Index

A

• Addenda. Data in original Maori, 287.
• Agricultural—
  • formulae. See Charms.
  • tasks. All persons joined in, 28, 34, 36.
  • tools, 45. See Implements.
  • tools, decorated, 76, 78, 82, 89. See Crescent; Ko; Spades.
• Agriculture
  • and morality, 156, 264, 269.
  • Decadence of, among Maori, 35, 36, 37.
  • Different phases of in New Zealand, 25, 26.
  • impossible in parts of New Zealand, 22, 26.
  • Signs of old cultivated areas extensive, 26.
• Agriculturists. Daily life of, 27.
• Ahi torongu, a magic rite to destroy pests, 214. See Caterpillars.
• Alignment of plants. How effected without line or boneing rods, 160, 162. See also Echelon; Line; Teka.
• Amoamohanga or first fruits offerings, 203, 220, 221. See First fruits; Offerings.
• Animals known to ancestors of Maori, 14.
• Anuhe pest. How destroyed, 136, 138, 213. See Ahi torongu; Caterpillars; Pests; Whanui.
• Aotea, a food plant, 274.
• Arai-te-uru (vessel) brought the kumara, 25. See Kumara, introduction of.
• Aratawhao (vessel) sails for Polynesia, 198. See Pourangahua; Taukata.
• Ari
  • a food product of Polynesian homeland, 17. See Rice.
  • a phase of moon during which crops were planted, 145, 165. See Moon Nights.
• Arorangi, boneing rods used by planters, 152. See Boneing rods.
• Aruhe. See Fern root.
• Ashes employed as fertiliser, 133, 157, 164, 251. See Manure.
  • How procured on open land, 164.
• Asiatic-Polynesian parallels, 176.
• Atua kiato, 210. See Images.
  • kumara, 203. See Images.
• Auroroa, a former home of the Maori 292 See Irihia; Mataera.
• Autara method of clearing bush land, 141. See Forest land; Hapai-tu.
• Aute or cloth plant cultivated by Maori, 19, 30, 31, 35, 277. See Bark cloth.
  • did not flourish in New Zealand, 16.
  • introduced from Polynesia, 14, 277.
• Awhato, a caterpillar pest, 213. See Ahi torongu; Caterpillars; Pests; Whanui.

B

• Banana. Distribution of, 15.
• Bark cloth made in New Zealand, 16. See Aute.
• Bird released during planting ceremonial, 146. See under Ceremonial.
• Birds foretell harvest, 220. Blood of human sacrifice sprinkled on storehouse, 198. See Human sacrifice; Offerings; Skulls; Survival; Taukata.
• Bone ketu, a small agricultural tool, 66, 67. See Ketu; Pinaki; Wauwau.
• Boneing rods used by planters, 151, 152, 163. See Alignment; Arorangi, Line.
• Bones of dead utilised as fertilising agents, 193. See Blood; Fertilising agents; Human sacrifice; Offerings; Skulls; Survival; Taukata.
• Boundary stones of divisions of cultivations, 126. See Pou paenga.
• Boustrophedon method of working by diggers, 160, 161, 162. See Echelon; Countermarch.
• Branchlets employed in agricultural rites, 117, 147, 176, 210. See Karamu; Mapau; Poles; Tokomauri.
• Brassica
  • campestris, 273 See Aotea; Cabbage; Kawakawa; Kora; Korau; Paea; Po-hata; Pora; Rea-rea; Turnip.
  • oleracea, 276 See Aotea; Cabbage; Kawakawa; Kora; Korau; Paea; Po-hata; Pora; Rea-rea; Turnip.
• Breadfruit.
  • Distribution of, 15.
  • Varieties of, 19.
• Breakwinds erected in cultivation, 23, 30, 36, 38, 39, 134, 212, 223, 236, 241. See Fences.
• Broussonetia papyrifera, 277. Introduction of, 277. See Aute; Bark cloth.
• Brush burned on fields to provide ashes, 164. See Ashes; Manure.

