Descriptive List of the Charts prepared by the Commercial, Labour and Statistical Department of the Board of Trade.

N.B.—The order of the Charts in the Exhibit is from top to bottom of the different columns, commencing at the top of the column on the left.

The Charts, twenty-eight in number, have been prepared to illustrate the Statistics of the United Kingdom relating to the following subjects:—Distribution of the industrial population according to occupations; Employment; Kates of Wages; Prices; Consumption of various dutiable articles and of Wheat; Proportionate Cost of various articles of Food; Pauperism; Foreign Trade; Shipping and Railway Traffic; Production and Consumption of certain raw materials and manufactures; Trade Disputes causing stoppage of work; Trade Unions; Workmen's Co-operative Societies; and Fatal Industrial Accidents.

The Statistics on which the Charts are based will be found for the most part in the annual and other Reports of the various Departments of the Board of Trade, supplemented by Reports issued by the Home Office, the Local Government Board, the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, and other Departments.

I. & II.—Occupations of the People.

These two Charts relate to the estimated numbers of persons occupied in certain manual labour groups ^* of trades in the United Kingdom. The figures in both Charts have been compiled by the Board of Trade from materials contained in the Tables of Occupations published in the Census Reports of the United Kingdom.

The first Chart shows the estimated number of persons occupied in fourteen groups of trades at the time of the Census of 1901. The groups shown are Agriculture; Domestic Service; Conveyance of Men, Goods, and Messages; Metal, Engineering, and Shipbuilding Trades; Clothing Trades; Textile Trades; Building Trades; Mining and Quarrying Industry; Food, Drink, and Tobacco Trades; Woodworking and Furnishing Trades; Printing, Bookbinding and Paper Trades; Brick, Pottery, Glass, and Chemical Trades; General Labour and other Undefined and Miscellaneous Trades. The total numbers occupied, distinguishing males and females, are shown in the first column of the Chart, the second column showing the numbers of persons of 20 years of age and above, and the third column the numbers under 20, in each of the fourteen groups of trades.

It will be seen that the leading industries for men are Agriculture, the Transport trades (conveyance of men, goods, etc.), the Metal trades, Building and Mining and Quarrying; and for women Domestic Service and the Clothing and Textile industries.

The second Chart shows, for seven principal groups of occupations, the fluctuations in the estimated numbers occupied in the different census years from 1801 to 1901. These seven groups are Agriculture; Female Domestic Service; Textile Trades; Metal, Engineering, and Shipbuilding Trades; Building Trades; Mining and Quarrying; and Tailoring and Boot and Shoe Trades.

The decline in the numbers occupied in Agriculture is shown, as also the increase in the Building, Mining and Quarrying and Metal trades, in each of which the numbers occupied have advanced by about 100 per cent, in the period covered. It should be remembered, however, that the changes in the number of persons occupied in an industry do not in themselves necessarily form a correct index to the progress of that industry over a series of years. Thus, in considering the decrease in the page break numbers occupied in the textile trades, and the comparatively stationary position of the numbers occupied in the tailoring and boob and shoe trades, it should be borne in mind that the productive capacity of those industries has greatly increased in the period under review, owing to the great improvements which have been made in the methods of manufacture.

Some part of the decrease in the number of Female Domestic Servants (indoor) as between 1891 and 1901 is due to a change in classification in the Census Reports, but the extent of the difference cannot be estimated.

III.—Employment.

This Chart is divided into two sections. The upper section shows the cyclical fluctuations in employment as indicated by the mean percentage of unemployed members of certain Trade Unions in each of the years 1860-1905.

During this period six distinct cycles of employment are shown to have occurred; the first, counting from one period of maximum employment to another being from 1860-1865; the second, 1865-1872; the third, 1872-1882; the fourth, 1882-1889; the fifth, 1889-1899; and the sixth, from 1899 to the present time, when employment after reaching its lowest point in recent years in 1904, is now moving upward. The years 1862, 1868, 1879, 1886, 1893, and 1904, were years of "minimum" employment (or maximum unemployment). The figures given are based on all the available returns from Trade Unions. It should be noted that these figures simply represent the average percentage of members of Trade Unions returned as being out of work through want of employment. They do not take into account overtime or short time, or the loss of time through sickness, holidays, strikes and unpunctuality.

In the lower section of the Chart the seasonal fluctuation's in employment are shown.

