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Contents

Part I

• Introductory Remarks .. .. .. 1

  Interesting methods of fortifying villages not yet thoroughly described. Mr. Skinner's paper the only comprehensive one. The pa maori a minor feature in Polynesia. Sources of information. Great number of remains of fortified positions. Numerous in certain districts. Observations of Sir Joseph Banks. Pa hunting. Wellington district. Plan of Manu-korihi pa. Model pa at Rotorua. The pa of other lands. The steam oven in ancient Britain. Neolithic forts of England. Ireland heads the list. Names of different styles of Maori forts. Classification of pa according to site and defensive methods employed. Methods of fortifying villages. Irregular contour of defensive works. Maori mode of life. Open villages and fortified refuges. Hill forts. Observations of Judge Maning, and of L'Home. A mile long fortified village. Whaka-whiti-ra. South Island data. Extensive fortified village at Poverty Bay. Remarks by Jameson; by Polack; by S. P. Smith; by Marsden; by W. H. Skinner. Fortified mounds. Evidence of Cruise, Angas and Earle. Hill sites preferred. How defensive lines were marked. No hard dnd fast rules for defensive works.

Part II

• Description of the Pa Maori or Fortified Village .. .. .. .. .. .. 35

  Cook's evidence the earliest. First pa seen by Cook. Pa at Mercury Bay described by Cook. Scarp of 22 feet. Interior of pa. Islet refuges. Banks' notes on the Maori forts. Anderson's remarks. Pa at Queen Charlotte Sound. Thomson's remarks. Maori had nothing to learn from Royal Engineers. The Pehikatia pa. Earthwork defences. Ramparts, fosses and scarps. Defenders stationed on ramparts in pre-gun days. The pa maioro. Tools used. How ramparts were constructed. Terraced hills. Stockades. The aparua defence. Methods of lashing. Okura-tope pa. Arrangement of stockades. How constructed. page ixHuge posts. How handled. Oblique stockades. Elevated outer screens. The singular wita defence. The Miramar pa. The Motu-o-Puhi pa. Children formed models of pa. Fighting stages. Watchmen stationed on stages. Watch songs. The pourewa. Heads of enemies exposed. Fighting stages at Tonga, at the Marquesas, at Fiji and in New Guinea. Gateways. Entrance passages. Sub-division of residential area. Crozet's notes. Latrines. Middens. Outworks. Water supply.

Part III

• Methods of Construction, Attack and Defence, Protective Talismans and Ceremonial Opening of a new Fortified Village .. 139

  Selection of site. Site, work and workers all under tapu. Ceremonial raising of new post. Human sacrifice. Ta-whiti-nui pa at Opotiki. The mauri or talisman of a village. Ceremonial burial of the mauri. Opening of a new pa. Girl employed in tapu removing ceremony. Why women were so employed. Ritual formulae. Use of left hand in rites. Girl crosses threshold of new house. Village site abandoned Ceremonial release of birds at opening function. Methods of attack. Watchmen. How pa were burned. Stockade pulled down. Garrison reduced by starvation. Long sieges. Sapping and tunnelling occasionally practised. Clay eating. Circumvallation. Children exchanged for food. Women defend a fort. Escalading. The forlorn hope at Awatoto. The alarm and its effect. The attack on Karewa. The Quixotic defence of Te Tumu. The gun fighters appear.