page 306

C

• Cabbage introduced by Cook, 281. See under Brassica.
• Canoe model employed in agricultural rites, 185. See under Ceremonial.
• Caterpillar pests. How destroyed, 213. See Ahi torongu; Anuhe; Awhato; Caterpillars; Pests; Whanui.
• Caterpillars, origin of, 105. See Pests, Whanui.
• Ceremonial
  • feasts pertaining to agriculture, 149, 203, 217, 218, 222, 236. See Harvest feasts; Pleiades festival.
  • ovens, 105.
  • performances connected with agriculture, 101, 117, 135, 149, 157, 167, 170, 173, 175, 179, 180, 182, 184, 191, 193, 217, 218, 220, 221. See Ahi torongu; Atua; Bird; Blood; Bones; Branchlets; Canoe; Charms; Crescent; Dried; Fasting; First fruits; Gods; Huamata; Human sacrifice; Images; Invocation; Kai popoa; Karam; Life principle; Magic; Mauri; Moon; Moral; Ngau taringa; Nights; Offerings; Pani; Phallic; Planters; Pleiades; Poles; Pure; Ritual; Rongo; Skulls; Spades; Stars; Stones; Sun god; Tane; Tapu; Taumata; Winds.
• Charms pertaining to agriculture, 106, 157, 159, 173, 175, 179, 180, 183, 190, 192, 210, 221, 245, 253, 287, 288. See Invocations; Ritual.
• Chatham Isles. Sweet potato failed to grow at, 14.
• Clearing land a heavy task, 125. See Autara; Forest land; Hapai-tu; Land; Stone.
• Clothing
  • material changed by Maori in New Zealand. 16.
  • material changed by Moriori of Chatham Isles, 16.
• Coconut
  • and sweet potato. Original habitat of doubtful, 19.
  • brought to New Zealand, 14.
  • Distribution of, 15, 19.
• Colocasia antiquorum, 233. See Taro.
• Communal labour among Maori, 133.
• Cook's remarks on
  • Maori agriculture, 22, 28, 29, 30, 31, etc.
  • remarks on yam, 228.
• Cordyline
  • as a food plant, 22, 256.
  • How prepared for food, 257, 259, 261, 263, 264, 268. 269, 270.
  • Introduction of, 115, 258, 261.
  • ligatured, 262.
  • Peculiar superstition connected with cooking of, 264, 269.
  • planted. 256.
  • Propagation of, 257, 260, 264.
  • South Island notes on, 269, 270.
  • Species of, 263. See Mauku; Ti kowhiti; Ti manu; Ti para; Ti pore; Ti rauriki; Ti tawhiti.
• Cordyline australis
  • 263, 268, 269.
  • Varieties of, 263.
• Cordyline indivisa, 263.
• Cordyline pumilio, 257, 260, 261, 264, 272. See Mauki; Ti rauriki.
• Cordyline terminalis
  • 256, 258.
  • has flowered in New Zealand, 258.
  • introduced from Polynesia, 14, 115, 258. See Ti pore.
• Corn goddesses, etc., 100. See Pani.
• Corynocarpus laevigatus, 277. See Karaka.
• Countermarch of diggers in cultivations, 60, 261, 262. See Echelon; Planting.
• Crescent
  • a symbol of fertility, 80.
  • carved on digging tools, 75, 80, 89. See Ko; Whakamarama.
  • represents moon god of agriculture, 80. See Moon.
• Crop
  • lifters fasted, 218.
  • lifting, 137, 170, 182, 214, 297. See Harvest; Kumara; Women; Storage.
• Crops
  • Care of, 169, 172, 211. See Weeding.
  • Careful storage of, 137, etc. See Storage.
  • carefully weeded, 211, etc. See Weeding; Weeds.
  • never watered, 136.
  • not enquired after by Maori, 186, 187.
  • planted at certain phases of moon, 145, 165, 188, 251, 255. See Ari; Moon; Nights.
  • ravaged by muru parties, 133, 140.
• Crozet's remarks on Maori agriculture, 33.
• Cuckoo calls Maori folk to plant crops, 145. See Mahuru; Signs.
• Cultivated
  • areas of former times extensive, 130.
  • food products of New Zealand in pre-European times, 14. See Cordyline terminalis; Economic plants; Food plants; Gourd; Kumara; Taro; Yam.
  • food products of Polynesia, 17.
• Cultivations
  • scattered in some cases, 33, 131, 132.
  • See māra kumara; Tawaha kumara.

D

• Diascorea sp. cultivated by Maori, 288. See Yam.page 307
• Diggers
  • Formation of, in working, 149. See Echelon; Planters.
  • worked with military precision, 150, etc. See Echelon.
• Digging.
  • New Guinea method of, 178.
  • sticks
    • of Fiji, 71.
    • stjcks of Peru, 91.
    • sticks. See Ko; Spades; Wauwau.
• Division of labour in planting kumara, 160, 161, 168, 180". See Order of workers
• Drainage of cultivated land, 130. 142.
• Drained swamps, 243.
• Dried human heads as fertilising agents, 194. See Bones of dead; Fertilising agents; Human sacrifice; Skulls.

E

• Echelon formation adopted by diggers, 149, 150, 154, 159, 160. See Diggers.
• Economic plants introduced by Maori, 14, 15, 17, 273, 279. See Cultivated food products; Food plants.
• European food plants. Introduction of, 273, 279. See Brassica; Maize; Potato; Kamokamo; Wheat.
  • rat a pest in cultivations, 135. See Pests.
  • tools. Introduction of, 96. See Agricultural tools; Implements.
  • tools. Maori names applied to, 97. See Iron tools.

F

• Fallowing land, 16, 143, 148.
• Fasting. See Crop lifters; Planters.
• Fatalism, a Maori characteristic, 35, 36.
• Feasts. See Ceremonial feasts; Harvest; Pleiades.
• Fences,
  • n="38". Different types of, 39.
  • No strong fences necessary in pre-European times, 38, 39.
  • See Breakwinds.
• Fern roots
  • as a food supply, 33, 237.
  • How dug, 71.
  • Mythical origin of, 26.
  • Occupied an important place among food supplies, 26.
  • Why an important food supply, 16, 22, 26.
• Fertilising agents. Bones of dead employed as, 193. See Bones; Charms; Crescent; Dried heads; Human sacrifice; Images; Invocations; Mauri; Moon; Offerings; Pani; Phallic; Pleiades; Rongo; Stars; Stones; Tane.
• Fire. Generation of, 254.
• First
  • fruits offerings to gods, 203, 220. See Amoamohanga; Offerings.
  • tuber planted was tapu, 203.
• Following the sun in planting, 158. See under Kumara; Seed tubers.
• Food
  • might not be eaten in cultivations, 169. See Tapu.
  • plants carried over seas by Polynesians, 13, 15, 17. See Polynesian voyagers; Polynesians.
  • plants introduced into New Zealand, 13, 14, 18, 246, 273, 279. See Cultivated food plants; Gourd; Kumara; Taro; Yam.
  • products obtained from stars, 198. See Pleiades; Stars.
  • products of Polynesia, 18. See Banana Breadfruit; Coconut.
  • supplies. Change in, 21.
  • supplies of forest, etc., 22.
  • supplies of South Island, 24.
  • value of sweet potato, 226.
• Forest land. How cleared for cultivation, 141. See Autara; Hapai-tu.
• Fruits introduced by Cook in Polynesia, 16.