The improvement in employment shown to take place in the summer months is largely due to the inclusion of the building and other outdoor trades in which employment is at its best in those months.

IV., V. & VI.—Rates of Wages.

In these three Charts changes in rates of wages are shown according to the method of Index Numbers, the wages in 1900 being taken as 100, and the wages in other years shown as percentages of the rates in 1900.

The first of the Charts illustrates the changes in the general level of wages in each of the years 1874-1905; the second shows the changes since 1874 in five principal groups of trades; and the third the changes since 1850 in agricultural labourers' cash rates of wages in England and Wales.

The changes in wages dealt with in these Charts are changes in the standard time or piece rates of wages of the same classes of workpeople throughout. They do not show changes in earnings arising out of changes in hours, variations in the extent of employment offered, or altered conditions of working.

The index numbers in the first Chart are the un weighted mean of the index numbers for each of the five groups of trades shown in the second, in which the index numbers are based, in the case of the building trades, on the hourly rates of wages of bricklayers, carpenters and joiners, and masons (74 different records being used); in the case of coal mining on the percentage changes on the "standard" rates of wages of hewers in the principal districts, weighted according to their relative importance; in the case of engineering, on the weekly rates of wages of fitters, turners, ironfounders, and patternmakers (36 different records being used); in the case of textiles, on the percentage changes in rates of wages of cotton spinners and weavers in Lancashire, and linen and jute operatives at Dundee, and in the case of ordinary agricultural labourers on the cash rates of wages paid on 115 farms.

It will be seen that in 1900 the general level of wages was higher than at any other period and although wages are now a little lower than at that date they are still above the level of any year prior to 1899. In the second Chart the great fluctuations shown in the wages of coal miners are noteworthy. In this industry wages are mainly regulated by the changes in the selling price of coal.

In the Chart dealing with agricultural wages since 1850 the records of 69 farms have been used.

VII. & VIII.—Prices (Wholesale).

In the first of these Charts the general level of wholesale prices in the period 1871-1905 is shown. This is based on the combined index numbers of 45 articles which constitute the Board of Trade Index Number for Prices. The relative weight given to each article is proportional to the extent to which it enters into the national consumption.

In the second Chart the 45 articles are arranged in four groups, viz., Coal and Metals; Raw Materials of Textiles; Articles of Food and Drink; and other Raw Materials, etc.; and the fluctuations in the prices for each group are shown separately.

The 45 articles are—Coal, Iron, Copper, Zinc, Tin, Lead; Cotton, Wool (British), Wool (Foreign), Jute, Flax, Silk; British Wheat, Barley and Oats, Foreign Wheat, Barley and Oats, Maize, Hops, Bice, Potatoes, Beef, Mutton, Bacon, Milk, Eggs, Herrings, Sugar, Tea, Coffee, Cocoa, Foreign Spirits, Wine, Tobacco; Cottonseed, Linseed, Olive Oil, Palm Oil, Paraffin, Petroleum, Bricks, Timber, Caoutchouc, and Hides.

A general fall in prices is shown by the first of these Charts to have taken place since 1873, while in the second the fall is shown to have been common to the four groups of articles included, although not so marked in the case of coal and metals as in the other groups.

IX.—Prices of Wheat and Bread.

The upper section of this Chart shows for each year the market price per quarter (480 lbs.) of British Wheat in England and Wales for over 100 years (1800-1905), and the values of Foreign Wheat imported for the years 1854 to 1905. The lower section shows the retail price per 4 lbs. of Bread in London, Edinburgh, and Dublin, the price in London being given for the whole period 1800-1905, that for Edinburgh from 1824-1905, and that for Dublin from 1864-1905.

The high prices in the first few years of the 19th Century are very noticeable. The highest average price for any year in the period covered was in 1812, but the highest actual price during this period was in March, 1801, when the price of a quartern loaf was as much as 1s. 10½d. Bad harvests and the wars of the period were the main causes of these high prices. The effect of the British harvest in other years is also noticeable. Thus in 1838, 1853, 1860, and 1867, to quote a few cases, harvests were bad and prices rose, while in 1842, 1849, 1858, and 1863, harvests were good and prices fell. In later years prices have been increasingly affected by causes having their origin in other countries, thus in 1891 the stoppage of the export of Wheat from Russia and the failure of the French harvest was followed by a sharp rise in price, while in 1898 the "Leiter" corner had a similar result.

X., XI. & XII.—Retaii Prices in London.

