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The Pa Maori
Index
page 445
Index
A
- Aborigines (so-called) of New Zealand, 433. See Maruiwi.
- Ahurewa, a tapu place, 147. See Tuahu.
- Alarm at fortified village and its effect, 166-169-171. See Pa; attack on.
- Allcroft on English earthworks, 13, 16.
- "Alligator", H.M.S. At Te Namu in 1834, 353. At Waimate, 351.
- Anderson's account of Mercury Bay pa, etc., 40.
- Angas's remarks on Pa maori, 133.
- Aparua mode of stockade defence, 59, 86, 88, 89, 193, etc. See Double stockades.Stockades.
- Aparua mode of stockade defence. How utilised by gun fighters, 367, 378.
- Ara kutoro or subway under ramparts, 119. See Subways. Subterranean.
- Arapae pa near Te Kuiti, 86.
- Ara piwai. Minor entrances to Pa maori, 124. See Entrance. Gateway. Ngutu.
- Ara whakatara. A zigzag form of entrance passage, 117. See Entrance. Waharoa.
- Arawhata, 126. See Bridges. Ladders.
- Arawi pa at Kawhia, 30.
- Arei pa, Te. Taranaki, 403.
- Areiahi, Waitotara. Hauhau hostiles captured at, 387.
- Aromanga cliff pa on Whanganui river, 352.
- Atiamuri. Pohaturoa cliff pa at, 354.
- Artificial islets as refuges, 359, 360, 363. See Islands.
- Attackers swing over stockade into pa, 166. See Pa; attack on.
- Atua tiaki pa; village protecting deities, 149. See Gods. Kahukura. Mauri. War Gods.
- Auckland isthmus. Old hill forts of, 138, 214, 215, 286, 287, 288, 289, 294, 301, 316, 383.
- Awariki slain at Kekeparaoa, Waikohu, 385.
- Awatoto pa at Heretaunga. Desperate attack on, 166.
B
- Banks, Sir Joseph, on Pa maori, etc., 4, 35, 43.
- Banquette
- Bare Island, formerly a pa, 360.
- Barnet Burns and 'Ben' Harris at siege of Kekeparaoa, Waikohu, 385.
- Bastion. Use of in modern pa, 400, 402, 402. See Flanking angles.
- Bay of Islands district. Pa of, 239. See Kawakawa, Kororipo, Maungaturoto, Mawe, Nga Pukepango, Ohaeawai, Okaihau, Okuratope, Pouerua, Rua-hoanga, Rua-pekapeka, Takaporuruku, Tapahuarau.
- Bay of Islands. Islet pa at, 361. Pa described by French, 343.
- Bay of Plenty pa seen by Capt. Cook, 44 See Puketapu. Owhara. Teko. Tumu. Rakeihopukia. Ruatoki. Whakatane.
- Becket's work on Cook's first voyage; description of Pa maori, 41.
- Birds
- Bodle, F. H., on Hauraki pa, 3.
- Bones of dead preserved in village, 372.
- Borneo. Fortified places of, 431.
- Breastworks on stages, 106, 107, 114, 354, 389, 417. See Papatu, Stages.
- Bridges over trenches, 89, 126. See Arawhata. Causeway. Trenches.
- British troops
- Brown, Prof. J. M. Remarks on forts of Rapa Isle, 415.
C
- Caltrops employed at
- Cannibalism, 142, 144, 155, 164, etc.
- Cannon. Effect of on Pa maori, 367, 377, 380, 390, 393, 395, 399, 402.
- Canoes hauled into pa, 158.
- Canoe haven constructed at pa, 288, 339, 353, 360.
- Captain Kenny on Pa maori, 45.
- Caroline Group. Fortified places of, 431.
- Carrington's plan of Manukorihi pa, 176, Casemates, employed where cannon used, 369. See Pits. Covered ways. Riflepits.
- Carved stockade posts.
- Causeway blocks of original formation left across trenches, 214, 236, 240, 241, 247, 255, 271, 272, 274, 277, 278, 338, 339, 416.page 446
- Cave refuge near Te Reinga, 354.
- Ceremonial
- Changes in methods of fortification, 59, 61, 172, 365, 374, 380, 381, 392, 395. See Bastions. Casemates. Covered ways. Earthwork. Flanking angles. Ramparts. Stockades. Trenches.
- Chatham Islands. Towers for snipers at, 106, 410.
- Children bartered for food, 164, 165. See Cannibalism.
- Circumvallation, 164. See Pa; siege of.
- Cliff forts and refuges, 20, 30, 31, 346, 345, 347, 349, 350, 354, 361, 362, 375. See Islands. Punanga. Refuge places. Swamp refuges. Tree dwellings.
- Colenso on Pa maori, 58.
- Colonel Slater on South Island pa, 46.
- Contour of hill decided form of pa, 17, 19, 22, 23, 33.
- Cook's remarks on Pa maori, 36, 37, 44.
- Cooking sheds, 194. See Middens.
- Covered ways in
- Covered way to water. See Water supply.
- Crozet's remarks on
D
- Data. How obtained, 2.
- Defence of pa against French at Bay of Islands (1772), 343, 344, 345.
- Defenders of modern
- Defensive works. Outermost50, 82. See Matahao. Pekerangi. Stockades. Trench. Wita.
- Dieffenbach's remarks on Pa maori, 132, 154.
- Double fosse and rampart defence, 341. See Ramparts. Trenches.
- Double stockade defence
- Double terrace formation economises labour, 314, 315.
- Drawbridge over fosse, 91, 126. See Arawhata. Causeway. Trenches.
- Drained lands of North Auckland area, 25.
- Dwelling pits in modern pa, 369, 380. See Huts. Pit dwellings. Pits.
E
- Earle's remarks on Pa maori, 130.
- Earth covered hut. See Huts.
- Earthen mounds give command ofpa, 383. See Stages. Taumaihi. Towers.
- Earth working tools, 52, 55, 80.
- Earthwork defences, 12, 21, 47, 193, etc. See Fosse. Ramparts. Riflepits. Scarps. Trenches
- Earthworks
- East Coast district. Superior conditions as noted by Banks, 4.
- Ellis's remarks on Rapa Island, 415.
- Elsdon Tower and its skeletons, 144.
- Entrance passage to pa, 30, 37, 44, 46, 93, 100, 109, 117, 118, 119, 124, 125, 193, 340, 344, 390, 403, 405, 406.
- between two ramparts, 298.
- blocked by moveable post, 371, 372. See Gateways.
