(d.) Water.

Standing water; ponds; pond life.

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Springs and running water-dear water looks shallower than it is. Simple experiments in illustration.

Study of flow of a stream. Where the flow is quicker (a) in the middle; (b) on one side, outer and inner bend. Where the bank is eaten away, and where sand is spread out. Varying bottom; deep pools, shallows, sand banks. Confluence of tributary. Delta. Measure the speed at which the water flows.

Study of sea-shore, Rocky and sandy coasts. Soundings. The rise and fall of the tide. Currents. Drifting sand. Effect of frost on cliffs. Breakwaters. Layers of soil and rock exposed down the side of a cliff.

Measure with thermometer the temperature of (a) a spring; (b) a stream; (c) a pond; (d) the sea.

Ice: Study hardness, mode of fracture; splitting blocks with a needle. Does it sink or swim in water? Easy to make two surfaces of ice freeze together. Simple experiments with ice.

Watch and record behaviour of thermometer plunged in melting ice.

Melt some ice carefully to find out whether it takes up more or less room than the water into which it changes/ (Force a mass of ice into & lump of clay and let it melt there.)

Freeze some water in a bottle and note bursting of bottle. Bursting of pipes.

Notes on expansion and contraction of substances illustrated by behaviour of water at different temperatures. Preliminary notion of thermometer.

Watch cold spring-water being heated to boiling-point in transparent glass vessel. Note bubbles of air given off, and as the water is heated bubbles of steam rising from below. Observe force of compressed steam. Preliminary notion of steam-engine.

Dribble powdered alum into clear water. Hang thread in the solution and note the formation of crystal. Alum and other crystals.

Expose to the air crystals of (1) salt, (2) soda. Note change. What difference. What difference according to weather. Expose to the air crystals of saltpetre, and note result.

Dribble salt into clear water, and note that it dissolves, quicker at first, then slower, at last no more is dissolved. Place a fresh egg in saturated solution, and afterwards transfer it to clear water.

One liquid is denser than other. Compare water and mercury. Thing which float in mercury and sink in water.

Upward pressure of water on bodies dropped into it-Why bodies sink or float. Why steel ships float. Why cork floats.

Simple experiments in displacement of water.

Simple experiments in pressure of water and pressure of air. Siphon. Squirt. Pump, Diving-bell

Distillation of water. Filtration.

Water—a combination of two gases, oxygen and hydrogen simple experiments.