plants, seed. W. sylvicola (tawhero, hh.) is very similar, but lvs. compound; the juvenile with its large, yellow-green, pinnate lvs. is striking. Hab., forest to lat. 38°. Cult., etc., as for page 42W. racemosa. Akama rosaefolia (makamaka, hh.) of N. Auckland is very similar to juvenile W. sylvicola but its fls. of no moment. Cult., etc., similar.