- Circuitous, 124, 125. See Ara whakatara. Ngutu.
- Different forms of, 117. Diagrams of, 118.
- of terraced hill forts, 314. See Sunkways. passes under defensive stage, 37, 46. See Stages. Waharoa.
- through different lines of defence not opposite each other, 124, 125.
- through fosse, 196, 299.
- through huge slab of timber, 124, 125. See Gateway.
- through outer defence small, 119, 124, 196, 352, 362, 403, 405. See Gateway.
- traverses embankment, 323.
- Various methods of protecting, 117.
- to Marquesan forts, 421.
- Entrance passage
- to Tongan forts, 419.
- See under Ara. Gateways. Ngutu.
- Subways. Takurua. Waharoa.
- Escalading, 166, 167.
- Escarpments. See Scarps.
- Excavation page 447
- Fale o le fe'e at Upolu Island, 423.
- Fatalism of Maori, 171.
- Fear as a protective force, 124.
- Feasts. Ceremonial, 151, 169. See Cannibalism.
- Fighting stages or elevated platforms. See Platforms. Puwhara. Stages. Taumaihi. Watch towers.
- Fiji. Fortified villages of,
- Fire
- Firearms
- Fireplaces seen on old pa sites, 250, 260, 307, 312, 313.
- First inhabitants of New Zealand, 433. See Maruiwi.
- Fish
- Flanking angles a modern usage, 109, 368, 371, 372, 393. See Bastion. Koki. Pukoro.
- Flax as a protection from fire, 392. See Huts.
- Flax-covered stockades, 380, 381, 392.
- Food
- Forest
- Fortification.
- Fortified and unfortified villages22, 24, 26, 30. See Pa. Palisades, mounds, 31, 220, 225.
- places of
- Fortified places of
- Fortified
- Fossae. See Trenches.
- Fosse and rampart defence, 327, 328, 329, 330, 332, 345. See Trenches.
G
- Garments used as protection against firearms, 345.
- Gate Pa at Tauranga, 399, 402. View of, 400.
- Gateway of Pa maori, 56, 100, 101, 117, 124, 193, 299, 344.
- Gilfillan's painting of Putiki pa interior, 368.
- Gisborne district. Pa of, 28, 113, 160, 188, 358, 385, 409. See Waikohu.
- Glacis of pa, 193.
- Gods protect pa, 145, 147, 149, 395.
- Gongs sounded by night watchman of pa, 45, 104, 106. See Trumpets. Watchmen.
- Graded road approach to pa, 339.
- Great Barrier Island
- Gun fighters
- Gun fighting modifies the Pa maori, 59, 61, 172, 365, 374, 381, 392, 395. See Changes. Firearms.
- Gwavas. Stockade posts at, 74.
H
- Hall's remarks on forts of Rapa Island, 415.
- Hamama pa on East Coast, 33.
- Hangi or steam oven in Britain, 16.
- "Harriett" wrecked at Taranaki, 353.
- Hauling
- Hauraki district
- Havens for canoes at pa, 288, 339, 353, 360.
- Hawaiian fortified places, 421.
- "Hawes" cut off near Whale Island, 355.
- Headland forts, 36, 37, 324. See Hill forts.
- Heipipi pa at Petane, 291.
- Hikurangi pa. Whanganui, 384.
- Hill forts, 3, 19, 20, 22, 25, 29, 131, 189, 320, 372, 375.
- Hill forts
- Hillocks
- Hill tops preferred as sites for fortified villages, 3. See Pa, sites of.
- Himu and tukuwaru posts, 73. See Posts.
- Hine-rakai arrives on East Coast, 300.
- Hokianga district. Pa of, 168.
- Hongi Hika as a marksman, 381.
- Horokiwi fight (1846), 374.
- Horowhenua. Artificial islet refuges at, 359. See Islands.
- Hostile Maori sell fascines to British Army, 403.
- Houses of a village, 128, 130. See Pa; Interior of; Subdivision of. Pit dwellings. Tree Dwellings. Also Huts.
- Hui-te-rangiora pa at Ruatoki, 119.
- Human sacrifice
- Hurae Puketapu's remarks on Pa maori, 58.
- Hurepo, Whakatane district. Artificial island pa at, 364. See Islands.
- Huts
- Arrangement of on terraces, 253, 286.
- covered with earth as protection against fire formerly and firearms latterly, 99, 160, 366. See Fire. Pa.
- covered with green flax as protection against fire, 392. See Flax.
- in pa. How arranged, 253, 286, 348. See under Pa.
- See Houses. Pit dwellings. Tree dwellings.
I
- Iho o Te Rei islet, Napier Inner Harbour, 292, 363. See Napier.
- Ihupuku pa at Waitotara, 217. See Potiki a Rehua. Weraroa.
- Imperial troops fail to take Pa maori by assault. See Gate Pa. Ohaeawai. Rangiriri. See British.
- Inferior defensive works of temporary villages, 93. See Kainga. Residential. Villages.
- Interior aspect of modern pa, 363, 364, on366, 393, 403, 404.
- Ireland heads list of pa builders, 17.
- Irregularity leading feature of Pa maori, 63, 78.
- Island Bay, Wellington. Islet refuge of, 363. See Islands. Napier. Wellington.
- Islands. Artificial, as refuges, 20, 359, 360, 361, 364. See Horowhenua. Hurepo. Muhunoa.
- Islands as forts and refuges, 19, 20, 37, 38, 39, 108, 292, 359, 360. See Punanga. Refuge places.
- Islets in Napier Inner Harbour, 292, 363.
K
- Kahukura, guardian of the Pa maori, 78, 159. See Atua. Gods. War gods.
- Kaiapohia pa. South Island, 382.
- Kaiaia pa at Taiamai, 314.
- Kainga and pa, 22, 23, 25, 31.
- Kaitangata pa, Taranaki, 270. Plan of, 271.page 449
- Kaiuku siege at Nukutaurua, 163. See Cannibalism. Children. Makokoti. Puke-Karoro.
- Kaiwhakauka pa Whanganui. Tuwhare defeated at, 384. See Whanganui.
- Kaka parrot decoys a feature of village life, 391.
- Kapu, a form of scoop, 81. See Earthworking tools.
- Ka-pu-te-rangi pa at Whakatane, 434. See Whakatane.
- Karewa, an elevated stockade, 88. See Pekerangi. Stockades. Wita.
- Karewa-ki-runga pa, Hokianga. Desperate fight at, 168.
- Katikatiaka pa, Taranaki, 30.