The first Chart shows the percentage fluctuations in the general level of retail prices in 1877 1905 of nine of the principal articles of food consumed by the working classes in London. It is based on the prices of Beef, Mutton, Bacon, Bread, Flour, Potatoes, Tea, Sugar, and Butter.

In the two succeeding Charts are shown separately the percentage fluctuations in the prices of eight of the articles included in the foregoing Chart, the articles included in the first of the two Charts being Beef, Mutton, Bacon, and Butter, and in the second Tea, Sugar, Flour, and Bread. The period covered is from 1886 to 1905.

Between 1877 and 1896 a considerable fall is shown to have taken place in the retail price of the articles included in the first Chart, but since 1896 the tendency on the whole has been upward.

In the case of those articles for which prices are given separately since 1886, the fluctuations shown to have taken place in the price of Bacon are noteworthy. The reasons for the high price of Flour in 1892 and 1898 have already been referred to.

XIII. & XIV.—Consumption of Food, Drink, and Tobacco.

The first of these Charts shows the consumption per head of the population of certain dutiable articles. The number of pounds of Tea, Currants and Raisins, Coffee, Cocoa, Tobacco, and Sugar (raw and refined) consumed per head is shown for the period 1854-1905, and the consumption of British Beer in gallons for 1881-1905.

The rapid increase in the amount of Tea and Sugar consumed per head of population will be evident from this chart. The decline in the consumption of Coffee, and the increased use of Cocoa, especially of recent years, are also illustrated.

The amount of Sugar consumed has been taken to be the total quantity imported, less exports and re-exports. No allowance has been made for Sugar exported in jams, confectionery, etc.

The second Chart shows the total net consumption of Wheat (including flour) in the United Kingdom for the period 1854-1905, and also the amounts of British and Imported Wheat respectively.

The great change which has taken place during the last fifty years in the sources of the Wheat supply of the United Kingdom is brought out in this Chart, the home supply having declined very considerably, while at the same time the supply from foreign countries and the Colonies has rapidly increased.

In calculating the amount available for consumption in each year, one-third of the British harvest for that year, plus two-thirds of the harvest in the preceding year, plus imports of foreign Wheat in the year itself has been taken, less the allowances for export referred to below. It has been assumed that the amount actually consumed in each year is the mean of the amount available for consumption in the year itself, the preceding year and the succeeding year.

Wheat flour is expressed throughout in terms of Wheat on the assumption that 72 of flour = 100 of Wheat. Exported bread and biscuit is allowed for on the assumption that 75 per cent, is flour. The allowance for seed in the case of British Wheat is 2¼ bushels per acre from 1853 to 1886, and 2 bushels per acre for subsequent years.

XV.—Cost of Food.

This Chart shows the percentage cost of eight different groups of articles of Food consumed by (a) Urban workmen's families and (b) Agricultural labourers' families in England and Wales, Scotland and Ireland respectively. The eight groups represented are: (1) Meat and Fish; (2) Butter, Cheese, and Eggs; (3) Bread, Flour, and Meal; (4) Potatoes; (5) Sugar, Jam, and Treacle; (6) Tea; (7) Milk, and (8) other items of Food.

Agricultural labourers in some cases receive certain articles of food as part of their remuneration, or they grow their own potatoes, etc. For the purpose of the Chart food so obtained and consumed by the labourer has been included, and has been valued at the retail prices charged at local shops for similar articles. In some cases, however, produce is sold by farm labourers, and this, of course, is not included. In Ireland, for example, they usually sell their pigs and buy cheap foreign bacon for their own consumption. In the case of urban workmen's families the figures represent the proportionate amount expended on the different groups of articles. In reading this Chart it should be remembered that the percentages given are percentages of the total cost, and that owing to the difference in wages the total expenditure of an agricultural labourer is necessarily much less than that of an urban workman.

XVI.—Pauperism.

This Chart shows for the period 1855-1905 the number of paupers per 1,000 of population in (1) the United Kingdom; (2) England and Wales; (3) Scotland, and (4) Ireland.

The figures in each case relate to paupers of all classes (including insane paupers). The number of paupers given for England and Wales, Scotland and Ireland, respectively, is the mean of the number of persons in receipt of relief on certain days, viz., England and Wales on 1st July and 1st January in the succeeding year; Scotland on 15th January, 14th or 15th May, and 15th September; Ireland on the last day in the first week of each month from April in one year to March in the succeeding year. The figures for the United Kingdom are based on the totals of these mean numbers.

