page 310

Subject Index

Abbotsford run, 85

Agrarians, 125–6

Akaroa, 138

Altruism, 128–9, 243, 244, 254, 282–3

Alton, 271, 276

Amberley, 90

Ashley Clinton, 38, 45, 71

Atkinson, Harry, 268, 284; diplomacy re New Plymouth/Hawera rift, 82; initiates Taranaki's Mountain Road settlements, 32–3, 264

Auckland, 199, 201, 243

Auckland Province, 142–3; coastal shipping, 211; fires, 87–8; horses, 215; Northland, 210–12; railways, 290; sawmills and timber industry, 87–8, 134, 210–2; shipping, 135, 143, 199, 210–2

Australia, 22, 120, 121, 238, 248

Ballance, John, and Hawke's Bay bush fire relief, 69, 257, 260; Minister of Lands 1884–87, 31; newspaper proprietor and editor, 231

Banks Peninsula, 90–3, 137–40, 173, 242

Bankside, 94

Belgrove, 142

Blackburn, 38, 71

Blenheim, 142, 200, 240

Boys, 56, 62, 156, 249

Brancepeth run, 85

Braudel, Fernand (French historian), 136, 156–7, 278–9

Bullock teams, 40, 188

Bureaucracy, 123–4, 125

Burnham, 94

Burnside run, 18–9, 160

Bush, 16, 27, 31; significance in economic and social history, 12, 117–8

Bush burns, 27, 28, 31, 37, 41, 52, 78, 272

Bush commons, 156–8

Bush felling, 28

Bush fire relief committees, 69–72, 76–7, 77, 80–3, 190

Bush settlers and settlements, 20, 25–8, 67, 132, 134, 267–8, 272; bush yeomen, 150–8

Canterbury, 142–3, 198; feldon yeoman districts, 160, 164–5, 173–4; fires, 89–95; sawmills and timber industry, 92, 93, 137–40; shipping, 138, 139, 142, 198–9

Capitalism, 128

Cardiff, 283

Carriers (drays and wagons), 40, 139, 214, 215–6, 218

Carterton, 85, 254

Castlepoint, 201, 204

Cattle (beef), 146, 180, 217–8, 272

Central government, 24–6, 31, 32, 35, 124, 194, 246, 251–3, 257, 258, 277

Charitable aid boards, 68, 76, 83, 253, 257, 262–3, 266–7

Children, 56, 59, 129, 155–6, 223-4, 282; see also Boys, Women and girls

Christchurch, 92, 142–3, 196, 198, 243

Class feelings and traditions, 125–7, 275, 281–2, 284

Clergymen, 18–9, 67–8, 95, 259–60

Clothing, in relief appeals, 74, 76, 80, 83

Coach services, 16–7, 17, 22, 30, 32, 96, 215–6, 219

Coal, 198, 205, 208–10

Coastal shipping, 12, 96, 97, 142–3, 179, 180, 184, 194, 198–213, 220; cargo ton-mileage statistics, 205–6, 210–1, 213–4, 298 (note 1); coal cargoes, 198, 200, 208–10; farm produce cargoes, 171, 199, 203–5, 211; New Zealand maritime history, 12, 194, 206–7, 284, 298 (note 4); of ‘Cook Strait’ lake, page 311 201–6; timber cargoes, 130–4, 135, 138, 143, 198, 205–6, 210; wool cargoes, 196–7, 204;

Conservation, 32, 283–4

Coopers and cooperage, 20, 118, 134

County Councils, 76–7, 119, 121, 256–7

Cows, milch, on bush farms, 81, 147, 149, 150; see also Dairies, Dairy industry

Craftsmen, 45, 46, 89, 98–102 passim, 127, 143, 150, 152, 165, 174, 188, 192

Crops, 144, 147–8, 161, 188, 203–4

Dairies, home, 15–6, 55, 145–7, 149, 154–5, 175, 273

Dairy industry, 150, 151, 155, 172 (figure), 229, 268, 272–7

Dannevirke, 30, 32, 47, 137

Dashwood, 95

Democracy, 125–6, 251–3

Dorie, 18

Droving, cattle, 47, 182, 217–8; sheep, 217–8

Dunedin, 196, 198

Dunsandel, 94

Education, see Schools and schoolteachers

Eighty-eight Valley, 165–6

Eldred-Grigg, Stevan (New Zealand historian), 159, 161

Eltham, 36, 223; see also Mangawhero

Family life, 154–5, 225, 249, 282

Farmers and farming, and journalism, 228–30; competing models for, 269–74; see also Bush settlers and settlements, Feldon yeoman, Runholders, Yeoman farmers