- Kauae = tiaroa, curtain of pa defences, 393. See Terms.
- Kawa pa2 at Urenui, 331. Plan of, 334.
- Kawa ritual recited at opening of new pa, 152, 153. See Ceremonial.
- Kawakawa
- Kawau pa at Mokau, 30, 341.
- Kekeparaoa pa at Waikohu, 188, 385. See Waikohu.
- Kimble Bent, renegade, 403, 404.
- Kiritai of pa, 126. See Terms.
- Koehe wai, a water vessel, 133. See Kuta. Paepae. Water vessels.
- Kokai pa at Whareponga, 158.
- Kokere-taniwha pa at Waiapu, 300. See Waiapu.
- Koki = flanking angles, 109, 368, 371, 372, 393. See Bastions. Flanking. Pukoro. Terms.
- Kokoariki pa at Waikohu, 226. See Waikohu.
- Kopekope method of blinding stockades, 381, 382, 393. See Flax. Stockades.
- Kopu-te-rehe pa at Waiapu, 300. See Waiapu.
- Koriniti, modern village, 410. View of, 412.
- Koro or fortified villages of Fiji, 428, 429. See Fiji.
- Koro or fortified villages of Tonga, 107, 417.
- Kororipo pa, Bay of Islands, 370.
- Koru pa at Oakura. Description of, 204.
- Kotaha sling, 169. See Missiles. Slings.
- Kotaretare form of fighting stage, 107.
- See Platforms. Stages.
- Koura fights Ngati-Ira near Hastings, 298.
- Kowhanga, a term applied to fortified villages, 159.
- Kumara-kaiamo (not amu) pa Urenui, 238. Described, 328. Plan of, 329.
- Kumara kai rama, 331.
- Kūtā wai, a water vessel, 136. See Koehe, Paepae. Water vessels.
- Kuwaha or gateway of pa, 125, 299. See Entrance. Gateway.
L
- Ladders give access to
- Lake dwellings. See under Islands.
- Lamprey weir at Waitotara, 218. See Fish.
- Land cleared of stones for cultivation, 308. See Stone walls.
- Lashing methods, 58, 74, 76, 88. See Stockades.
- Latrines, 87, 130, 194.
- Lau Islands. Hill forts of, 428.
- Lava flow tunnels, 290.
- Left hand. Why used in ritual performances, 150.
- Linchets replace extensive terraces, 290, 293, 296, 301.
- Logs rolled on attacking force, 169, 171. See Pa; attack on.
- Lookout posts on hill-tops, 116. See Watch towers.
M
- Maiden Castle, England, and its5 miles of earthworks, 15.
- Maioro. Application of term, 51. See Earthworks. Fosse. Ramparts. Trenches.
- Ma-kokoti pa. Siege of, 164. Children bartered for food at, 164. See Cannibalism.
- Malayta. Fortified islets at, 429.
- Mana of pa, 141, 147, 150, 152. See Atua.
- Ceremonial. Gods. Mauri.
- Mangere pa at Onehunga, 301. Attack on, 168.
- Maning's remarks on North Auckland pa, 25.
- Manuhiri of Puketapu pa. H.B., 298.
- Manukawhaki or feigned retreat of fighting force, 173.
- Manukorihi pa at Waitara, 6, 19. Writer's plan of (1914), 178.
- Maori engineer not bound by rules, 20. See Pa plan.
- Maori Head near Napier. Pa at, 293. See Napier.
- Maori folk lacking in discipline, 110, 155, 370.
- Marae of village, 129.
- Marquesas Group. Fortified places of, 420.
- Marsden, Rev. Mr. At Taiamai, 261.
- Marshall, Dr. Remarks on Pa maori (1834), 131.page 450
- Maru (atua), 173. See Atua. Gods. War dogs.
- Maruiwi folk
- Maruwehi pa at Urenui, 335.
- Matahao form of stockade, 88, 89. See Stockades.
- Matai pa at Waihora, Poverty Bay, 159. See Gisborne. Waikohu.
- Matairangi or lookout place, 116. See Watch towers.
- Mataitaua pa at Pauatahanui, Porirua, 376. Plan of, 378.
- Matarau, a peculiar tool, 80. See Earthworking tools.
- Matata pa (modern). View of, 397.
- Mauinaina pa, Auckland. Fall of, 383.
- Mauku pa, Auckland, 138.
- Maungakiekie pa. See One Tree Hill.
- Maungaraho stronghold, Northern Wai roa, 355. View of, 356. See Cliff forts.
- Maungaturoto pa at Taiamai, 308. Plan of, 310.
- Maungawhau pa. See Mount Eden.
- Maupuia pa at Miramar, 74.
- Mauri of pa, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150. See Atua Ceremonial. Gods. Mana. Whatu.
- Mawe pa at Lake Omapere, 102. Description of, 335. Plan of, 337.
- Mawhai pa, at Tokomaru defended by women, 166.
- Mayor Island. Defence of pa on, 167.
- McDonnell, Capt. (R.N.), 169.
- Meals never eaten in dwelling huts, 129.
- Melanesian region. Fortified places of, 424.
- Mercury Bay
- Messiah as war god, 163.
- Middens, 130. At Muriwai Beach, 263.
- Mikotahi pa at New Plymouth, 346, 347.
- Military
- Miramar
- Missile weapons, 201.
- Moats—Wet, employed at Fiji, 426, 428. See Stream.
- See Fosses. Trenches.
- Model pa
- Models of pa defences as illustrations, 394, 398.
- Modern Maori village, 410, 412. See Kainga. Villages.
- Modern pa, 365.
- lacking stockades at Nga Tapa, 410.
- Moeariki pa at Urenui, 335.
- Mokoia Island in Lake Rotorua. Canoe haven constructed at, 360. See also under Canoe.
- Mokoia Maori village at Auckland, 24.
- Monument to slain British troops at Oha eawai, 394.
- Motu-kairangi or Miramar Island, 93. See Miramar. Wellington.
- Motukura islet pa at Napier, 361. See Napier.
- Motunui fight at Urenui (1822), 232, 236.
- Motu-o-kura or Bare Island pa, 360.
- Motu-o-Puhi pa at Roto-a-Ira, 96.
- Moturoa islet refuge at New Plymouth, 346. View of, 347. See Mikotahi. Nga Motu. Paritutu. Sugarloaves.
- Moturoa pa, South Taranaki, 404.
- Mould captures pa with little loss, on paper, 379.
- Mound forts, 31, 220, 224. Plan and section, 225.
