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Introduction.

My excuse for attempting this thesis is firstly, that I am a graduate in medicine of the University of New Zealand and secondly, that my mother was a Maori.

It seems to me that with a young university such as that of New Zealand, without the facilities for research work provided by older and richer homes of learning, the scope for original work, which it is the duty of every University to encourage and foster, is somewhat limited. In the philology, history and ethnology of the Polynesian Race, however, is provided a wide field for research work which it is the bounden duty of this University to explore and lead the way. As an obligation to my 'alma mater' I take up the subject nearest to my faculty — Medicine amongst the Maoris, in ancient and modern times.

As another reason, I have the honour through my mother of belonging to the Maori Race. As a result of four years work amongst them as an officer of Health, I am much struck by the different view-point with which the two races, European and Maori, approach the subject of disease. As a member of the Race I am perhaps enabled to understand my mother's people more intimately than the more progressive but somewhat forgetful Anglo-Saxon. My experience of Maori ideas and customs dates from beyond the time of graduation in medicine. In childhood's days, I experienced the bitter taste of the decoction prepared from phormium tenax and I heard around me the whispered diagnosis of 'makutu' and 'mate Maori'. Constantly throughout youth and early manhood, I have seen the European doctor wax impatient with what he terms prejudices or superstitions which retard or prevent the recovery of Maori patients. I have understood and sympathised with him. At the same time, with the priveledge the half-breed inheriting the blood and ideas of both races I have been able to detach myself from European thought and look at the question of disease from my Maori countryman's viewpoint. I understand the burden of the neolithic man's a fears and page iiI sympathise with him more deeply still. There are deep holes in the Urenui river which flows through our tribal territory where in, so my Maori mother taught me, dwelt 'taniwhas' or 'dragons of the slime' who destroyed the transgressor of the multitude of Maori laws and observances. Years of College and University education, combined with the unbelief inherited from a European father, have not been able to suppress the involuntary shudder and contraction of the erector pilae which the suggestion of bathing in those dark holes gives rise to. We inherit our fears in our blood, we imbibe them at our mother's breast. The schools and teaching of a father appeal to us as we grow older. We subject customs and faiths to the light of comparative criticism and we ridicule the ideas of more primitive races as absurd. But in times of stress, despondency and lowered vitality, there is a tendency to revert to the mother's fears which slumber within beneath the veneer of civilisation. How much more so in the case of the full Maori who has not had the advantage of even primary education: Clodd says, "In structure and inherited tendencies each of us is hundreds of thousands of years old, but the civilised part of us is recent". The Maori has not been civilised for a century yet. As a duty to my kin, I have attempted to put on record their view of disease, in the hope that though anthropologists and others have done so much in collecting the ideas and customs of races on a lower culture stage, this thesis may serve as a small contribution to ethnology.

Further, it is a reproach to civilisation that wherever it comes in contact with a race at a lower culture stage, it seems incapable of protecting their weaker neighbours from the tide of destruction which it carries through the borders of the dark-skinned races. In the clash of two social systems in these islands, ancient laws and observances necessary to the public health of the Maori, have vanished; the conditions of life and living have altered; and the racial physique, vitality and powers page iiiof resistance have deteriorated. In the past the Maori population has been decreasing. One of the greatest factors leading to this condition is disease. It will be interesting to trace the effect of civilisation with its introduced diseases upon the Maori.

The present thesis is divided into three parts.

The table of contents will show the scope of the thesis and the ground covered.

As much of the present work has been drawn from personal observation, during my term of work as a Maori Officer of Health, obtained at the bedside, in the meeting house and from coversation with men of the various tribes, the bibliography is, of necessity, small. I have to acknowledge my obligations to Elsdon Best, Lieut-Col. Gudgeon and others whose writings in the Transactions of the N.Z. Institute and the Journal of the Polynesian Society, have done so much to preserve the ancient lore of the Maori. I have mentioned the various tribes who are responsible for any particular source of information in order that any N.Z. student who might differ from me, may verify for himself any example of statement that I have given.