The Farthest Promised Land — English Villagers, New Zealand Immigrants of the 1870s
10 Cornwall and Devon
10 Cornwall and Devon
1 See PPGB 1893–94, 25, under Crediton.
2 Good contemporary accounts of the industry in the mid nineteenth century may be found in J. R. Leifchild, Cornwall: Its Mines and Miners, new impression, London, 1968, (first published 1853); and in Razzell and Wainwright, Victorian Working Class, pp.21–29
3 Leifchild, Cornwall, pp.286, 290
4 Rowe, Cornwall in the Age of the Industrial Revolution, p.225–26
5 W. F. Karkeek, ‘On the Farming of Cornwall’, JRASE, 6 (1845), p.446
6 Leifchild, Cornwall, pp.289–90; Razzell and Wainwright, Victorian Working Class, pp.28–29
7 W. G. V. Balchin, Comwall: An Illustrated Essay on the History of the Landscape, London, 1954, pp.50–51
8 Leifchild, Cornwall, pp.278–79
9 Ibid., p.164
10 Ibid., pp.288–89
11 Ibid., pp.289–90
12 Karkeek, ‘Farming of Cornwall’, p.407; Rowe, Cornwall in the Age of the Industrial Revolution, pp.235–36
13 Leifchild, Cornwall, p.284
14 Ibid., pp.298–99; Razzell and Wainwright, Victorian Working Class, p.28
15 Rowe, Cornwall in the Age of the Industrial Revolution, pp.151–54, 312–13
16 Carter to Featherston, 1 May 1873, IM 5/4/3
17 e.g. Matthew Berryman, 21, who sailed on the Halcione in May 1875, and Jonathan Bate, 24, who sailed on the Maraval in October 1878
18 IM 10/5
19 CNZ, II, p.479 (Moyle emigrated on the Charlotte Gladstone, sailing 3 November 1871).
20 CNZ, V, p.260. (Martin emigrated on the Caroline, sailing 12 October 1875).
21 e.g. Geo. Henry Hicks, 28, who sailed on the Queen Bee in July 1872; Joh Henry Gelland, 28, who sailed on the Rangitiki in July 1879; Thomas Rowell, 35, who sailed on the Opawa in August 1879. For evidence of a movement from agriculture to mining and back to agriculture, among Cornish assisted immigrants to New South Wales of a period which overlaps that of the present study, see Ross Duncan, ‘Case Studies in Emigration: Cornwall, Gloucestershire and New South Wales, 1877–1886, Economic History Review, 2nd series, 16 (1963), p.278.
22 Rowe, Cornwall in the Age of the Industrial Revolution, p.225
23 Ibid., p.221
24 Ibid., pp.210, 218
25 Karkeek, ‘Farming of Cornwall’, p.400
26 Ibid., pp.401–2
27 CNZ provides evidence for a number. See e.g. III, p.544, article on Anthony Francis (an immigrant by the Northern Monarch, sailing 31 October 1878).
28 PPGB 1881, 16, p.428
29 Rowe, Cornwall in the Age of the Industrial Revolution, pp.235–36
30 Karkeek, ‘Farming of Cornwall’, p.407
31 Ibid., p.460; Rowe, Cornwall in the Age of the Industrial Revolution, pp.233, 254
32 Rowe, op. cit., p.240
33 PPGB 1881, 16, p.427
34 A. L. Rowse, A Cornish Childhood, Grey Arrow ed., London, 1962, p.31
35 John Rowe, ‘The Great Emigration’ in The West Briton: 150th Anniversary Supplement, 21 July 1960, p.37
36 D. B. Barton, Essays in Cornish Mining History, Truro, 1968, p.67
37 Rowe, Cornwall in the Age of the Industrial Revolution, pp.204–7
38 Ibid., p.322
39 Ibid
40 The Times, 7 April 1874, p.9
41 Ibid., 2 December 1873, p.6
42 Ibid., 18 September 1872, p.5
43 Geoffrey Blainey, The Rush that Never Ended, 2nd ed., Melbourne, 1969, pp.130–1
44 The Times, 6 January 1874, p.6
45 Ibid., 9 October 1873, p.12; 13 October 1873, p.10; 17 October 1873, p.5
46 Ibid., 7 October 1873, p.7
47 Ibid., 13 October, 1873, p.9
48 Ibid., 17 November 1873, p.6; 24 November 1873, p.7
49 Ibid
50 Ibid., 28 October 1873, p.7; 30 December 1873, p.4
51 Ibid., 12 January 1874, p.6;7 April 1874, p.9
52 Ibid., 16 March 1874, p.6
53 Ibid., 7 April 1874, p.9
54 James Guy and W. S. Potter, Fifty Years of Primitive Methodism in New Zealand, Wellington, 1893, p.109
55 Ibid., N.Z. Methodist Times, 21 July 1934, p.9
56 The Times, 7 April 1874, p.9
57 Ibid. 13 April 1874, p.9
58 Ibid
59 Rowe, Cornwall in the Age of the Industrial Revolution, p.325
60 J. R. Ravensdale, ‘The China Clay Labourers' Union’, History Studies, I (1968), p.51
61 Ibid., pp.51–62
62 The Times, 28 November 1877, p.5
63 Ibid., 1 July 1878, p.7
64 Ibid., 9 November 1878, p.9
65 Ibid., 18 March 1879, p.10
66 Cited, G. W. Roderick and M. D. Stephens, Scientific and Technical Education in Nineteenth-Century England, Newton Abbot, 1972, p.101
67 A. G. Folliott-Stokes, The Cornish Coast and Moors, London, 1912, p.287
68 Ibid., p.285
69 IM 10/12
70 CNZ, III, p.114
71 IM 10/1
72 CNZ, III, p.727
73 IM10/5
74 IM10/5
76 RFNZ, p.A34
77 CNZ, II, p.479
78 IM10/4
79 IM 10/1
80 IM10/1
81 A. C. Todd and Peter Laws, The Industrial Archaeology of Cornwall, Newton Abbot, 1972, p.251
82 Rowe, Cornwall in the Age of the Industrial Revolution, p.320
83 Ibid., p.322
84 Stokes, Cornish Coast and Moors, p.104
85 IM 10/5
86 IM 10/1
87 N.Z. Methodist Times, 9 December 1933, p.20; IM 10/12
88 CNZ, III, p.1047; RFNZ, p.G52
89 Stamp, Land of Britain, IX, pp.448–49
90 IM 10/5
91 I am indebted especially to W. G. Hoskins, A New Survey of England: Devon, London, 1954, for this general description of Devon.
92 Hoskins, Devon, pp.58, 63–64, 71–74
93 Ibid, p.480
94 While the Return does not indicate the location of the land, most of these small holdings are likely to have been within Stockland Parish.
95 Kelly's Directory of Devonshire 1883, pp.407–8
96 Mr Willie James Bond (1879-), interviewed at Stockland by the writer, 6 December 1972
97 Mr. Ian Bond of Carterton, N.Z., interviewed at Carterton, 4 May 1973
98 E. L. Jones, Seasons and Prices, London, 1964, p.41; J. Chalmers Morton, ‘Some of the Agricultural Lessons of 1868’, JRASE, V (New Series) (1869), pp.27–73
99 This reconstruction of emigration from Stockland has been assisted by correspondence with a number of the descendants. Particularly valuable have been letters (4 May 1973, 2 June 1973 and 19 July 1973) from Mrs. Mary I. Shaw of Te Awamutu, a descendant of the Strawbridges. Also most useful were interviews with Mr. Ian Bond of Carterton, on 4 May 1973 and 21 June 1973.