- Mount Eden hill fort, Auckland, 290, 316. Plans of, 317, 319. Views of, 317, 318.
- Muhunoa. Artificial islet constructed in lake as refuge, 360. See Islands.
- Muriwai, North Auckland, Middens at, 263. Oneonenui pa at, 263.
N
- Names of defensive works, etc., of Pa maori, 435.
- Namu pa, Taranaki, 106, 353. View of, 351. H.M.S. Alligator at (1834), 353.
- Napier Harbour. Island refuges in, 292, 363. See Iho-o-te Rei. Motukura. Tapu-te-ranga.
- Nelson district. Pa of, 391.
- New Guinea. Fortified villages of, 414.
- News of fighting, how disseminated, 394.
- New Zealand excels in fortified places, 432, barring Ireland, 17.
- Nicholas, J. L. Remarks on Pa maori, 59, 127.
- Nga Huha pa at Pa-karaka, 308. See Taiamai.
- Nga Motu pa at New Plymouth, 132. See Otaka. Moturoa. Sugarloaves.page 451
- Nga Potiki a Rehua pa, Waitotara, 275.
- Nga Pukepango pa, Taiamai, 320. Plan of, 321. See Taiamai.
- Nga Rauru tribe. Pa of, 217, 285, 386. See Ihupuku. Potiki a Rehua. Weraroa.
- Nga Tapa pa, Gisborne district, 409. Plan of, 411. See Gisborne. Waikohu.
- Nga Teko pa, South Taranaki, 351. See Waimate.
- Ngati-Ira versus Ngati-Kahungunu fight, 298.
- Ngati-Mahanga of Hawke's Bay, 298.
- Ngati-Mutunga of Urenui. Pa of, 238, 331. See Urenui.
- Ngati-Pou of Ngapuhi. Pa of, 250. See Taiamai.
- Ngati-Tuparikino of Te Atiawa, 328.
- Ngaungau pa at Taiamai, 313. See Taiamai.
- Nga Weka pa, Taranaki, 215.
- Nga Whakatatara pa, Heretaunga, 298. See Otatara.
- Ngutu, entrance passage of pa, 87, 117, 118, 124. Diagrams of, 118. See under Entrance. Gateway.
- Ngutuihe of pa, 124. See Terms.
- North Auckland pa. See Bay of Islands.
- Hokianga. Oruru. Oneonenui. Otakanini. Taiamai. Whangarei.
O
- Oakura redoubt of 'sixties', 214. See Military posts. Redoubt. Urenui. Weraroa.
- Ohae pa at Ruatoki, 290. See Hui-te-ran-giora. Poroa.
- Ohaeawai
- Ohangai pa near Hawera, 373.
- Ohinemutu pa at Rotorua, 74, 405. Posts of, 72.
- Okaihau pa (Puketutu pa) at lake Omapere, 338, 381, 391.
- Okarea pa at Te Whaiti, 23, 73.
- Okataina pa, Rotorua district. Carved gateway of, 124.
- Okoare pa, near New Plymouth. Described, 199. Plan and section of, 201.
- Okoki pa at Urenui, Taranaki. Described, 232. Plan of, 233. See Urenui.
- Okotuku pa, South Taranaki, 405.
- Okuratope pa, Waimate North, 59, 60.
- Omaha pa at Tongaporutu, 341.
- Omens. See Superstitions.
- Onawe pa at Akaroa, 381. See South Island.
- Oneonenui pa at Muriwai Beach.
- One Tree Hill pa, Auckland, 28, 313. Double terrace formation at, 314. See Auckland.
- Operiki pa, Whanganui river, 410. See Whanganui.
- Orakau pa, Waikato, 366.
- Orangituapeka pa at Waimate, Taranaki, 348, 351, 376. See Nga Teko. Waimate. Otumatua.
- Oxona. pa at Waiotahe, 112. See Puhirake. Tokorangi. Tuhua.
- Orongoiri pa, East Coast, 54.
- Orongo-mahanga pa, Taranaki, 379.
- Oruanui pa, Taupo, 389. See Taupo. Waitahanui.
- Oruru, North Auckland. Old pa at, 3. See North Auckland.
- Otaka pa, New Plymouth, 132. See Nga Motu. Sugarloaves.
- Otakanini pa. Stockade post from, 73.
- Otapawa pa, Taranaki, 403.
- Otatara pa at Redcliffe, 27, 295. See Nga Whakatatara.
- Otenuku pa at Ruatoki, 22. See Bay of Plenty. Ruatoki. Whakatane.
- Otawhao pa, Waikato, 27.
- Otumatua pa, Taranaki North, 189.
- Otumatua pa, Taranaki South, 351.
- Otumoana pa, Urenui district. Description, 226. Plan and section, 227.
- Outworks, 124, 130, 397, 405. See Defensive. Pa; defences of, etc. Takurua.
- Owhara pa at Maketu, 434. See Bay of Plenty. Maketu. Tumu.
P
- Pa maori (native forts) an old institution, 434. See Pa maori; origin of.
- Pa
- abandoned for certain reasons.26, 32, 51, 261, 266, 365, 367, 369, 370.
- and Kainga. Fortified and unfortified villages, 24, 25, 26, 31. See Residential. Villages.
- Arrangement of huts in, 26, 253, 286, etc. See Pa interior.
- Attack on, 154, 155, 164, 170, 171, 172, 343, 344, 366, 367. See Alarm.
- Attackers. Escalading. Circumvallation. Fire. Flax, Logs. Missiles.
- builders under tapu, 140. See Atua.
- Ceremonial. Riflepits. Rou. Stockades. Stones. Sapping. Gods. Tapu.
- building. Ceremonial pertaining to, 140. See Ceremonial.
- Carved posts of old, 23. See Posts.
- commanded by adjacent hill, 352. See Fire command. Towers.
- constructed in24 hours, 391.
- Covered ways in. See under Covered.
- Defence of, 154, 393, 405, etc. See Siege.
- defences
- Arrangement of, 17, 20, 21, 22, 32, 82, 120, 124125, 126, 158, 161. See Ramparts. Stages. Stockades. Trenches.
- Change in caused by firearms. See under Changes.
- destroyed by fire, 383. See Fire. Flax. Huts.
- in course of construction abandoned, 261, 266.
- Planning of, 21, 32, 87. See Contour. Maori engineer.
- See Aparua. Breastworks. Covered. Double. Earthwork. Entrance. Fortification. Fosse. Gateway. Logs. Missiles. Ramparts. Riflepits. Stages. Stockades. Trenches.