G

• Gastrodia Cunninghamii, "232.
• Gods of agriculture represented by images, 203. See Atua kiato; Images; Rongo; Stone images; Wooden images.
• Gods
  • invoked by planters, 167 See Pani; Pleiades; Rongo; Stars.
  • See Offerings to gods; Images; Rongo; Rongo-ma-Tane; Tane; Cf. also Pani; Pleiades; Stars.
• Gourd
  • plant. Artificial fertilisation of, 250.
  • Charm to cause growth of, 245, 253.
  • Cultivation of, 134, 138, 245.
  • Flowers of, 251.
  • How planted, 250.
  • Introduction of, 245.
  • musical instruments, 254.
  • Mythical origin of, 245.
  • Names of leaves, 251.
  • Names of plant, 244, 247.
  • not grown in South, 245.
  • Original habitat of, 244.
  • Peculiar mode of planting, 250, 251.
  • planted at full moon, 251, 254.
  • Uses of, 245, 251, 254, 255.
  • Varieties or forms of, 246, 247, 252, 254.
  • vessels, 245, 251, 252.
  • vessels decorated, 252, 255.
  • water vessels, 246, 252.
  • seeds. Germinating process, 246, 250, 251.
  • seeds planted in seed beds, 252.
  page 308
• Gourds ligatured, 250.
• Gravel
  • used in cultivations, 23, 121, 130, 131, 138, 164, 169, 241, 242. See Sand.
  • pits of olden times, 121.
• Greenstone implement from Titahi, 46.
• Grubbers. See Timo. Also Agricultural tools; Implements.
• Guardians of fertility in plants, 100, 101, 200, 201.

H

• Hakaraia Pahewa on kumara planting, 189.
• Hakari. See Ceremonial feasts; Harvest festival; Pleiades festival.
• Hakirere (vessel) sails to Wairua-ngangana to obtain taro, 235. See Maihi; Pahitonoa; Rauru; Maru.
• Hapai-tu method of clearing bush land, 141. See Autara; Forest; Land.
• Hape abstracts mauri of kumara, 200. See Life principle; Mauri.
• Harvest
  • festival, 172, 181, 182.
  • Superstitious belief concerning, 220. See Ceremonial feasts; Pleiades festival.
• Harvesting kumara crop, 137, 170, 182, 214, 297. See Crop lifting; Kumara; Women; Whanui.
• Hawaiki nui a Rongoatau, 106, 290.
• Hawk moth, 250. Highland spade, 70.
• Hihue or hawk moth, 250.
• Hill cultivations, 224, 286. See Terraced ultivations.
• Hina and Rongo, 80. See Rongo; Sina.
• Hine-mata-iti and the rat, 106, 289.
• Hine-raumati, the Summer Maid, 289.
• Hine-takurua, the Winter Maid, 289.
• Hine-te-iwaiwa represents the moon, 103. See Hina; Moon; Rongo; Sina.
• Hine-tinaku, 103. See Pani; Papa-nui-tinaku.
• Hoaki arrives at Whakatane, 290. See Taukata.
• Hoes, 45, 46. Stone Hoes, 47. See Agricultural tools; Implements.
• Homeland of Maori.
  • 15. See Irihia; Hawaiki; Mataora; Patu-nui-o-aio.
  • Food supplies of, 16. See Ari; Irihia.
• Horouta brought kumara to New Zealand, 183. See under Kumara, Introduction of.
• Hoto, a wooden spade, 47. See Agricultural tools; Implements.
• Huamata ceremony, 117, 119. See Ceremonial performances; Ritual, etc.
• Hue. See Gourd.
• Human sacrifice in agriculture, 196. Survival of, 193. See Bones; Dried heads.
• Humus. Qualities of appreciated Maori, 133.
• Huri a Roau, 261.

I

• Ika roa a Rauru, 254, See Gourds.
• Images of gods
  • placed among crops, 144, 203.
  • Wooden, 210. See Rongo; Stone mages; Stones of Tane.
• Image of Rongo sometimes a double one, 204.
• Implements. Agricultural,
  • 45, 46.
  • Decorated, 76, 78, 82, 89.
• Implements found in swamps, 53. See Arorangi; Bone; Boneing rods; Digging; Grubbers; Highland spade; Hoes; Hoto; Iron; Kaheru; Ketu; Ko; Koko; Line; Mapau; Paretai; Pere; Pinaki; Poles; Puka; Purau; Rapa; Scoops; Shovels; Spades; Takoko; Teka; Tikoko; Timo; Tirourou; Toki; Tools; Wauwau.
• Industry an admired quality, 43.
• Introduced food plants, 13, 14, 18, 246, 73, 279. See Food plants; Gourd; umara, Taro; Yam.
• Invocation to
  • Pani, 107.
  • Pleiades, 107.
  • Rongo, 106.
  • stars, 221.
  • Uru-te-ngangana, 167.
  • See Charms; Ritual.
• Invocations acted, 185.
• Ipomoea batatas. See Kumara.
• Irihia (homeland). Food supplies of, 16. See Hawaiki; Mataora; Patunui-o-aio (or waio).
• Iron tools appreciated by Maori, 96. See European tools.
• Irrigation of
  • crops not practised by Maori, 234.
  • taro in Polynesia and Melanesia, 242.