Feilding, 86, 218, 239–40, 241

Feldon, rationale for the term, 159

Feldon yeomen, 159–66, 163, 169, 171–6, 180–1, 224

Fence posts, 41, 68, 137, 143, 170

Fences and fencing, 50, 137, 145, 168, 170

‘Field's track’, 185–6

Fire, as settlement tool, 19, 22, 26–8, 27, 41, 78, 248–9; in Australia and North America, 238–9; Old World origins, 237–8;

Fire brigades, 235–7, 240–2, 243–5; Blenheim, 240; Gisborne, 245; Hastings, 245; Hawera, 61, 247–8; London, England, 110; Masterton, 85; Napier, 42 4, 45, 244, 246–7, 258; New Plymouth, 62–6, 243–4, 247; Palmerston North, 86, 236–7; United Fire Brigades' Association, 245–6; Wellington, 98, 103–10

Fire insurance, 45, 67, 73, 89, 106, 242–3

Firewood, 29, 88, 89, 177, 134–7, 181, 198, 239

Fitzherbert, 86

Flourmills, 122, 122, 188, 197–8, 204, 268

Foxton, 142

Freezing industry, 146–7, 180, 185, 204, 218, 270

Fruit growing, see Orchards

Fungus, 137, 151, 154

Gardens, vegetable, 147–8, 150, 178

Gentry, 125, 127, 129, 159; see also Runholders

German settlers, 35, 46, 70

Gisborne, 243, 245

Glendhu run, 92

Glenmark run, 90, 90–2

Gold-mines, 87–8, 89, 97

Gould, J. D. (New Zealand historian), 167–8

Government, see Central government, Local government

Grass seed, as a bush crop, 52, 72, 81, 92–3. 144–6, 219, 272; as a feldon crop, 90

Grassland, see Pasture

Greymouth, 201, 208–10

Hamilton, 87

Hastings, 44, 245, 258

Havelock, 96, 201, 203

Hawarden, 90

Hawera, 186–9, 187, 223, 247–8, 254–5, 268; and the Stratford fire, 60–1, 75–7; see also New Plymouth/Hawera rifts

Hawke's Bay, 255–7; development, 1870–85, 30–2; economy, 160–2; feldon yeoman district, 165; horses, 215; railway, 31–2, 38, 258–9; sawmills and timber industry, 40–7, 73 passim, 134; town, country and bush structure, 39, 117

Helensville, 142

Heslerton run, 94

History, achieving an overall vision, 11, 278–80; ‘anatomy’ approach, 13; and anthropology, 278; ensbrined v. ephemeral contemporary expression, 279–80, 284; New page 312 Zealand blind spots, 20–1, 279, 284; of settler communities, 269; stories, 113–4; survey of 19th-century New Zealand, 11–2, 20–1;

Hokianga, 135, 174, 211

‘Home’, 279–80, 284

Homes, see Family life

Hops, 161, 271–2

Horses, 15–6, 17, 23, 163, 180, 181–2, 214–7, 217–8; draught, 170, 175; horse racing, 216–7; in agricultural journalism, 228, 229; pack, 215, 219, 219; saddle, 52, 56, 166, 152, 232; statistics of, 214–5; see also, Carriers

Hotels, inns, accommodation houses, 99–101, 102, 103, 105, 149, 192–3, 216–7

Houses, 148–9, 152, 162, 178–9, 182; ponga whares, 30, 48

Hutt County and Hutt Valley, 84, 142, 171–2

Inglewood, 33, 61, 62, 65, 150, 154, 223, 231–2

Interests, landed, 126–7; missionary, whaling and sealing, mining, 126; service, 127; timber, 127