- defended by women, 165, 166.
- Description of old fortified places by writer, 175 on.
- difficult to take by assault, 366.
- Diminutive, 225.
- entered under cover of darkness, 154.
- Few seen by Cook on East Coast, 41.
- First seen by Cook at Tuamotu, Gisborne, 35.
- How invested, 156. See Pa; Attack on. Circumvallation. Sieges.
- How prepared for attack, 166, 169, 170. reconnoitred, 155.
- how sub-divided. See Pa, interior of.
- inmates slaughtered wholesale by victors, 384.
- Interior of, 102, 120, 127, 158, 365, 379, 397. See, Pa, how sub-divided.
- Interior of modern, 367, 368, on;379, 393, 403, 404.
- interior levelled in small linchets, 37, 39, 293, 296.
- kaua (taua) of Hawaii, 422.
- lacking stockades (modern), 410.
- Large area of some, 27, 32.
- Locating sites of old, 2, 3.
- made tapu, 394. See Atua. Gods. War gods.
- maioro, 17, 33. See Earthworks. Ramparts. Trenches.
- Many undescribed, 2.
- Model at Papawai, 73. At Christchurch Exhibition, 13. At Rotorua, 6, 12.
- Models of made by children, 100.
- Modern, 13, 21, 365.
- Names of types of, 17. Of defensive works of, etc., 435.
- not a common usage in Polynesia, 2.
- not permanently occupied in many cases, 3, 5, 23, 24, 25, 31, 33, 42.
- numerous in certain districts, 2, 25, 30, 31, 369.
- of
- England, 13.
- Fiji, 2, 424.
- gun-fighting days, 365, 374 on.
- Hawaii, 421.
- Hervey Isles, 420.
- Huron Indians, 432.
- Indonesia, 431.
- Ireland, 13, 17.
- Marquesas Group, 420.
- Melanesia, 424.
- Micronesia, 431.
- New Guinea, 414.
- New Zealand not known at Tahiti, 420.
- Polynesia, 414.
- Rapalsle, 414, 415.
- Samoa, 419, 423.
- Society Isles, 419.
- Te Wherowhero, 384. View of, 386.
- Tongan Group, 107, 414, 417, 433.
- Old and modern may be confused, 389.
- on flat land.175.
- Opening of new, 147.
- Outermost defences of, 50, 82. See Matahao. Pekerangi. Stockades. Trenches. Wita.
- plan based on contour of hill, 17, 19, 21, 23, 32. See Maori engineer.
- Remains of old, 2, 25, 29, 31, 175, on.369.
- punanga or refuges, 18. See Islands. Refuge places.
- reduced by fire, 26, 60, 156, 160, 383, 418. See Flax. Huts.
- Sanitary arrangements of, 130. See Latrine. Middens.
- Sites of
- Siege of, 39, 43, 94, 155, 162, 163, 172, 289. See Pa; attack on. Circumvallation.
- Stockade one mile long, 27.
- Subdivision of. See Pa. How subdivided.
- subdivisions bounded by palisades or earthworks, 37, 39.
- three miles long, 28.
- tuwatawata or stockaded villages, 17, 33.
- Types of, 17, 18.
- ukiuki, 88. page 453
- Paepae wai, water vessels, 137. See Water vessels.
- Paerangi form of stage, 84. See Platforms. Stages.
- Pahitere pa at Oakura. Description of, 222.
- Pakakepa at Napier, 160, 360.
- Pakaurangi pa, East Coast, 138.
- Pakiaka or traverses, 393, 400, 401.
- Palisades
- Pa-o-Kapo at Titahi Bay, 343.
- Pa-oneone at Urenui, 333.
- Papa-hikurangi pa at Waiapu, 301. See Waiapu.
- Papatu, breastwork on fighting stages, 106, 108, 114, 354, 391, 417. See Stages.
- Papawai model pa, 73. See Model.
- Parepare (riflepit) a modern term, 368.
- Parewanui village, Rangitikei, 405.
- Pari-hamore pa, Taranaki, 326. Plan of, 326.
- Paritutu rock refuge at New Plymouth, 20, 345. View of, 346. See Cliff forts.
- Pataka for tapu food, 62. See Storehouses.
- Patangata island fort at Tongaporutu, 362. See Islands.
- Path wetted to baffle attacking force, 344.
- Pa-toka at Waitotara, 386.
- Paua-tahanui pa of 1846, 376, 377. Plan of378.
- Pēhikātia pa, Wairarapa, 46, 118.
- Pekerangi, outer stockade, an elevated screen, 56, 84, 85, 86, 88, 89, 96, 193, 393, 403, 404.
- Petane
- Pipitea stockaded village, Wellington, 406.
- Pit dwellings, 157.
- Pits in modern pa, bombproof, 392, 393, 399, 403, 404.
- Pito-one pa, Wellington, 373, 409.
- Plans of Pa maori. See List of Illustrations.
- Platforms. Elevated
- Pohaturoa cliff stronghold at Atiamuri, 354. Views of, 355. See Cliff forts.
- Pohaturoa pa near Te Reinga, Wairoa district, 354.
- Pohokura pa, Urenui, 220. Sections of, 221. Views of, 219.
- Polynesia. Fortified places of, 414.
- Population
- Poroa pa, Whakatane valley, 19.
- Posts of stockades, 62.
- Carved
- Dimensions of, 94.
- Erection of first in new pa, 140.
- How erected, 81. How braced, 82.
- How hauled, 79.
- Major, 63, 87, 370.
- Major, named, 18, 63, 73, 87. Descriptive names of, 59, 63, 73. See Terms.
- Secondary, 62.
- sunk one fathom in earth, 393.
- Timbers utilised for, 73, 91.
- See Himu. Pou matua. Waerenga-a-Hika.
- Potiki a Rehua pa at Waitotara. Attack on, 285. Description of, 272. Plan, etc., of, 274.
- Pouerua pa at Pa-karaka, Taiamai, 303. Plan of, 306.
- Pou matua (stockade posts), 63, 87.
- Pourere pa Roto-a-Ira, 380. Plan of, 380.
- Pourewa or stage, 115. See Platforms. Puwhara. Stages.
- Pre-European pa altered after acquisition of firearms. See Changes in methods.
- Prisoners crucified, 162.
- Promontory forts, 35, 36, 324.
- Proverbial expressions, 83, 114, 166, 293, 295.
- Pua kainga, entrance stiles of pa, 191, 192. See Stiles.
- Puhirake pa at Waiotahe, 112. See Orona. Tokorangi. Tuhua.
