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The Farthest Promised Land — English Villagers, New Zealand Immigrants of the 1870s

13 New Zealand — Arden

13 New Zealand — Arden

1 Weekly Herald (Wanganui), 19 April 1873, p.12; Wellington ndependent, 29 March 1870, Supplement, p.1

2 Sir Julius Vogel, ed., New Zealand: Land and Farming in New Zealand, London, 1879, pp.31–32; Yeoman (Wanganui), 5 March 1881, p.9

3 The matters outlined in this and the following paragraph are fully documented in Rollo Arnold, ‘The Opening of the Great Bush 1869–1881’ (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Victoria University of Wellington, 1972).

4 For bush settlement schools of the 1870s see Arnold, ‘North Island Education, 1871–1877’.

5 New Zealand sources for this account of the pioneering of the Moa Block are documented in Arnold, ‘English Rural Unionism and Taranaki Immigration’. This article did not draw on materials available only in Britain, and these are documented below.

6 Kent Messenger, 21 March 1874, p.8

7 Ibid., 28 March 1874

8 Labourers' Herald (Maidstone), 4 December 1874, p.3

9 R. W. Brown, Te Moa: 100 Years History of the Inglewood Community 1875–1975, New Plymouth, [1975], p.51

10 Ibid., p.52

11 Ibid., pp.51, 286

12 Labourers' Herald (Maidstone), 18 December 1874, p.7

13 AJHR 1875, D-5, p.1

14 Taranaki Herald, 19 December 1874, p.2; Taranaki News, 18 January 1875, p.5

15 Taranaki Herald, 13 January 1875, Supplement

16 Kent Messenger, 24 October 1874, p.8; Taranaki News, 18 February 1875

17 Taranaki News, 19 February 1875

18 Taranaki Herald, 27 February 1875

19 Taranaki News, 19 February 1875

20 Taranaki Herald, 9 June 1875; N.Z. Mail, 3 July 1875, p.18

21 A. Trimble, ‘A few notes on the Early History of Inglewood’, MS Papers 164/6, Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington.

22 Labourer (Boston), 5 February 1876, p.4

23 Taranaki Herald, 19 & 26 February, 11 March, 4 October, 1876

24 Ibid., 2 December 1876

25 Ibid., 26 July 1876

26 J.C.R. Ashworth, Souvenir to Celebrate the 70th Anniversary of the Inglewood Methodist Church, 1876–1946, Inglewood, 1946; Brown, Te Moa p.66; Labourer (Boston) 8 July & 21 October, 1876.

27 Taranaki Herald, 31 May 1876

28 Ibid., 30 August 1877

29 Ibid., 29 August 1877; J. E. Gifford, 100 Years of Timber, New Plymouth, 1963, pp. 12–15

30 Kent & Sussex Times, 15 June 1878, p.6

31 Brown, Te Moa, p.59

32 Votes and Proceedings of the Nelson Provincial Council, 1874 Session XXIV, pp 4, 11

33 See Jennifer Curtis, ‘The Special Settlements of Jackson's Bay and Karamea’ (unpublished MA thesis, University of Canterbury, 1973), pp.60–63, for a well-documented account of the circumstances leading to the choice of the Karamea site.

page 380

34 Nelson Provincial Government Gazette, Vol. XXV, p.105

35 Ibid

36 Curtis, ‘Special Settlements’, pp.63–64

37 Colonist (Nelson), 24 November 1874

38 List in Nelson Provincial Government papers, NP 23/3, N.Z. National Archives, collated with immigrant ship passenger lists.

39 Ibid

40 This account of the early years of the Karamea settlement is based mainly on archival material in NP 23/3, and on the 1877 Report on the settlement by A. Mackay, AJHR 1877, D-7.

41 AJHR 1875, D-5, pp.7–8

42 The First Prospectus, dated 20 November 1874, had been issued to the pioneer party. A more general prospectus, headed ‘Nelson Special Settlements’ was issued on 12 February 1875. Its terms were similar, but it made no mention of the 5 acre allotments.