It will be seen that having regard to the increase in population the proportion of paupers in the United Kingdom has fallen since 1855, a result which is also shown by the figures for England and Wales and Scotland. In Ireland, however, where the population has declined very considerably during the period the number of paupers shows a large increase per 1,000 of population, although in more recent years the movement has been more or less parallel to that in England and Wales and Scotland.

XVII.—Foreign Trade.

This Chart is in two sections, the upper section shows the value of the total Imports and total Exports^* respectively, together with the total value of the Imports for home consumption and the total value of Exports of British and Irish produce for 1854-1905. The lower section shows the value of Imports for home consumption and of Exports of British and Irish produce, per head of population.

XVIII.—Shipping and Railway Traffic.

In the upper section of this Chart the net tonnage of the vessels entered and cleared with cargoes in the foreign trade at ports in the United Kingdom is shown for the years 1854-1905, and in the lower section the receipts from Railway goods traffic are given for 1854-1905, the total receipts in each year and the amount of such receipts per head of population being separately distinguished.

XIX. & XX.—Production and Home Consumption.

In the first of these Charts the production and home consumption of Coal and Pig Iron are shown, the period being 1854-1905, except in the case of the home consumption of Coal, particulars of which are only available for the years 1873-1905.

The second Chart shows the home consumption of Raw Cotton and Raw Wool, and the net tonnage of all vessels built in the United Kingdom (excluding only war vessels built for the British Navy).

XXI. & XXII.—Trade Disputes.

These two Charts relate to Trade Disputes causing stoppage of work, i.e., Strikes and Lock-outs. The first classifies the numbers directly affected, according to trade, cause and result. The second shows for each of the years 1894-1905 the number of workpeople directly and indirectly affected by the disputes, and the aggregate duration of the disputes in working days.

During the period covered the industry most affected by disputes has been Coal Mining. The disputes of greatest magnitude were the Scottish Coal Miners' dispute of 1894; the Engineers' dispute of 1897-8, and the South Wales Coal Miners' dispute of 1898. The principal causes of disputes have been questions relating to wages.

XXIII. & XXIV.—Trade Unions.

The first of these Charts shows the membership of all Trade Unions in 1892-1904, classified according to trade, the mean membership during the thirteen years being thus shown, as well as the membership in each year. In the second the expenditure of 100 principal Unions has been analysed, the expenditure on Trade Disputes and the chief classes of friendly benefit, and on working and other expenses being indicated for each of the thirteen years and for the mean of the period.

The fluctuations in the amounts spent on dispute pay and unemployed benefits, and the almost continuous increase in the amounts spent on sick and accident benefits and superannuation allowances are noteworthy features in the second Chart.

XXV. & XXVI.—Workmen's Co-Operative Societies.

The first of these Charts shows for 1904 (1) the. Sales of Wholesale and Retail Distributive Societies; and (2) the value of goods produced by Productive Co-operative Societies, classified (a) according to class of society and (b) according to the class of articles produced.

In the second Chart the growth of Co-operation since 1862 is shown, the amount of the Sales, the Share and Loan Capital, and the Membership being represented for each year during the period 1862-1904.

The figures for sales relate to the value of the goods sold by the Wholesale Societies to Retail Societies, and by the Retail Societies to their customers. They also include the value of goods sold by Societies for Production (including Corn Milling Societies), but not the value of goods produced by the Productive Departments of the Wholesale and Retail Distributive Societies and transferred to their Distributive Departments, the figures not being available for the entire period.

XXVII. & XXVIII.—Fatal Industrial Accidents.

The last two Charts in the exhibit deal with Fatal Industrial Accidents. One shows the relative risk of death from accident in certain occupations, expressed as a death rate per 10,000 of the numbers employed. The occupations shown are:—seafaring, coal mining, quarrying, metal mining, railway service, and the various factory industries. The rates are based on the experience of the five years 1901-1905. The other shows the fluctuations from year to year in the total number of deaths by industrial accidents in the principal occupations covered by legislation, viz., those of seamen from 1885, coal miners, metal miners, railway servants, and factory operatives from 1880, quarry men, and the miscellaneous occupations from 1896.

