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The Coming of the Maori

Contents

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Contents

Book I: The Coming of The Maori
Page
Introduction 1
1 The Discovery of New Zealand 4
   The mythical origin 4; the discovery 5
2 The First Settlement Period 9
   The Maui nation 9; the tangata whenua 10; the Moriori of Chatham Islands 13; the Moa hunters 19
3 The Second Settlement Period 22
   The Toi expedition 22; the Whatonga expedition 24; the story of Manaia 29; return voyages to Hawaiki 33
4 The Third Settlement Period 36
   The Hawaiki migration 36; Hawaiki 36; causes of migration 38; the canoes of the Fleet 39; canoe structure 41; the voyage 46; the landfall 49; canoe settlement 51; North Auckland canoes 59; fabulous canoes 61; introduction of plants 61; introduction of birds and animals 64
5 The Maori People 65
6 Maori Speech 74
   The alphabet 74; pronunciation 75; the glottal closure 76; letter changes 77; consonants in different dialects 78; sub-dialects 79; grammar 79; language affinities 80; current speech 80
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Book II: Material Culture
Page
Introduction 83
1 Food 85
   Plant foods 85; birds 93; man 102; mammals 102; fish and shell fish 106; cooking 107; kitchen equipment 107; wooden bowls 107; change 110
2 Houses 113
   Lean-to shelters 113; houses without walls 114; walled houses 116; common houses 119; superior houses 121; the family sleeping house 121; the carved meeting house 122; storehouses on piles 130; discussion 133; from thatch to corrugated iron 135
3 Villages and Forts 137
4 Mats, Baskets, and Plaiting 144
   Plaiting technique 145; mats 149; palm-leaf baskets 153; flax baskets 154; other plaited material 155; decoration 156; local development 156; acculturation 157
5 Clothing 158
   Early New Zealand garments 159; the rain cape 160; the introduction of bark cloth 161; the change in technique 162; single-pair twining 164; downward weaving 164; weaving implements 167; the two-pair weft 168; dress cloaks 169; close single-pair twining 170; coloured borders 171; the coloured taniko border 172; plain cloaks with taniko borders 173; bias wefts 174; the loincloth 174; kilts and skirts 175; belts 175; the evolution of technique 176; post-European changes 177
6 Stone Tools 179
   The origin of Polynesian forms 181; New Zealand adzes 183; types and varieties 184; the hafting of adzes 185; axial hafting 186; nephrite adzes 187; rotatory adzes 190; stone axes 190; side-hafted adzes 192; chisels and gouges 194; the cord drill 194; the passing of the stone age 196 page break
7 Canoes 199
   Maori voyaging canoes 200; Maori canoes 201; canoe equipment 204; the fallacy of plank, canoes 208; the passing of the canoes 209
8 Fishing 211
   Nets 212; line fishing 216; types of bone points 227; gorges 230; traps 230; weirs 233; dredges 235; spears 235; conclusion 236
9 Games and Pastimes 238
   Military games and exercises 238; aquatic games and pastimes 240; games of dexterity and agility 241; calculations, mental alertness, memorizing 244; children's games and pastimes 245; kites, jumping jacks, and stone discs 248; the passing scene 250
10 Musical Instruments 252
   Membranophones 252; autophones 253; aerophones 256; trumpets 257; flutes 262; bull roarer and whizzer 267; cordo-phones 268; sounds that are still 268
11 Weapons 271
   Early Maori weapons 271; the throwing stick, 273; the bow and arrow 274; long clubs 274; short clubs 277; the sling 280; post-European influence 280
12 Personal Decoration and Ornaments 283
   Head-dresses 283; hair ornaments 284; feather boxes 285; ear ornaments 285; cloak pins 287; breast ornaments 287; breast ornaments of teeth 287; the spool ornament 289; the chevroned pendant 291; the tiki breast ornament 291 tattooing 296; preserved tattooed heads 299; the old order changeth 300
13 Maori Art 302
   Plaiting 302; weaving 304; lattice work 305; rectilinear art 306; Polynesian carving 307; Maori carving 311; the manaia 312; the marakihau 313; arrangement of figures 313; curvilinear motifs 314; the double spiral 314; other motifs 317; painting 318; tattooing 322; origin of Maori curvilinear art 325
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Book III: Social Organization
Page
Introduction 331
1 The Family and the Tribe 332
   The Maori expanded family 332; the formation of the tribe 333; the naming of family groups 334; principal Maori tribes 337; social grades 337; kinship 338; rank and leadership 343; the attributes of chieftainship 345
2 Birth and Infancy 350
   The pure rite 353; circumcision 353; twins 354; breech presentation 354; feeding 354; betrothal 355; massage 355
3 Childhood and Education 356
   Speech 356; manners 357; dances 357; adolescence and higher education 360; sex and marriage 363
4 The Life of the Community 373
   The village centre 373; community co-operation 375; the ohu custom 378; land 379
5 Warfare 387
6 Sickness and Health 404
   Death and burial 414
Book IV: Religion
Introduction 431
1 The Creations 433
   Cosmogony 433; creation of the gods 438; the flood 443; the esoteric version of the gods 443; the creation of man 449 page break
2 The Gods 454
   The supreme god 454; the departmental gods 454; tribal gods 460; family and inferior gods 462; culture heroes 464; symbols of the gods 465
3 The Priesthood 473
   Shrines and temples 477; offerings and sacrifices 484; incantations and ritual 489
4 Varieties of Religious Experience 508
   Sun worship 508; phallic worship 509; the manufacture of gods 511; rewards and punishments 516; the death of the gods 519
5 The Creation of Creators 526
Epilogue 537
Literature Cited 539
Index 545
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