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The Farthest Promised Land — English Villagers, New Zealand Immigrants of the 1870s

7 Lincolnshire and the Northern Wolds

7 Lincolnshire and the Northern Wolds

1 Joan Thirsk, English Peasant Farming: The Agrarian History of Lincolnshire from Tudor to Recent Times, London, 1957, pp.2, 257–62

2 Ibid., p.237

3 Written 1861, first published 1864. See Tennyson, Poems, ed. Christopher Ricks, London, 1969, pp.1123–26

4 Arthur Young, General View of the Agriculture of the County of Lincoln, London, 1799, pp.382, 244

5 J. A. Clarke, ‘On the Farming of Lincolnshire’, JRASE, 12 (1851), pp.330–31

6 VCH Lincolnshire, II (1906), p.405

7 Ibid., p.401

8 Ibid., p.406

9 Ibid

10 Russell, ‘Revolt of the Field’ in Lincolnshire, p.93

11 VCH Lincolnshire, II (1906), p.499

12 Rex C. Russell, A History of Schools and Education in Lindsey, Lincolnshire: 1800–1902, 4 vols., Lincoln, 1965–67, I, p.68 — hereinafter cited as Russell, Education in Lindsey

13 Russell, Education in Lindsey, III, pp.81–82

14 PPGB 1867–8, 17, p.284

15 Ibid., p.283

16 A private gang worked permanently for one farm, under a ganger who was in the farmer's employ. A public gang was employed by an independent gangmaster, and moved from farm to farm on contract work.

17 PPGB 1867–8, 17, p.283

18 Ibid., p.285

19 Ibid

20 Ibid. p.284

21 Russell, Education in Lindsey, II, pp.27–34

22 Stamford Mercury, 10 July 1863, cited Russell, Education in Lindsey, II, p.32

23 Russell, Education in Lindsey, III, pp.54, 83

24 Ibid., IV, pp.46–47, 51–52; George Lester, Grimsby Methodism (1743–1889), London, 1890, p.106

25 Charles Turner [Revd Charles Tennyson-Turner], Small Tableaux, London, 1868, p.71

26 Alan Everitt, The Pattern of Rural Dissent: the Nineteenth Century, Leicester, 1972, p.67

27 Turner, Small Tableaux, p.63

28 Russell, Education in Lindsey, I, p.18

29 Ibid., III, p.65

30 PPGB., 1867–8, 17, p.283

31 Ibid., p.72

32 Russell, ‘Revolt of the Field’ in Lincolnshire, p.28

33 White's Lincolnshire Directory 1872, sub. Rothwell; Stamford Mercury. 20 November 1874, p.5

page 369

34 IM 10/3; Labourer (Boston), 31 July 1875, p.6

35 Thirsk, English Peasant Farming, p.146; VCH Lincolnshire, II (1906), pp.412–13

36 Russell, Education in Lindsey, IV, pp.31–32; Lester, Grimsby Methodism, p.107

37 The main sources for this account of Francis Sowerby are Grimsby Observer, 22 September 1886, p.2 (Obituary); Memorial Sketch of Mr Francis Sowerby of Aylesby, [? Grimsby, ?1890]; Enumerators' Schedules for Aylesby, censuses of 1841, 1851, and 1871.

38 Dunbabin, ‘The “Revolt of the Field”.’ p.70; Peacock, Revolt of the Fields in East Anglia, pp.9–10

39 G. Kitson Clark, The Making of Victorian England, London, 1962, p.122

40 The main source for this account of John H. White is an unpublished typescript by his son George Herbert White, in the possession of his granddaughter, Miss Judith White, of Wellington, N.Z. It is entitled ‘Autobiographical Sketches’ and dated ‘New Plymouth, 1952’. This account has been checked where possible against contemporary records, and found remarkably accurate. H. R. Wright, John H. White and the Coast Mission, [Auckland], 1960, is concerned mainly with White's later life in New Zealand.