- Puhonua or places of refuge at Hawaii, 422.
- Pukearuhe military post. Old road to, 199, 328.
- Pukekakariki pa, Taranaki, 377.
- Pukekarirua pa at Mokau, 290.
- Pukekaroro pa at Nukutaurua, 163.
- Pukekiore pa at Waiapu, 91. See Waiapu.
- Pukekohe pa, Taranaki, 341.
- Pukemaire pa at Waiapu, 161. See Waiapu.
- Pukerangiora pa near Waitara. Siege of, 163.
- Pukeroa pa at Rotorua, 144. Carved gateway of, 124.
- Puketapu pa at Omahu, 297.
- Puketapu pa at Te Teko, 50.page 454
- Puketarata pa, Taranaki. Description of, 215. Section of, 216.
- Puketutu pa at Lake Omapere. See Okaihau.
- Pukoro, form of defence at entrance to pa, 117, 126.
- Pukoro, flanking angle, bastion (modern). See Bastion. Flanking angles.
- Punanga or refuge, 95, 96. See Cliff forts. Islands. Refuge places.
- Puputa pa at Waiapu, 300. See Waiapu.
- Puriri. Bullets flattened on, 73.
- Putake pa near Hawera, 29.
- Putiki pa, Whanganui. Interior view of in early 'forties.'368, 369.
- Puweru maku episode at Pakaurangi pa, 138.
- Puwhara. See Stages.
Q
R
- Rabbits as aids to archaeological research, 16.
- Raihe poaka episode at Pukerangiora, 163.
- Rails of stockades
- Rakei-hopukia pa at Te Teko, 290.
- Rampart
- Ramparts
- 36, 37, 38, 46, 47, 51.
- Binding material of, 51, 52.
- Defenders stood on summit of, 37, 50, 51, 58, 161, 299, 300, 417, 420.
- high and wide, 12.
- How constructed, 52.
- of Fijian forts. Heavy, 428.
- of original formation, 196, 207, 314.
- of sixteen feet in modern pa (unusual), 410.
- of Tongan forts. Defenders stationed on, 417, 420.
- on fosse scarps, 230, 231, 234.
- Some surmounted by stockades, others not, 51, 56, 57, 60.
- Three in a few modern pa, 409.
- Two forms of, 57.
- wide on top, 51. See Ramparts; defenders, etc.
- See Double. Earthwork.
- Rangatira pa on Waipaoa river, Gisborne district, 358. Plan of, 359. See Gisborne, Waikohu.
- Rangihaeata's pa at
- Rangiriri pa, Waikato, 400. Plan of, 401.
- Rangitukia pa at Waiapu, 27. See Waiapu.
- Rapa Island forts, 414, 416.
- Redoubt
- Refuge places, natural strongholds, islet forts, etc., 19, 20, 345, 346, 347, 349, 350.
- Refuge places. See Cliff forts. Islands.
- Refuge places in forest, 95, 96. See Punanga.
- Refuge places of Hawaiian Isles, 422.
- Rerengapa, Taranaki. Description of, 324. Plan of, 325.
- Residential
- Rewarewa pa. Waiwhakaiho, Taranaki. Described, 183. Plan of, 184. Fall of, 188.
- Ridge forts, 226, 239, 260, etc. See Hill forts.
- Riflepits
- Ritual
- Riuroa of pa, 193.
- Roman wall across Northumbria, 183.
- Roto-a-Tara pa, Napier district, 160.
- Rotorua model pa, 7. See under Pa—Model.
- Rou method of destroying stockades, 158. See Stockades.
- Routledge's remarks on forts of Rapa Island, 416.
- Ruahoanga pa, Taiamai, 262, 313. See Taiamai.
- Ruaki pa near Hawera, 133, 373. Siege of, 163.
- Rua kopiha form of storepit, 185, 199, 238, 268, 269, 280, 283, 335, 346, 356. See Rua poka. Rua tahuhu. Store houses. Storage pits.page 455
- Ruapekapeka pa, Bay of Islands district, 395. Plan of, 396.
- Rua poka form of storepit, 269. See Rua
- kophiha.
- Rua tahuhu.
- Rua tahuhu form of storepit, 203, 263, 280, 291, 295, 302, etc. See above.
- Ruatoki Pa of. See Hui-te-rangiora. Ohae. Otenuku. Poroa.
S
- Sacred place of village. See Tuahu.
- Samoa
- Sandbags. Use of adopted by Maori, 410.
- Sand drift at Muriwai beach, North Auckland, 263.
- Sapping
- Sentinels not silent, 110. See Watchmen.
- Scarp surmounted by earthwork rampart. See Ramparts. Terrace.
- Scarped hills. See Hill forts. Scarps.
- Scarps, 3, 19, 21, 25, 54, etc. See Earthworks. Stone faced. Terraces.
- Sieges, 39, 43, 94, 155, 162, 163, 172, 289. See Pa; attack on.
- Siege of Kekeparaoa, 385. Siege of six months, 383.
- Signalling from lookout stations, 116.
- Skinner, W. H.
- Sling
- Society Isles. See Redoubt. Tahiti.
- Solomon Islands. Fortified places of, 430.
- Somes Island, Wellington. Old pa on, 361. See Islands. Wellington.
- Songs
- South Island pa, 28, 381, 391.
- Spears. Throwing, 115, 168. Whip-thrown, 202. See Missile weapons.
- Stages. Fighting
- 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 55, 57, 58, 84, 87, 93, 103, 344, 353, 354.
- and oblique stockade, 43. See Whare-kaho pa. 'Wita.
- at Chatham Isles, 410.
- At Fiji, 424, 428. At Marquesas, 414, 420. At New Guinea, 414. At Tonga, 414.
- Breastwork on, 107, 108, 114, 354, 390, 417. See Papatu.
- Defenders sheltered by stockades or breastwork, 43, 115, 354.
- erected outside defences occasionally, 109.
- How ascended, 104, 109.
- inside stockades of Borneo forts, 431.
- Names of, 116. See Terms.
- Lofty, 115, etc.
- of New Zealand Polynesia and Melanesia, 116.
- with sloping platform, 116.
- or platforms built by besiegers, 109.
- projecting over outer defences, 104, 106, 109, 116, 409.
- projecting over outer defences. At Fiji, 425. At New Guinea, 107, 116.
- projecting over outer defences. At Tonga, 417, 418.
- seen by Cook, 40.
- supported by single post, 62, 114.
- Their uses, 115.