Invercargill, 89, 196, 243

Kaiapoi, 175

Kaipara, 199, 206, 211

Kaitangata, 198

Kakaramea, 276

Kaukapakapa, 88

Keen, Maurice (English historian), 121–3

Kimbolton, 219

Kohukohu, 135

Kopua, 38

Koromiko, 95

Kumeroa, 47

Labour, exchange, 128–9; wages, 132, 134

Lake Ellesmere, 139

Lambton Quay, Wellington, 99, 191–3; fire of 29 December 1885, 19, 98–110

Land legislation, 33, 34, 38, 95

Le Bons Bay, 93, 136

Leeston, 139

Lincoln, 140, 229

Little River, 92–3, 93, 138–40, 146

Local government, 119, 226, 239–40, 244, 255–7; see also County councils, Road boards Localism, see Village and globe mentality

Lumsden, 89

Lyttelton, 92, 138, 142–3, 198, 201

Mabel Bush, 89

Makaretu, 30, 38, 38–40, 44–5, 70, 71, 72–3, 137, 137, 223–4

Makotuku, 38, 40, 41–2, 43–4, 47, 70, 74, 244, 257

Manaia, 223, 276

Manawatu, see Rangitikei-Manawatu

Manawatu Gorge, 29–30, 218

Manganui, 36, 64

Mangawhero, 36, 61

Manutahi, 186, 271, 276

Maori, 188, 278, 283; and land wars of the 1860s, 24, 25; labour, 24, 25; Sam the firefighter, 45; Te Kooti, 24; Te Whiti, 34–5; Titokowaru, 24, 29, 186

Marchant, George (Stratford settler and politician), 51, 125, 277, 283, 287; career, 50; on 6–7 January 1886, 50, 59–60; surveys Stratford fire losses, 80–1, 143–4, 190, 286–9; works with relief committee, 82

Market day, 122, 180, 183

Marlborough, 95, 142, 201; fires, 95–6; horses, 215; railway, 95, 290; shipping, 132–4, 142, 201–3, 205; timber industry, 132–4

Marton, 254

Masterton, 85

Matakana, 88

Matamau, 38, 47

‘Medieval’ aspects of colonial life, 121–3, 152–3

Mentalities, agrarian, 125–6; in relation to place, 116–21; of settler society, 21, 279–80, 284; traditionalism and modernisation, 121–4; see also Altruism, Gentry, ‘Home’, Time, settler consciousness of, Village and globe mentality, Yeoman farmers

Midhirst, 34, 36, 63, 64, 189, 243

Migration, interprovincial, 99–101, 140, 146, 172–3, 173–4, 186

Merchants, 127, 179, 184–5, 193

Modernisation, 121, 123–4, 153

Motupiko, 16, 96, 97

Motueka, 201, 203

page 313

Mount Herat run, 92

Mountain Road, Taranaki, 32–3, 216, 217

Mutual improvement societies, 120

Napier, 185–6, 245–7; involvement in Seventy Mile Bush fires, 42, 45, 69–70, 257–8

Nelson, 96, 163, 177–80, 204–5

Nelson Province, 142, 201; fires, 16–7, 96–7; horses, 215; railway, 290; shipping, 96, 97, 171, 179, 201–2, 204–5; timber industry, 134

New Plymouth, 78, 122, 183–4, 187, 222–3, 247; and the Stratford fire, 62–5, 75–6, 76–7

New Plymouth/Hawera rifts, 77, 80–2, 187, 189–90, 222–3, 263–6

Newspapers, 63, 68, 70, 84, 181, 186, 220, 231, 233–4, 251, 258, 260, 264–6, 273–4; agricultural pages, 227–30; as Fourth Estate, 68, 252, 258, 264–6; ‘our own’ correspondents, 68, 71, 119–20, 221–7, 233–4; travelling correspondents, 180, 186, 188, 215–7, 224, 230–2, 275; weeklies, 181, 223, 227–30, 231–2

Ngaere, 36, 61, 189, 271, 272

Normanby, 33, 186, 268, 271–2, 276

Norsewood, 30, 38, 44, 46, 72, 226

Oakleigh run, 94–5, 139

Okaiawa, 272, 275

Onamalutu, 96

Opunake, 223, 276

Orchards, 145, 148, 151, 161, 178–9, 230, 271

Ormond, J. D. (H.B. runholder and politician), 25, 30, 47, 255–6

Ormondville, 30–1, 32, 38, 46, 47, 67, 70

Orua Wharo run, 40

Otago, education administration, 119; fires, 89; newspapers, 221–2; self-sufficiency of, 198; timber industry, 131, 132