41 G. H. White, ‘Autobiographical Sketches’, p.16

42 RG 10/3417, Public Record Office, London

43 ‘Caistor and Laceby Circuit Schedules 1868–1889’, County Archives, Lincoln

44 Russell, ‘Revolt of the Field’ in Lincolnshire, p.55

45 ‘Caistor and Laceby Circuit Schedules’; Harry Tomlinson, A Farm Labourer's Report of New Zealand, Grimsby, 1876, p.3

46 Labour League Examiner (Boston), 22 August 1874, p.1

47 Ibid., 16 May 1874, p.2

48 Ibid., p.1

49 RG 10/3420 Public Record Office, London. He sailed by the Waimea on 2 July 1876.

50 Russell, ‘Revolt of the Field’ in Lincolnshire, pp.68–69

51 Labourer (Boston), 20 Feburary 1875, p.6

52 Ibid., 9 September 1876, p.1

53 Labour League Examiner, 23 May 1874, p.2

54 Russell, ‘Revolt of the Field’ in Lincolnshire, p.68

55 Henry Tomlinson, Diary of … Voyage out to New Zealand…, Laceby, 1875, p.15

56 Labour League Examiner, 6 June 1874, p.4

57 Labourer (Boston) 16 January 1875, p.6; 23 January 1875, p.4

58 Ibid., 6 March 1875, p.4

59 Ibid., 26 June 1875, p.6

60 Ibid., 18 December 1875

61 Ibid., 1 July 1876, p.1

62 Labour League Examiner, 23 May 1874, p.2

63 Ibid., 22 August 1874, p.1

64 Ibid., 15 August 1874, p.1

65 Ibid., 23 May 1874, p.2; Duncan to Provincial Government, 10 July 1874, Papers Laid on the Table, Canterbury Provincial Council, Session XLII, No. 27, MS, Canterbury Museum Library.

66 Labour League Examiner, 15 August 1874, p.3; 5 September 1874, p.1; 26 September 1874, p.3

67 Stamford Mercury, 18 September 1874

68 They included John Hand, 60, farm labourer, his wife; his son Charles, 34, and his wife and three children; also William Maltby, 37, and his wife.

69 Labour League Examiner, 22 August 1874, p.1

70 Tomlinson, Diary, p.14

71 Labour League Examiner, 29 August 1874

72 Labourer (Boston), 24 April 1875, p.3. The link with Caistor is suggested by Traves's reference to ‘R. Coalbeck’, as one of those ‘that helped me out here’. This is probably ‘R. Coulbeck (miner)’ who spoke at a labourers' meeting in page 370 Caistor in March 1872 — see Russell, ‘Revolt of the Field’ in Lincolnshire, p.28. (Ironstone was mined at Nettleton.)

73 Labourer (Boston), 20 March 1875, p.3

74 Ibid., p.5

75 Ibid., p.3; 3 April 1875, p.3; 10 April 1875, p.6

76 CNZ, III, p.585

77 IM 6/4/1 — 76/548

78 Ibid.; Labourer (Boston), 30 September 1876, p.1

79 Labourer (Boston), 26 February 1876, p.3; RFNZ, p.O8

80 Rollo Arnold, ‘English Rural Unionism and Taranaki Immigration’, N.Z. Journal of History, 6 (1972), p.33

81 Taranaki Herald, 2 June 1875

82 Labourer (Boston), 20 February 1875, p.6

83 A.C. Sinclair, A History of Beelsby, London, 1947, p.8; Russell, Education in Lindsey, IV, p.30

84 Labourer (Boston), 27 March, 10 April, 1875

85 Ibid., 17 April 1875, p.4; ‘Caistor and Laceby Circuit Schedules’.

86 Labourer (Boston), 13 February 1875, p.5

87 Ibid., 5 June 1875, p.2

88 Ibid., 4 December 1875, 29 April 1876

89 CNZ, VI, p.175

90 Labourer (Boston), 10 July 1875, p.5

91 Ibid., 24 April 1875, p.4

92 Ibid., 8 May 1875, p.3

93 Ibid., 10 July 1875, p.6; Taranaki Herald, 11 September 1875, 19 February 1876

94 Labourer (Boston), 7 August 1875

95 Labour League Examiner, 29 August 1874, p.4

96 Taranaki Herald, 15 December 1875

97 Labourer (Boston), 23 October 1875, p.7

98 Ibid., 5 August 1876, p.1