Part IV

• Detailed Description of Old Fortified Villages .. .. .. .. .. .. 175

  Fortified villages on flat land. The Manu-korihi pa. Massive earthworks. Te Rewarewa pa Hill forts. Otuma-tua. Interior aspect of a fortified village. Urenui pa. The Okoare and Te Koru pa. Stone faced scarps. Puke-tarata pa. Ihupuku pa. Peculiar store pits. Fortified hillocks. Pohokura pa. Pahitere pa. Ridge forts. Otumoana pa. Okoki pa. Bay of Islands district. Hill fort at Kawakawa. Taiamai district. The Taka-poruruku, Tapa-huarau, page xOneonenui, Kai-tangata, Tunu-haere and Potiki a Rehua hill forts. Terraced hill forts. Auckland isthmus. Heipipi at Petane, Otatara pa. Puke-tapu pa at Omahu. Wahine-iti villages at Waiapu. Mangere pa. Pouerua pa. Maunga-turoto pa. Te Rua-hoanga, One Tree Hill, Mt. Eden and Nga Puke-pango pa. Promontory forts. Te Rerenga pa at Wai-whakaiho. Pari-hamore pa. Kumara-kaiamu and Te Kawa at Urenui. The Mawe pa at Omapere. Omaha and Te Kawau. Tutamahurangi near Titahi. Pa attacked by French at Bay of Islands. Island forts and refuges. Horo-whenua and Muhunoa. Te Roto-a-Tara. Whareokoro. Bare Island. Tutira. Te Pakake. Island refuges at Wellington, Mercury Bay, Tonga-porutu, Napier, Bay of Islands, Queen Charlotte Sound and Te Hurepo. Tree refuges. Cliff forts. Paritutu, Mikotahi, Waimate, Aromanga, Te Namu, Pohatu-roa, Maunga-raho. The Rangitira pa.

Part V

• Illustrating Changes Made by the Maori in his Defensive Works after the Introduction of Firearms .. .. .. .. 365

  The Maori an adept at adaptation. Use of cannon leads to disuse of heavy stockades. Data contributed by Tuta Nihoniho. Darwin's remarks. The pa of Hongi. French account of a fort at Kawakawa. Waitaha-nui pa at Taupo. Description of modern pa. Wellington district. Ohangai pa. Commanding hills cause evacuation of old forts. Casemates, ravelins, traverses and rifle-pits introduced. Orangi-tuapeka. Matai-taua pa at Paua-tahanui. Puke-kakariki pa. Orongo-mahanga. Stockades blinded with flax. Onawe at Akaroa. Kaiapoi. Te Teko. Mauinaina. Platforms erected to command pa. Hikurangi on the Whanga-nui. Keke-paraoa at Wai-kohu. Many old forts well preserved. Pa-toka. Te Wera-roa. Tihoi. Nelson pa. Okaihau at Omapere. Ohaeawai, Rua-pekapeka. Report on native forts. Use of casemates. The Gate pa. Rangiriri. British troops repulsed. Ota-pawa. Moturoa. Tauranga-ika. Okotuku. Pipitea. Nga Tapa. Rifle pits at Whakatane. Fighting stages at the Chatham Isles.

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Part VI

• Fortified Villages of Polynesia, Melanesia, etc. .. .. .. .. .. .. 414

  Fortified hill peaks of Rapa Island. Fortified places of Tonga. Mariner's account. Remarks by Captain Erskine; by Pritchard; by Rev. T. West; by Williams; by Captain Berry. Maori devices employed. Tahitian places of refuge. Fortified places of the Marquesas. Remarks by Cook; by Forster; by Porter. Maori features in Marquesan forts. Hawaiian forts and refuges. Stockaded villages of Samoa. Strongholds of Tongan raiders at Samoa. Fijian forts; remarks by Thomson, Williams, Goodenough, Webb, Wilkes, Seeman and Erskine. Fijian hill forts resembled the pa maori of New Zealand. Fortified islets at Malaita. Hill forts of Solomon Isles. Fortified islets at Taumako. Fortified villages of New Guinea. Sloping fighting stage of the Maori re-appears in New Guinea. Fortified places of the Caroline Group; of Sumatra; of Borneo; of the Hurons. Old forts in New Zealand very numerous. The pa not a common feature in Polynesia. Earliest settlers in New Zealand. Origin of the pa maori a field for enquiry.

• List of Terms Denoting Features of the Pa Maori .. .. .. .. .. 435
• List of Authorities .. .. .. .. 440
• Index .. .. .. .. .. ..444