It should be remembered that these figures relate to fatal accidents only. Accidents resulting in the total or partial disablement of a workman, or deaths resulting from diseases arising out of the nature of the occupation are not covered by these statistics. The figures for coal miners and metal miners relate to the number of fatal accidents at mines under the Coal Mines Regulation Acts and the Metalliferous Mines Acts respectively, and, as in some districts certain metal mines come under the Coal Mines Regulation Acts, the figures showing the actual number of deaths among coal miners are overstated, and among metal miners are understated on this account throughout the period.

The high death rate from accident amongst seamen is noticeable in this Chart. The least dangerous occupation is shown to be that of textile operatives, in which the death rate from accident per 10,000 employed is shown to be only 0.7 as compared with 58.1 per 10,000 in the case of seamen.

The proportionate decline in the case of steam vessels is seen to have been much greater than in the case of sailing vessels, a fact to which, owing to the greater number of seamen employed on steam vessels, the decrease in the number of deaths in recent years is largely due.

I. Occupations. Number of Persons Occupied in Certain Groups of Industries, 1901.

Shaded portions = Females.

II. Occupations. Changes in the Numbers Occupied in Certain Groups of Industries. 1861-1901.

III. Employment. Cyclical and Seasonal Fluctuations.

Based on Returns from Trade Unions.

Cyclical Fluctuations, 1860-1905.

Mean Percentage Unemployed in Each Year.

Seasonal Fluctuations, 1888-1905.

Mean Percentage Unemployed at End of Each Month of the Year.

Based on the Experience of 18 Years. 1888-1905.

IV. Wages. Fluctuations in General Wages, 1874-1905.

V. Wages. Fluctuations in Wages, 1874-1905.

Fluctuations in Standard in Stamdard Rates of Wages in Principal Groups of Trades.

Vi. Wages. Wages of Agricultural Labourers, 1850-1905^*.

VII. Prices. Fluctuations in Wholesale Prices, 1871-1905.

Chances in the Level of General Prices.

VIII. Prices. Fluctuations in Wholesale Prices. 1871-1905.

Changes in the Level of Prices of Groups of Articles Included in Board of Trade Index Number.

IX. Prices Prices of Wheat & Bread, 1800-1905.

Market Price Per Quarter of British and Imported Wheat.

British Wheat (England & Wales) Imported Wheat

Retail Price per 4 lbs. of Household Bread in London, Edinburgh & Dublin.

London—Edinburgh—Dublin—

X. Prices. Fluctuations in Retail Prices of Food in London, 1877-1905.

(Based on the Prices of Nine Principal Articles.)

XI. Prices. Fluctuations in the Retail Prices of Beef Mutton, Bacon and Butter, in London, 1886-1905.

XII. Prices. Fluctuations in the Retail Prices of Tea Sugar, Flour & Bread, in London, 1886-1905.

XIII. Consumption. Consumption per Head of Population of Certain Dutiable Articles, 1854-1905.

Tea, Currants & Raisins. Tobacco. Coffee and Cocoa

Sugar (raw & refined) and British Beer

XIV. Consumption. Consumption of Wheat (including flour) In United Kingdom, 1854-1905.

XV. Cost of Food. Proportionate Retail Cost of Various Kinds of Food Consumed by Workmens Families.

XVI. Pauperism. Rate Per 1,000 of Population, 1855-1905.

XVII. Foreign Trade. Imports and Exports, 1854-1905.

Total Imports and Exports

Imports & Exports Per Head of Population.

"Exclusive of New Ships Exported.

XVIII. Traffic. Shipping and Railway Traffic.

Shipping, 1854-1905.

Net Tonnage of Vessels Entered and Cleared.

With Cargoes Only. In The Foreign Trade.

Railway Goods - Traffic Receipts, 1854-1905:

XIX. Production and Consumption.

Production & Consumtion of Coal & Pig Iron, 1854-1905.

XX. Production and Consumption.

Consumption of Raw Cotton and Raw Wool. & Tonnage of Ships Built, 1854-1905.

XXI. Trade Disputes. Number of Workpeople Directly Affected Classified by Trades, Causes and Results.

Mean of 12 Years 1894-1905.

XXII. Trade Disputes. Number of Workpeople Directly and Indirectly Affected and Aggregate Duration in Working Days in Each Year, 1894-1905.

XXIII. Trade Unions. Membership of All Trade Unions.

Membership in Each Year, 1892-1904 And Mean for Period, Classified by Trades.