43 L. Johnson, Pioneers of Karamea, (pamphlet) Nelson, 1942, pp.63–64

44 Curtis, ‘Special Settlements’, pp.181–82

45 AJHR 1877, D-7

46 R.C. Reid, Rambles on the Golden Coast of the South Island of New Zealand, 2nd ed., London, 1886, p.80

47 Chapter 8, above

48 IM 3/1/2 (75/685)

49 Ibid

50 English Labourer, 13 November 1875, p.6

51 English Labourers' Chronicle, 18 August 1877, p.8

52 This and the following paragraph are based on Arnold, ‘Opening of the Great Bush’, pp.115–25

53 R.J. Shaffer, ‘Woodville: Genesis of a Bush Frontier Community, 1874–1887’, (unpublished MA thesis, Massey University, 1973), pp.11–12

54 Woodville Jubilee Souvenir, 1877–1937 [Woodville, 1937], p.71

55 Ibid

56 Ibid., p.75

57 Hawke's Bay Herald, 30 May 1876, p.6

58 J. Broomhall, Fragments from the Journal of J. Broomhall, Esq., J.P., …, London, 1877, p.29

59 Information on Sowry from his death certificate (12 March 1904), and N.Z. Mail, 16 January 1885, p.8

60 C.B. Oldfield, 75 Years of Methodism in Woodville 1876–1951, n.p. [1959], p.8

61 L.G. Gordon, ‘Immigration into Hawke's Bay 1858–1876’ (unpublished MA thesis), Victoria University of Wellington, 1965, p.144

62 Oldfield, Methodism in Woodville, p.9; New Zealand Free Methodist Quarterly Magazine, 1881, p.43; N.Z. Methodist, 16 June 1888, p.7

63 J. Sowry to J.D. Ormond, 27 March, 4 April, 1876, Hawke's Bay Provincial Government Papers, HB 7/1 (u), N.Z. National Archives. For the account which follows, archival material in HB 7/1 (u), HB 4/11 and HB 6/10 has been drawn on.

64 Sowry to Ormond, 1 May 1876, HB 7/1 (u); English Labourer, 3 February 1877, p.3. (letter from Charles Hambling). HB 7/1 (u) has an undated list of the first 32 members, and a letter Sowry to Ormond, 13 June 1876, naming two further members.

65 HB 6/10

66 English Labourer, 3 February 1877, p.3

67 Hawke's Bay Herald, 30 May 1876, p.6

68 Oldfield, Methodism in Woodville, p.9

69 Sowry to Ormond, 31 October 1876, HB 4/11

70 AJHR 1878, H-1, p.62; AJHR 1879 Session II, H-2, p.16; CNZ, VI, p.569

71 Woodville Jubilee Souvenir, p.53

72 Both in IM 3/1

73 Hawke's Bay Herald, 24 October 1879

74 Guy & Potter, Primitive Methodism in New Zealand, p.119; Oldfield, Methodism in Woodville, p.10

75 Oldfield, Methodism in Woodville, p.10

76 Woodville Examiner, advt, March 1887 onwards

77 Weekly Herald (Wanganui), 26 June 1880, p.14

78 AJHR 1889, C-4, p.4

page 381

79 IM-W2/3; RFNZ, p.H32; Yeoman (Wanganui), 1 June 1883, p.5

80 This account is based on information from Miss Grace Robertson, Eltham, a granddaughter of Joseph and Louisa Johnson. In view of Louisa Johnson's contribution to the family income by her sewing, it is of interest that Miss Robertson is teaching homecraft and sewing at Stratford High School at the time of writing. For the original home at Ngaere, see Waikato Independent, 24 December 1958 (obituary of Mrs Eliza Johnson). A ‘ponga house’ was built from the fibrous trunks of the New Zealand tree fern.

81 IM-W2/3; Marriage certificate, Milroy-Sparks, 15 March 1881; RFNZ, p.S65; C.D. Carncross, Ngaere School 1882–1957: Souvenir Booklet (Eltham, 1957) p.6; Ngaire Co-operative Dairy Factory Company Limited 1893–1953 Eltham, 1953, p.16; AJHR 1900, H-23, p.45; Interviews, 22 August 1973 with Mrs M. Brosnan, Ngaere (granddaughter) and Mr George Boon, Stratford (grandson).

82 Yeoman (Wanganui), 23 March 1883, p.4

83 Ibid., p.8

84 Ibid., 30 March 1883, p.3

85 The minute book is in the possession of Mr. D. Thomson, Junction Road, New Plymouth. See Brown, Te Moa, p.248.

86 White's Lincolnshire Directory 1872, p.244, 246

87 Letter from Mr Peter Lineham, 37 Seven Oaks Drive, Christchurch, 17 February 1975

88 Johnson, Pioneers of Karamea, pp.17–18, 74–75; Dulcie Harmon, Karamea — a story of success [Karamea, 1975] pp.45–47

89 AJHR 1884, Session I, H-3, pp.13–14

90 RFNZ, p.P24; Woodville Examiner, 14 June 1887, advt