K

• Kaheru or wooden spade, 49. See Implements.
• Kahungunu notes on agriculture, 163.
• Kai popoa, 179. See Ceremonial performances.
• Kamokamo or common pumpkin, 276.
• Kanioro
  • 291, and Pourangahua, 106.
• Kao kumara, 137, 138, 139.
• Kapiti Island. Old cultivations on, 130.
  • Karaka tree
  • Distribution of, 277.
  • Introduction of, 277.
  • planted by Maori, 277.
  page 309
• Karam and karamu branchlets employed in rites, 176. See Branchlets; Mapau; Poles; Tokomauri.
• Kawakawa. ? a turnip, 275. See Brassica. Ketu, an agricultural implement, 65. See Implements.
• Ko
  • an agricultural tool of common use, 70.
  • a ceremonial form from Maketu, 76.
  • decorated with feathers for ceremonial planting, 80, 144, 157.
  • Designs carved on, 75. See Crescent.
  • Footrests of, 80.
  • Footrests of wood, stone and bone, 81.
  • How used, 71, 72, 74, 87, 88, 89.
  • of Marquesas Group, 91.
  • used at Hawaiian Isles, 72.
  • used at Marquesas Group, 91
  • used at Rarotonga, 72
  • used at Tahiti, 72.
  • used at Tonga, 72.
  • with footrest cut out of solid, 81.
  • worked by four men; 90.
  • whakaara, breaking-up tool, 166 See Spades.
• Koanga or planting season, 186. See Cuckoo; Mahuru; Signs.
• Koka, a food plant, 277.
• Kokau method of planting, 148. See Planting.
• Koko, a shovel or scoop, 91. See Implements.
• Kora, a food plant, 276.
• Korau, a cultivated food plant, 163.
• Korau, a disputed food plant, 273, 274.
• Kumad, esculent lotus, 108.
• Kumar = kumara, in South America 108.
• Kumara
  • crop. Lifting of, 137 170, 187, 214, 297.
  • crop sorted, 171.
  • Cultivation of, 35, 99, 116, 292.
  • cultivation in South Island, 23, 24.
  • Distribution of, 109.
  • Expedition from New Zealand to obtain, 106, 116.
  • failed at Chatham Isles, 14.
  • Flowering varieties of, 112, 113, 114. 115.
  • Food value of, 226.
  • gods, 202.
  • How caused to sprout, 292.
  • How stacked in storepits, 171.
  • Introduction of, 25, 109, 197. Lately introduced varieties, 115, 116, 138.
  • Life principle of, 199.
  • Myths pertaining to, 99 on.
  • obtained from the star Vega, 102. See Rice.
  • Original habitat of, 109. Is doubtful, 19.
  • planations. See Cultivations; Māra kumara.

M

• Mataora and Hawaiki, 289, 290.
• Matapaheru or expert, 182.
• Mata-te-ra, an isle of western Pacific, 235. See Wairua-ngangana.
• Material semblance of an immaterial quality, 201. See Mauri; Wairua.
• Matuatonga, 210. See Images; Rongo; Stone images; Wooden images.
• Maui
  • 174.
  • and Pani, 105, 109, 288.
• Maui-whare-kino, 102, 104, 109.
• Mauku = Asplenium bulbiferum, 262.
• Mauku 7equals; Cordyline pumtiio, 261.
• Mauri
  • a form of shrine, 200. See Life principle Immaterial, 201.
  • Material, 201.
  • of crops, 147, 170, 175, 196, 199, 209.
  • of the kumara, 199, etc.
  • of whales at Te Mahia, 202.
  • ora of man, 200.
• Melanesians
  • (?) reach New Zealand, 290.
  • Traditions of, 14.
• Men only employed to harvest kumara, 171.
• Men only employed to plant kumara, 151, 168.
• Military precision of digging operations, 152, 157, 160, 173, etc. See Echelon; Quincunx.
• Miscellaneous data, 273.
• Moana-ariki, 287. See Mona-ariki.
• Mona-ariki. Waters of, 106. Cf. Moanaariki.
• Months of Maori year, 216. See Year.
• Moon
  • as a fertilising agent, 101.
  • Crops planted during certain phases of, 145, 165, 188, 251, 255. See Nights.
  • god as god of agriculture, 101. See Fertilising agents.
• Moral uncleanness and its effect on crops, etc., 156, 264, 269.
• Mounds for planting kumara. How formed, 149, 150, 152, 165, etc.
• Maia-poroaki and the gourd, 254.
• Maihi seeks the land of taro, 235. See Hakirere; Maru; Pahitonoa; Taro.
• Maize. Introduction of, 279, 281.
• Maku reaches New Zealand, 291.
• Manuhiri paerangi, 243. Manure. European forms abhorred by Maori, 135. See Ashes; Humus.
• Maori
  • account of cultivation, 292.
  • agriculture. Early accounts of, 27 on.
  • agriculture. General remarks on, 21.
  • folk diligent agriculturists, 36, 211, 212, etc.
  • version of story of Rongo-maui 287.
  • version of story of Taukata, 290.
  page 310
• Mapau branchlets employed in agricultural rites, 116, 147, 210, 221, 289. See Branchlets; Karam and karamu; Poles.
• Māra kumara
  • or sweet potato cultivations, 292, etc. See Cultivations.
  • Divisions of, 140, 148, 151, 152.
  • entered from north side only, 186.
  • Formation of an important matter, 163, 164.
  • Names pertaining to, 148, 155. See Tawaha.
  • not dug all over, 158, 159. 165.
  • Selection of, 163.
• Māra tautane, 116.
• Marattia fraxinea as a food supply, 232.
• Marihaka and Pani, 119. See Pani.
• Maru, a Polynesian voyager, makes taro known. See Mahi; Pahitonoa; Taro.
• Maruaroa. Te, 289. See Seasons: Year.
• Matahi kari piwai or gleaning month, 217.
• Mata-kaheru, constellation of Hyades. Why so called, 53.
• Mataora and Hawaiki, 289, 290.
• Matapaheru or expert, 182.
• Mata-te-ra, an isle of western Pacific, 235. See Wairua-ngangana.
• Material semblance of an immaterial quality, 201. See Mauri; Wairua.
• Matuatonga, 210. See Images; Rongo; Stone images; Wooden images.
• Maui
  • 174.
  • and Pani, 105, 109, 288.
• Maui-whare-kino, 102, 104, 109.
• Mauku = Asplenium bulbiferum, 262.
• Mauku = Cordyline pumilio, 261.
• Mauri
  • a form of shrine, 200. See Life principle. Immaterial, 201.
  • Material, 201.
  • of crops, 147, 170, 175, 196, 199, 209.
  • of the kumara, 199, etc.
  • of whales at Te Mahia, 202.
  • ora of man, 200.
• Melanesians
  • (?) reach New Zealand, 290.
  • Traditions of, 14.
  • Men only employed to harvest kumara, 171.
• Men only employed to plant kumara, 151, 168.
• Military precision of digging operations, 152, 157, 160, 173, etc. See Echelon; Quincunx.
• Miscellaneous data, 273.
• Moana-ariki, 287. See Mona-ariki.
• Moana-ariki. Waters of, 106. Cf. Moanaariki.
• Months of Maori year, 216. See Year.
• Moon
  • as a fertilising agent, 101.
  • Crops planted during certain phases of, 145, 165, 188, 251, 255. See Nights.
  • god as god of agriculture, 101. See Fertilising agents.
• Moral uncleanness and its effect on crops etc., 156, 264, 269.
• Mounds for planting kumara. How formed, 149, 150, 152, 165, etc.
• Mounds for planting kumara. How spaced, 293. See under Boneing rods; Line; Puke; Teka.
• Mouriuri folk apparently not agriculturists, 21. See Original inhabitants.
• Mythical origin of
  • gourd plant, 245.
  • kumara. See Pani; Rongo-maui; Whanui.
• Myths pertain to principal cultivated food product, 100, 101.