XXIV. Trade Unions. Analysis of Expenditure of Trade Unions. 1892-1904.

Expenditure on Disputes. Working Expenses, and Each Class of Friendly Benefit by 100 Principal Trade Unions for Each Year, and Mean for Period.

XXV. Co-Operation. Co-Operative Distribution & Production in 1904.

Sales of Wholesale and Retail Distributive Societies.

Value of Goods Produced Classified by

XXVI. Co-Operation. Growth of Co-Operation, 1862-1904.

Growth of Sales & Share & Loan Capital

Growth of Membership

XXVII. Fatal Industrial Accidents.

Mean Annual Death Rate Based on Experience of 1901-5.

Accident Death Rate per 10.000 Employed.

XXVIII. Fatal Industrial Accidents.

Number Killed Among Principal Classes of Workpeople, 1880-1905.

children were given a picnic. The school officials invited Mr. Carnegie to coine, and he did, bringing with him his wife and his daughter Margaret.

"My girls would like to dance the Highland Fling me; for you. Mr. Carnegie," said one teacher. After the dance he applauded heartily.

"What nationality are they?" he asked suddenly.

"Italians, most of them," was the reply.

"They danced like Scotch children," he commented there by adding to the evidence that America is the melting pot of the nations.

Then he wrote a check for $100 to be spent by the teacher for the children.

Helen Gould

Had her picture taken unawares recently. Although her name is much before the public, she is personally so retiring that she will not pose before the camera. For that reason the photograph is the better likeness of her showing her with natural attitude and expression.

Miss Gould is a serious woman. She looks upon life as a responsibility—a responsibility for others as well as for herself.

She is deeply religious, and in a simple sense, for her Presbyterianism is of the kind that accepts the Bible literally. With this religion, Miss Gould is not gay, though she is kind.

A house party at Lyndhurst, her country place on the Hudson, is not a frivolous affair. There are often some visiting children, who learn verses from the Bible for prizes. The busy secretaries and young women, cousins of Miss Gould, who live with her, may be arranging for an entertainment at a church sewing circle. Miss Gould has sometimes two and three church affairs a week.

Miss Gould does not enjoy the so-called society function and she has a horror of "smart" society. Her house on Fifth Avenue in New York is closed much of the time, and when she is there she lives quietly, with only her intimate friends and her family visiting her. She prizes her father's wonderful pictures as she does everything that was his, but she has no enthusiasm for the collection and has never added to it.

She has a Crippled Children's Home at Tarrytown, near Lyndhurst, and pays it frequent visits during the summer.

She is an advocate of world peace, and has been a regular attendant at Peace Conferences. At the outbreak of the Spanish American war she gave the United States Government $100,000 for hospital service.

The lot of an heiress to millions, charming as it may seem to the average girl, has its drawbacks. Miss Gould is overwhelmed with begging letters, and for many years she has had to reckon with a man who was obsessed with the idea that he should marry her.

Queen Victoria of Spain

Gives to the world many evidences of emulating the example of her grandmother and namesake, Queen Victoria of England. She is wife and mother before she is Queen, and at last she appears to have broken, through the barriers of the etiquette of the Spanish court, and won the respect which at first was refused her. The domestic ideal never had been set up in Bourbon Madrid before the arrival of the young English Queen.

The shyness of the new-comer, misinterpreted as British coldness, 'retarded the growth of her influence. She was in a strange land, and alone. But presently the Spanish people realized that the sober young Queen was faithful to her duties. King Al-fonso never had been robust. The Queen devoted herself to being his cheerful comrade encouraging him to participate in the healthy out-of-door sports to which she herself had been trained as English girls are trained.

The country to-day thanks the Queen for the continued life of the King, whose health apparently is better than it has been for many years. That does not mean, however, that Alfonso is strong and rugged. His constitution is fragile by heritage and always will be, though he may live to a normal age. European report stages that he will spend the coming winter in the Swiss Mountains.

But the succession is provided for, and the certain peril that would have come to the Spanish government if the King had died without an heir is avoided. She is the mother of two sons, Alfonso, Prince of the Asturias, born May 10, 1907; and Prince Jaime, born July 22, 1908; and of a daughter, Princess Beatrice, born July 21, 1909.

Queen Victoria of Spain and Her Children

The Prince of the Asturias, at the right, holds his hand at salute, soldier fashion. Prince Jaime, the second son, is in the middle, and at the left is little Princess Beatrice, who is not yet two years old. The Queen takes her children for a daily walk