- used in many lands, 13.
- Where erected, 103, 109.
- with bullet proof breastwork an occasional modern usage, 391.
- See Platforms. Puwhara. Taumaihi. Watch towers.
- Stage as a lounging place, etc., for chief, 62.
- Stiles used in pa, 127, 191, 193, 408. Carved stiles, 127. See Pua kainga.
- Stockades, 38, 40, 45, 46, 49, 54, 55, 59, 96, 99, 101, 119, 124, 127, 133, 168, 193, 344, 366, 371, 372, 382, 384, 398, 403, 404.
- Stockade.
- A modern form of, 336.
- and brush defence of Queen Charlotte Sound pa, 42, 43. (double stockade).
- and earth rampart combined (double stockade filled with earth), 389, 397.
- breached to admit important person, 99.
- Curious form of, 362.
- erected on rampart, 51, 56, 58, 60, 192. See under Rampart.
- leaning inward, 83, 86, 89, 93. See Wita.
- leaning outward, 83, 88, 89, 94. See Matahao.
- Main, 56, 58. See Terms.
- Mile-long, 27.
- Outer one the strongest in some districts, 58.
- posts. See Posts.
- rails. See Rails.
- Second line often strongest, 59.
- trench and rampart defence in modern pa, 404.
- Stockaded
- hill fort. See diagram, 320.
- villages, 17, 21, 29, 31, 58. See Pa tuwa-tawata.
- villages, of Samoa, 423.
- Stockades
- difficult to raze, 394.
- How constructed, 62 on.96.
- How lashed, 167. See Lashing. Palisades. Rails.
- How pulled down, 74, 76, 158, 161, 394. See Rou.
- Lofty, 28, 31, 43, 44, 58, 59.
- Names of different lines of, 56. See Terms.
- Oblique, 36, 38, 43, 58, 83, 88. See Matahao. Wita.
- of Marquesas Group, 421.
- of modern Pa maori, 365 on, 395.
- of Tonga adorned with shells, 417.
- Only two in many modern pa, 362.
- Positions of, 274, 320, 329, 332, 337, 338, 359.
- Series of, 87, 90, 320.
- Wickerwork (?) attached to, 60.
- See under Aparua. Carved. Double. Gateway. Hauling. Himu.
- See Karewa. Lashing. Matahao. Pa. Palisades. Posts. Pou. Pua kainga.
- See Rails. Rampart. Rou. Stiles. Taiepa.
- Stokes, J. F. G. Survey of Rapa Island forts, 417.
- Stone
- Stones
- Storage-pits.
- Food, 185, 192, 197, 199, 203, 205, 218, 238, 250, 257, 277, 278, 345, 346, 352.
- excavated in fosses and scarps, 205, 213, 264, 266, 267, 324, 348.
- Incised designs on walls of, 264, 267.
- Large, 291, 297, 315, 320.
- Trees growing in, 26, 263, 264, 269.
- within cooking sheds, 269, 352.
- See Rua kopiha. Rua poka. Rua tahuhu.
- Storehouses, 129, 192. See Pataka.
- Stores of food, water, fuel kept in pa, 352, 354. See under Food. Water.
- Stream dammed as line of defence, 163.
- Subdivision of pa interior. See under Pa.
- Subsidiary terraces formed to economise labour, 315, 316.
- Subterranean entrance to pa.119, 126. See Subways. Sunkways. Tunnels.
- Subways under lines of defence117, 119, 207, 208, 315, 320, 322, 330. See Ara kutoro. Entrance.
- Sunkways under lines of defence, 118, 119, 207, 208, 315, 320, 322, 330. See Ara kutoro. Entrance.
- Sunkways give access to terrace, 315, 320, 322.
- Sugarloaves at New Plymouth
- Swamp refuges, 363, 364. See Islands. Refuge places.
T
- Tahitian strongholds, 419. Huahine, do.420.
- Taiamai
- Taiepa kotikoti. Minor stockading of subdivisions of pa, 127. See Pa; sub division of.
- Taka-poruruku pa, Taiamai. Description of, 246. Plan of, 248.
- Takuahi. See Fireplaces.
- Takurua, a form of ravelin, 117, 119.
- Talisman of pa. See Mauri.
- Taniwha pa, Taranaki, 163.
- Tapahuarau pa, Taiamai. Description of, 250. Plan of, 251.
- Tapahuarau No.
- Tapatahi pa at Waipiro, 54, 160.
- Tapu
- Tapu-te-ranga isle
- Tara settles at Wellington, 93.
- Tarakawa's remarks on model pa at Rotorua, 6, 12.page 457
- Taranaki. Pa of, 20, 29, 46, 106, 132, 136, 162, 163, 176, 183, 194, 199, 204, 213, 215, 220, 222, 226, 232, 238, 270, 290, 324, 326, 331, 332, 341, 345 on.362, 373, 375, 377, 379, 391, 403, 405.
- Taratara cliff pa at Whangaroa, 296. View of, 357.
- Tarawera. Cliff fort at, 356.
- Taro growing wild at Taiamai, 261.
- Tatau, door of pa entrance, 125. See Entrance. Gateway.
- Taumaihi, tower or stage in pa, 106, 116, 191, 194, 404, 406. See Platforms. Stages.
- Taupo Lake
- Taupo pa at Plimmerton, 379, 408. View of, 409.
- Tauranga-ika pa
- Tawhitinui pa at Opotiki, 142, 162.
- Teko. Te. Pa at taken by Arawa under Mair, 383.
- Terms denoting features of Pa maori, 435.
- Terraced hill forts
- Terrace
- formation changes to fosse with outer rampart, 199, 224, 228, 231, 236, 256, 310327, 332.
- formation divided into several defensive areas, 314.
- levels. Break in at intervals, 200, 286, 304, 308, 309, 312, 314, 327.
- Levels. Break in at entrance passage312, 315, 323.
- Outer edge stockaded, 192, 224 See Stockades; Positions of.
- with rampart on outer edge, 190, 224, 231, 236, 246, 247, 249, 252, 253268, 284, 311, 327, 332, 340, 358 See under Rampart.
- Terraces
- Tere a Tu te paengaroa. Tradition of early voyagers, 347.
- Thomson, Dr. Remarks on Pa maori, 44.
- Thomson, Prof. J. Strictures on Bulletin, 6. vii.
- Tihoi cliff fort, 389. View of, 390.
- Tini o Awa at Otatara, 297.
- Titirangi pa, Uawa, 158.
- Toi the Wood Eater of Ka-pu-te-rangi, 434.