N

• Nelson. Gravel pits and old cultivated areas of, 121. See Gravel; Sand.
• New Caledonia. Irrigated taro fields of, 241, 242.
• Ngahuru, harvest time, 216.
• Ngahuru-kai-paenga, 216, 217.
• Ngai-Tamawhiro, black skinned immigrants to New Zealand, 291. See Melanesians; Mouriuri; Original inhabitants.
• Ngau taringa rite, 200. See Ceremonial performances.
• Ni or coconut. Maori tradition of, 14. See Coconut.
• Nights of moon favourable for planting crops, 165, 188. See Crops; Gourd; Kumara; Moon.

O

• Offerings to
  • ancestral spirits, 217.
  • gods, 157, 170, 179, 199, 202, 218, 219, 272.
  • Pani, 220.
  • Rongo, 170, 175, 218, 219. See Pleiades; Stars.
• Order of different workers in planting crops, 160, 161, 162, 168, 190.
• Organs of generation. Inherent powers of, 108.
• Origin myths, 100. See under Gourd; Kumara; Rice.
• Original inhabitants of New Zealand, 110. See Mouriuri.
• O-Rongo-nui phase of moon, 101, 145. See Moon; Nights.

page 311

P

• Pa (fortified villages) of Taiamai district, 124.
• Paddle shaped agricultural implement, 65. See Implements.
• Paea, an introduced food plant, 276. See Brassica.
• Paheru, an obsolete term, 181.
• Pahitonoa (vessel) sails for the land of taro, 235. See Maihi; Maru; Taro.
• Pakake a Whirikoka, 202.
• Palliser Bay. Old cultivations at, 130.
• Pani
  • mother of the kumara or sweet potato. 102, 174, 183, 287.
  • as a rice name, 102.
  • descends to lower world, 106.
  • gives birth to the kumara, 102, 104, 106.
  • Invocation to, 107.
  • Offerings to, 220.
  • produced a water product, 103.
  • the Germinator, 102, 103.
  • Waka of, 109.
• Pani-Tinaku, mother of the kumara, 102, 287. See Pani; Papanui-tinaku.
• Pani and
  • Hurunga, 103.
  • Marihaka, 119.
  • Maui brothers, 104, 105.
  • Rongo-maui, 102.
  • Tangaroa, 104, 105.
  • Tiki, 102, 108.
  • Tiki appealed to in sickness 108.
• Papa-matua-te-kore(Parentless Earth Mother), 104.
• Papa-nui-tinaku, 103.
• Paretai, an implement,92.See Implements.
• Para-tawhiti as a food supply, 232. See Marattia.
• Parua taro, 236, 238, 243. See Taro.
• Pathways in cultivations, 125.
• Patu-nui-o-aio (or waio), former home of Maori, 24. See Homeland.
• Patupatu or clod breaker, 95. See Implements.
• Pere, a scuffle hoe, 52. See Implements.
• Perei. Gastrodia Cunninghamii as a food supply, 232.
• Pests
  • of kumara crops, 35, 38, 105, 106, 136, 138, 209, 212, 288, 290.
  • Caterpillar. How destroyed, 136, 138, 212. See Ahi torongu.
  • Caterpillar. Origin of, 105, 106, 209.
  • produced by magic, 209. See Anuhe; Awhato; Caterpillars; Pukeko; Whanui.
• Phallic emblems as fertilising agents, 197, 209. See Fertilising agents.
• Phormium planted by Maori, 278.
• Pigs
  • Introduction of, 279, 281, 283.
  • Introduction of, increased labours of crop growers, 41.
    • made the Maori a fencer, 39. Pinaki, a cultivating tool, 67. See Implements.
• Piripiri, a star and month name,216. See Stars; Year.
• Plantations.SeeCultivations;Mara; Tawaha.
• Planters
  • of cropsarrayedinfinegarments, 118, 183.
  • decorated with feathers,144. See Spades.
  • faced Hawaiki, 151.
  • faced sun, 168.
  • fasted, 146. 155, 170, etc. See Fasting.
  • segregated, 178.
  • stripped to kilts, 189.
• Planting kumara
  • 150, 154, 155, 157, 160, 161, 162, 175, 184, 188, etc. See Crop planters; Planters.
  • done in extremely regular manner, 134. See Quincunx.
  • season.Commencement of,186. See Signs; Seasons.
  • songs, 176. See Working songs.
  • See Echelon; Lines;Quincunx; Mounds; Kumara; Seed tubers; Teka.
• Pleiades
  • as food providers, 107, 199, 215. See Stars.
  • festival, 215.