Otakeho, 276

Otane, 24

Oxford, 92, 138

Owharoa, 87–8

Pahiatua, 224

Palmerston North, 29, 85–6, 179, 226–7, 241

Parihaka, 32, 33, 35

Pasture, 22–3, 81, 90–2, 118, 144–5, 146–7, 159–60, 163–4, 167–8

Patea, 186–7, 201, 204, 223, 268, 270

Paul, James (mayor of New Plymouth, brewer), and the Stratford fires, 63, 77, 79–80, 84, 247; conflict with station-master, 123–4, 190; leadership, 252, 263; precipitates New Plymouth/Hawera rift, 79–80

Peat fires, 87, 90

Pelorus Valley, 96

Picton, 142, 204

Pigs and pigsties, 15–6, 55, 57, 145, 146, 147, 161

Ploughing, 18, 95, 150, 163–4, 167–8; see also Crops

Police, 45, 99–101, 105, 261

Politics, see Central government, Local government

Port Chalmers, 198

Postal services, 220

Poultry, 122, 151, 155, 163, 172 (figure), 180, 229, 282

Prebbleton, 93

Raglan, 87

Rahotu, 223

Rai Valley, 96

Railways, 194–8; as a fire danger, 23, 84, 90, 239; bush fire relief trains, 20, 42–4, 45, 61, 62, 63–6; role in linking bush, country and town, 26, 29, 140–3; Auckland, 290; Canterbury and Otago, 132; Hawke's Bay, 31–2, 38, 258–9; Marlborough, 95, 290; Nelson, 290; Taranaki, 32–5, 50, 53, 59–60, 63, 124, 186–7, 190; Wellington Province, 29–30, 36, 181, 186; Westland, 290

Rainfall, 1885 colonial returns, 22; Marlborough, 95

Rangitikei-Manawatu, 219, 232; fires, 86, 249; railway, 181; sawmills and timber industry, 130, 134

Recreation see Sports and recreation

Reed, Mick (British historian), 151–2, 156

Reefton, 97

Regional consciousness, 121, 262, 265, 277

Relief appeals and subscriptions, 67–70, 77, 96, 254–5, 259–61, 263–8

page 314

Relief committees, see Bush fire relief committees

Road boards, 52, 87, 119

Roads, 119, 214–9; military, 25, 35; for road use see Wayfaring

Rolleston, 94

Ruakura, 87

Rukuhia, 87

Runholders, 18–9, 22–3, 24, 125, 129, 159–60, 167–9, 270–1

Rural mortgages, 171–3, 179

Samuel, Oliver (New Plymouth lawyer and politician), 63, 64–5, 82, 124, 124, 264, 277

Sawmills, Auckland, 87–8; Canterbury, 92, 93; Hawke's Bay, 40, 41, 43, 44, 46, 47, 73; Manawatu, 86; Southland, 89; Taranaki, 36, 61, 64, 65–6, 189;

Scandinavian settlers, 29, 30, 71, 223, 254

Schools and school teachers, 52, 62, 119, 223–4, 227, 246, 276; education boards and school committees, 119, 186

Settlement strategy, 24–6, 29, 32

Seventy Mile Bush, 31, 121, 171, 255–7; description 1885, 31–2; opening up, 30–1; settlement pattern, 38

Shearing and shearers, 25, 170–1, 175

Sheep, 22, 151, 163, 165–7, 160–1, 170, 217–8 272; see also Runholders, Wool

Sherwood run, 40

Shipping, see Coastal shipping

Shopkeepers, 19, 98, 127, 191–2

Shows, agricultural and pastoral, 129, 175, 187, 188–9; horticultural, 151, 271, 275, 276

Skinner, Thomas Kingswell (surveyor), on 6–8 January 1886, 50, 58–9, 64–5, 75; surveys Stratford fire losses, 77–9, 80, 263