- Toka-a-kuku pa, Bay of Plenty. Siege of, 163.
- Tokorangi or horse trestle, 81.
- Tokorangi pa at Waiotahe, 112. See Orona. Puhirake. Tuhua.
- Tolaga Bay
- Tongan
- Tongaporutu island pa, 362. See Islands.
- Tongatapu Earthwork fort at, 419.
- Tools used in excavating earth, 52, 55, 80.
- Tou-o-Roro pa at Taiamai, 313.
- Towers of lofty stages erected by snipers, modern
- Traverse, bastion, flanking angle introduced with firearms, 368. See Changes.
- Tree dwellings, 364.
- Trees
- Trenches
- Trench
- and rampart defence on hillside, 222, 236.
- at base of scarp, 212, 249, 252, 255, 260, 271, 306, 310, 311, 327.
- at base of scarp with terrace on outer side, 236, 237.
- continued outside defences, 229, 239, 244, 257.
- merges into terrace having no outer rampart, 231. See Terrace formation changes to fosse.
- outside outer stockade usual, 88.
- with double rampart, one on each side, 200, 203.
- with outer rampart on hill slope a common usage, 199, etc.
- with. See Double fosse. Fosse.
- Trumpets, 154, 167. See Gongs.
- Tuahu oipa, 193. See Ahurewa.page 458
- Tuatini pa at Tokomaru, 161.
- Tuhua pa at Waiotahe, 112, See Orona. Puhirake. Tokorangi.
- Tukiata pa at Tauranga, 385.
- Tukuwaru and himu posts, 73.
- Tumu pa at Maketu. Fall of, 171.
- Tunnel exit from pa, 119.
- Tunnels in lava flows, 119.
- Tunuhaere pa, Whanganui, 136, 137, 272.
- Tutamahurangi pa near Titahi Bay, 342.
- Tuta Nihoniho on modern pa, 367.
- Tu Te Amokura, the ocean waif, 300.
- Tutira lake. Islet pa in, 360.
- Tuwhare defeated up Whanganui river, 384.
U
- Urenui
- Uruuru whenua, placatory rite, 245.
V
- Vancouver at Rapa Isle, 414.
- Venus, French frigate at Bay of Islands, 370.
- Villages. Unfortified, 5. See Kainga andPa. Modern village.
- Viti-levu, Fiji. Hill forts of, 424, 425.
- Volcanic cones utilised as sites for hill forts, 289, 303, 304, 308, 313, 316.
W
- Wade's remarks on Pa maori, 120.
- Warenga-a-Hika pa, Gisborne, 114, 115.
- Posts of, 74. See Gisborne.
- Waha ngutu of pa, 117, 299. See Entrance.
- Waharoa, an internal lane-like passage, 117, 193, 299, See Ara. Entrance. Gateway.
- Wahine-iti tribe of Waiapu, 300.
- Waiapu district. Old pa of, 27, 91, 160, 300.
- Waihi redoubt. Tower of, 107.
- Waikanae pa. Fight at, 29.
- Waikare-moana. Pa of, 100.
- Waikohu district. Old pa of, 160, 188, 226, 385. See Gisborne.
- Waikotero fight at Horokiwi (1846), 374. See Mataitaua.
- Waimate pa, Taranaki, 162, 348, 351, 352, 376. Views of, 349, 350. See Orangitua-peka.
- Waiotahe. Old pa of, 112.
- Waipakura pa, Whanganui, 374. See Whanganui.
- Waitahanui pa, Taupo, 133, 372. View of, 134. See Taupo.
- Waitotara pa See Ihupuku. Potiki a Rehua. Weraroa. Pa-toka.
- Waiwhetu, Wellington. Pa at in, 1840, 405. See Wellington.
- Wakatiwai, Hauraki. Many old pa at, 120. See Hauraki.
- Ward Island, Wellington, as a refuge, 361. See Islands. Somes. Tapu-te-ranga.
- War gods, 78, 159, 163, 173. See Gods. Messiah.
- Watchmen
- Watch towers. See Platforms. Pourewa.
- Puwhara. Stages. Taumaihi. Towers.
- Watchmen.
- water from roofs of dwelling huts tapu, 137.
- Water supply
- Water
- Fearless cragsmen alone could obtain at Paritutu, 348.
- Lack of might cause fall of pa, 131.
- stored in pits, See Cisterns above.
- supply. Sunkway to, 238, 261.
- supply. Way to fortified, 133, 136, 238, 261, 382, 383, 412.
- as a means of defence, 60, 344.
- moat, 60. At Fiji, 424, 426.
- vessels, 131, 133, 137.
- W.B. Data contributed by, 86.
- Wellington district. Pa of, 5, 6, 342, 343, 376, 408, 409. See Island Bay. Mataitaua, Maupuia. Pa o kapo. Pipitea. Pito-one. Somes. Taupo. Tutamahurangi. Waiwhetu. Ward. Whetukai-rangi.
- Wellington Harbour had two entrances, 93. Native villages of inferior, 372.
- Wera of Ngapuhi at Kekeparaoa fight, Waikohu, 385.
- Weraroa redoubt at Waitotara, 387.
- Whaiti. Te. Fighting at, 165.
- Whakaaraara pa. See Watchmen's songs.
- Whakarua-kotare, loopholes, modern, 193.page 459
- Whakatane
- Whakawhitira pa at Waiapu, 27. See Waiapu.
- Whakumu of Ngati-Ira at Heretaunga, 295.
- Whangai atua, 144.
- Whanganui pa See Koriniti. Kaiwha-kauka. Makokoti. Operiki. Tunuhaere.
- Whangarei. Small pa at, 262. Cross section of, 262.
- Whangaroa. Cliff fort at, 355, View of, 357.
- Wharekaho pa, Mercury Bay. (Described by Cook and Banks.)36, 38. Diagram illustrating defences of, 38.
- Whare puni, sleeping huts, 283.
- Whatu or talisman of pa, 145, 146, 403. See Mauri.
- Whatumamoa folk of Heipipi, Petane, 292. See Maruiwi.
- Wherowhero's pa, Waikato, 384. View of, 386.
- Whetu-kairangi pa, Wellington. Construction of, 93, 96. See Wellington.
- Whetu-matarau pa. E.C., 132, 155.
- White, T. Remarks on earthen ramparts, 57.
- Wilkes of U.S.N. at Pouerua pa, 308. Wita
- Woman
- Women as fighters, 159, 164, 166.
Y
- Yates' account of Pa maori, 101.