  • Invocation to, 107.
  • Offerings ofcultivated products to, 179.
  • year, 217.
• Pohata, an introduced food plant. See Brassica.
• Poles employed in ceremonial performances in cultivations, 180, 194. See Branchlets; Karam; Tokomauri.
• Polynesian
  • food plants, 17.
  • food plants mostly from west, 17.
  • voyagers carried food plants, 13, 15.
  • voyagers find the taro, 234, 235.
• Polynesians
  • an agricultural folk, 13, 17, 19.
  • changed staple foods, 15.
  • expert acclimatisers of economic plants, 13, 15. See Food plants; Economic plants; Cultivated food products.
• Pongaihu, space between rows of plants, 162.
• Population ofsome districts formerly dense, 26, 130.
• Pora, a food plant, 275, 276.
• Poroporo occasionally planted, 277.page 312
• Potato (Solanum)
  • a boon to the Maori, 282, 284
  • as a forest destroyer, 279.
  • Cultivation of, 282, 284.
  • Early barter in, 282, 283.
  • in South Island in 1813, 285.
  • Introduction of, 279, 280, 281.
  • Sweet. See Kumara.
• Pou paenga, boundary marks, 126, 128.
• Pourangahua
  • 291.
  • goes to Polynesia to obtain the kumara, 106, 198.
• Poutu-te-rangi
  • a star and month name, 216. See Year.
  • marks harvest time,181.See Stars; Vega; Seasons; Whanui.
• Proverbs, aphorisms, etc., 33, 43, 44, 157, 179, 235, 253, 273.
• Puka, a form of wooden spade, 64, 97. See Implements.
• Puke or mounds for sweet potato.
  • How formed, 149, 150, 152 165, 166, etc.
  • or mounds for sweet potato How spaced, 293. See Teka.
• Pukeko
  • a bird pest, 38. See Pests.
  • fenced against, 38.
• Puke o Te Paea, Cook's vessel, 276.
• Punga-tai, a receptacle for tapu fertilising soil, 201.
• Purau, an implement, 96. See Implements.
• Pure rite pertaining to crops, 117, 220. See Ceremonial performances.
• Pu-te-hue personifies the gourd, 245.

Q

• Quincunx method of planting, 28, 150, 151, 152, 237. See Crop planters; Kumara; Planters; Planting.

R

• Rakaihaitu of South Island. 24.
• Rapa maire, a wooden spade, 63. See Implements.
• Rats. How driven from crops, 135. See Pests.
• Rauru seeks the taro in a far land, 235. See Hakirere; Maihi; Pahitonoa; Taro; Wairua-ngangana.
• Rearea, introduced turnip, 276. See Brassica; Kawakawa; Korau; Pohata; Rearea; Turnip.
• Rehua and Ruhi, stars in Scorpio, 216. See Pleiades; Stars.
• Rice
  • names known to Maori and Rarotongans, 17.
  • obtained from Pleiades, 102, 107, 199. See Stars.
• Ritual pertaining to sweet potato cultivation, 117 on. See Ceremonial performances.
• Rongo
  • and Sina, 101.
  • invoked by crop planters, 167, 295. See Invocation.
  • lord of the kumara, 100. See Pani.
  • Offerings to, 170, 175, 218.See Offerings.
  • patron of agriculture, 76, 80.
  • represented by a double image, 204. See Images.
  • represents the moon, 101. See Hina; Moon; Sina.
  • Stone representing, decked with flowers, 101.See Stone images;Stones of Tane; Phallic emblems.
• Rongo-marae-roa. Meaning of name, 101. See Rongo; Rongo-ma-Tane.
• Rongo-ma-Tane, 101. See Rongo; Tane.
• Rongomaui and Pani, 102, 104.
• Rongoatau and kumara, 106.
• Rongo-maui
  • and Whanui, 102, 104.
  • obtains Kumara Children from the star Vega, 105.
  • Story of, in original Maori, 287.
  • See Kumara myths; Stars; Whanui.
• Rotorua. Agricultural rites performed at, 184, 185.
• Rounded lands in damp soils, 173.
• Rua
  • kopiha, a storage pit, 227. See Storage; Storepits.
  • tahuhu, a storage pit, 227.
  • ti, 272.
  • whakaahu, storage pit, 155.
• Ruhanui, a period of leisure, 216. See Harvest festival; Pleiades festival.
• Ruhi and Rehua, 216. See Stars.
• Ruhi-te-rangi, ninthmonth of Maori year, 216. See Year.