Small farms associations, 128

Smith, W. C. (H.B. politician), 68, 256–7, 257, 260, 261

Southbridge, 95, 139

Southland, fires, 89; sawmills and timber industry, 89, 132

Sports and recreations, 182, 215–7, 231–2, 227–8, 236, 243–4, 281, 282

Squatters, see Runholders

Stock and station agents, 153–4

Stonyhurst run, 92

Stores and storekeepers, 51, 146, 189, 223

Stratford, 51, 140, 153, 189, 223, 271; description 1885–6, 36; fire storm of 6 January 1886, 15–6, 48–63, 64, 116, 234, 242, 261, 264, 286–9; founding of, 33–4; in government strategic planning, 32, 35; yeoman economy of, 143–50

Subsistence farming, 48–50, 122, 129, 147–9

Sunday customs and observances, 115–6, 227

Tadmor, 97

Tahoraite, 44

Takaka, 201, 203

Takapau, 18, 24, 38, 40–1, 259

Taonui, 86, 137

Taranaki, development 1870–85, 32–7; firewood, 135; horses, 215–7; newspapers, 222–3, 232; railway, 32–5, 50, 53, 59–60, 63, 124, 186–7, 190; sawmills and timber industry, 36, 61, 64, 65–6, 134, 189; South Taranaki, farming 1881–6, 268–77; wheat and flour, 122

Taratahi West, 85

Taueru, 85, 137

Te Aute, 43

Te Rahu, 88

Telegraph, 45, 64–5, 76, 220, 233–4, 261–2, 301 (note 30)

Teviotdale run, 92

Tikokino, 24, 47

Timaru, 142

Timber industry, 28–9, 117–8, 285–6; rarly water-based stage, 130–1; Auckland, 134, 210–12; Canterbury, 137–40; Hawke's Bay, 134; Marlborough, 132–4; Nelson, 134; Otago, 131, 132; Southland, 132; Rangitikei-Manawatu, 130, 134, 181; Taranaki, 134; Wairarapa, 134; Westland, 134; see also Sawmills

Time, settler consciousness of, 115–6, 123

Towns, 122, 177–93; in the ‘town, country and bush’ pattern, 116–8, 140–3, 170–6

Traction engines, 18, 23, 94

Tradesmen, see Craftsmen

Tussock land, 22, 90–2

Union Steamship Co, 200, 206–7, 207

Village and globe mentality, 118–20, 123, 220–30, 233–4, 283

page 315

Waikato, 142

Waimamaku, 174

Waimate Plains (Taranaki), 34, 187, 269

Waimea Plains (Nelson) and Waimea County, 160–66, 171–2, 179, 204

Waimauku, 88, 136

Waipuku, 34, 64

Waipawa, 38, 40, 43, 45, 73, 258

Wairarapa, 121, 122, 142; fires, 85, 159; railway, 140–2, 196, 204; timber industry, 134

Waitapu, 199, 206

Waitara, 33, 187, 215–6, 223

Wakapuaka, 136

Wallingford run, 47, 255

Wanganui, 75, 80, 142, 180–2, 181, 184–6, 204, 263

Wayfaring, 17, 31, 96, 167, 180, 218, 219

Wellington, 84, 98–110, 99, 142, 171, 184–5, 191–3, 199–208, 243, 265–6

Wellington Province, fires, 84–6; railways, 29–30, 36, 181, 186; sawmills and timber industry, 86, 130, 134; shipping, 171, 180, 184, 199–208

Wells, 15–6, 56

West Melton, 94

Westland, coal, 208–10; railways, 208, 290; shipping, 208–10; timber industry, 134

Westport, 201

Whareroa, 268

Women and girls, 15–6, 52, 105–6, 122, 123, 227, 249; and time, 115–6; in bush settlements, 26, 154–5, 158

Wood, its place in the settlers' economy, 19–20, 29, 117–8, 121–2; see also Fences and fencing, Firewood

Woodville, 30, 47, 151, 256

Wool, 196–7, 204

Yeoman farmers, 21, 118, 125–6, 127, 159–66, 169, 229, 281–2; Old World origins, 151–2, 281–2; yeoman ideology, 281, 283–4; see also Bush settlers and settlements