• Sand mixed with stiff soils, 121. See Gravel.
• Scoops. Wooden, 91. See Implements.
• Scrub burned on cultivations to provide ashes, 293. See Ashes; Manure.
• Sea gulls as pest destroyers, 213. See Pests.
• Seasons
  • How foretold, 186.
  • Names of, 289.
  • Signs of, 184, 217. See Planting season; Koanga; Cuckoo; Mahuru.
• Seed distributors in field, 118, 161, 167.
• Seed tubers
  • of kumara, 146, 147, 149.
  • faced east to north, 146.
  • faced sun, 146, 168, etc.
  • How caused to sprout, 165, 188.
  • How distributed in planting, 118, 161, 168.
  • How placed in earth, 158, 168, 186. See Kumara; Planting.
  page 313
• Seedless plants produced by long continued cultivation, 19.
• Sex in plants, 245.
• Shovels, 91. See Implements.
• Sickness. Pani and Tiki appealed to in, 108.
• Signs of approaching planting season, 184. See Cuckoo; Mahuru.
• Sina
  • and Rongo, 101. See Hina; Rongo.
  • represents moon,101. See Hina; Moon; Rongo.
• Skulls of dead employed as fertilising agents, 193, 197, 199. See Blood; Bones; Human sacrifice; Fertilising agents; Taukata.
• Soils
  • 42, 134, 138.
  • Howtreated, 159, 169.SeeAshes; Gravel; Sand.
  • suitable for sweet potato, 120, 164. Songs. See Charms; Planting songs; Working songs.
• Spades
  • decorated with carving, 76. See Crescent; Ko.
  • decorated with feathers, 80, 144, 157.
  • with pointed blades, 53.
  • Wooden, 47 on, 97.
• Sphinx convolvuli, 214.
• Star lore, 215, 216, 221, 252, 291.
• Stars
  • as food providers, 102, 105, 107, 221. See Pleiades.
  • Invocations to, 221.
  • Kumara obtained from, 105.
  • Offerings made to, 179.
  • relied on in planting kumara, 144.
  • Rice obtained from, 102, 107, 199.
  • See Pleiades; Poutu; Rehua; Ruhi; Vega; Whakaonge; Whanui.
• Steam oven. Certain vegetation only used in, 139.
• Stiles of fences, 212.
• Stone
  • boundary marks in cultivations,126. See Pou paenga.
  • covered land clearedby cultivators, 124, 125.
  • images of agricultural deities, 203. See Images.
  • lined paths in cultivations, 126.
  • representingRongodeckedwith flowers, 101. See Stones of Tane.
  • walls as shelters for huts, 129.
  • walls on Little Barrier Island, 128.
  • walls on old cultivations, 125.
• Stones of Tane anointed with oil and draped, 101. See under Stone.
• Storage of kumara crop, 138, 171, 219, 224, 298.
• Store pits for crops, 155, 171, 227. See Rua kopiha; Rua tahuhu; Ruati; Rua whakaahu.
• Storehouses. Elevated, 227.
• Sub-tropical plants difficult to cultivate in New Zealand, 14, 15, 21, 22.
• Sun god inferior to moon god in agriculture, 101.
• Survivalof humansacrifice, 193. See Human sacrifice.
• Swamps drained for cultivation purposes, 243. See Drainage.
• Sweet potato. See Kumara.

T

• Tahāa huahua, gourd food vessels, 245, 251, 252. See Gourd.
• Tahā wai, gourd water vessels, 246, 252. See Gourd.
• Tahi o Pipiri, a month name, 216. See Year.
• Tahu, personified form of food, 104.
• Tahumairangi, a food plant, 273.
• Taiamai
  • district. Extensive pre-European cultivation in, 124.
  • district. Old fortified villages of, 124.
  • plain as seen by early European travellers, 127.
• Tainui-a-rangi a husband of Pani, 104.
• Tai-porohe-nui, 193.
• Tairua, a food plant, 274.
• Takoko, an implement, 91. See Implements.
• Tane occupied second place in agriculture, 101. See Rongo-ma-Tane.
• Tangaroa a brother of Pani, 104, 105.
• Tapu
  • of crop planting, 36, 37, 144, 147, 148, 155, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 189.
  • growing crops, 222. See Crops; Trespassers.
• Taro
  • an irrigated cropin some partsof Pacific, 233.
  • cultivation at Hawaiian Isles, 240, 241.
  • cultivation in New Caledonia, 240.
  • cultivation in New Zealand, 115, 131, 134, 138, 235.
  • Flowering specimens seen, 238.
  • How acquired by ancestors of Maori, 234, 235. See Maihi; Maru; Rauru.
  • How planted by Maori, 235, 238.
  • in South Island, 24.
  • Introduction of, 235, 243.
  • leaves eaten, 238.
  • not an irrigated crop in New Zealand, 234.
  • not grown far south, 237.
  • not stored, 235.
  • obtained from Wairua-ngangana, 235. See Maihi; Maru; Rauru.
  • Original habitat of, 233.
  • planted in quincunx order, 236. See Quincunx.
  • Propagation of, 235, 242, 243.
  page 314
• Taro—continued
  • used in ceremonial feasts, 236.
  • Varieties of, 235, 239, 240.
  • wild in Indonesia, etc., 233.
• Taro hoia, an introduced variety, 235, 237.
• Taua muru ravaged crops, 133, 140.
• Taukata
  • brings knowledge of kumara to New Zealand, 106, 198, 290.
  • slain to preserve life principle of kumara, 198, 291.SeeHuman sacrifice.
• Taumata atua, a form of shrine, 202, 210. See Mauri.
• Taunga atua, a form of shrine, 201, 210.
• Tawaha kumara, sweet potato garden, 148. See Mara kumara.
• Tawhirimatea (winds) expelled from cultivations, 168. See Winds.
• Teka, a measuring stick, 166, 173.
• Terraced cultivations, 223. See Hill cultivations.
• Terraces. Stone faced, 223, 224.
• Tewha or work songs, 144, 157, 173, 185, 190, 191, 192, 193. See Work songs.
• Theft. Origin of, 105.
• Tiaki-tutu.Originof phrase, 196. See Tionga.
• Tiki
  • and Hurunga, 103, 104.
  • and Pani, 102.
  • and Pani appealed to in sickness, 108.
• Tikoko, an implement,91.See Implements.
• Ti kowhiti (syn. ti tawhiti), 259. See Cordyline.
• Ti manu, a Cordyline, 263.
• Timo, a wooden grubber, 91. See Implements.
• Tinaku, a form ofPani-tinaku, 103. See Pani; Papa-nui-tinaku.
• Tionga useful in death, 196. See Tiaki-tutu.
• Ti para
  • a Cordyline, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 264.
  • Flowers of, unknown, 260.
  • of South Island is C. australis.
  • Varieties of, 261, 262.
• Ti pore. See Cordyline terminalis.
• Ti rauriki. See Cordyline pumilio.
• Tirourou, an implement, 95. See Implements.
• Ti tawhiti
  • a Cordyline, 259, 262.
  • Flowers of, 262.
• Toi-kai-rakau. Origin of name, 111.
• Toki
  • hengahenga, 47.
  • kaheru, an implement, 47. See Implements.
• Tokomauri of pure rite, 221. See Poles.
• Tongan agriculture, 15.
• Tools. Introduction of European, 96. See Agricultural tools; Grubbers; Implements; Ko; Spades.
• Trespassers not allowed in cultivations, 170, 189. See Tapu.
• Turnip
  • 273, 276.
  • dried as kao, 139.
  • See Brassica.

U

• Uhi
  • and uwhi, the yam, 228, 232. See Yam.
  • koko, 232, 240.
  • perei. Gastrodia Cunninghamii, 232.
  • po, 232.
  • raurenga, 240.
• Umu tamawahine, 203.
• Uruao canoe, 24.
• Uru-te-ngangana invoked by crop planters, 167. See Invocation.
• Uwhikaho or yam, 114, 228. See Yam.
• Uwhi
  • kumara, 232.
  • parareka, 232.

V

• Varieties of some cultivated food plants numerous, 19.
• Vega calls the harvester, 182, 214. See Cuckoo; Mahuru; Whanui.
• Vessels. Gourd, 246, 250. See Taha.

W

• Waerotā, a land in western Pacific, 14. See Wairua-ngangana; Mata-te-ra.
• Waina, introduced variety of sweet potato, 116, 152. See Kumara.
• Wai o Mona-ariki, 106. Wairua (soul) of man. How represented, 201.
• Wairua-ngangana.Taro obtained from, 235. See Maru; Rauru.
• Waitau kauru or sago gruel, a prized comestible, 270.
• Waru-patote, the eight month of Maori year, 216. See Year.
• Water goddess becomes an agricultural deity, 103.
• Wauwau, a small agricultural tool, 67. See Implements.
• W. B. on Kumara planting, 155, 156.
• Weeding crops, 133, 135, 138, 141, 142, 169, 170, 178, 181.
• Weeds. Introduced species most troublesome, 181, 211.
• Whakamahunga of kumara crop, 218.
• Whakamarama or crescent of spade shaft, 75. See Crescent.
• Whakaonge-kai, a star that makes food scarce. 216. See Rehua; Pleiades; Ruhi; Stars.page 315
• Whakarapa method of digging, 162. See Echelon.
• Whanui
  • and the Kumara Children, 287. See Kumara; Rongo-maui; Stars.
  • marks harvest time, 182, 214. See Harvesting; Seasons; Signs.
  • sends pests to assail Rongo, 290. See Pests.
• Wharauroa, the cuckoo. recognised as a migrant, 145.
• Wheat cultivated by Maori, 286.
• Whiro and Whirikoka, 202.
• Winds banished from cultivations by magic, 168.
• Winter potato, 114, 133.
• Women barred from crop lifting operations, 171, 219.
• Women
  • employed in planting kumara, 153, 159, 185.
  • not employed in planting kumara, 155.
  • not employed in storing kumara, 172.
• Wooden images of gods, 210. See Atua kiato; Gods of agriculture; Images; Stone.
• Working songs, 144, 157, 173, 185, 190, 191, 193. See Charms; Planting songs.

Y

• Yam
  • cultivated by Maori, 14, 23, 29, 32, 114, 228, 231.
  • Cultivation of. 32, 114. Distribution of, 229, 230.
  • introduced into New Zealand by Maori, 14, 229.
  • mentioned by early visitors to New Zealand, 23, 29, 32.
  • See Uhi; Uwhi.
• Year. Maori.
  • Commencement of, 217.
  • Ended in autumn, 216.
  • Names of months, 216.