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The Pamphlet Collection of Sir Robert Stout: Volume 74

(c.) The Surface of the Land

(c.) The Surface of the Land.

Level or sloping Simple way of measuring slope. Height of school and neighbouring hill-tops above sea-level.

Flow of water over the land. Neighbouring stream or streams. Water-partings.

The river basin in which the school is situated.

Construct a model fountain and make simple observations on the pressure of water. Mill-dam. A " head " of water. Notion of falling water as a motor.

Soils. Clay, sand, slate, granite, chalk, quarries near school, gravelpits, clay-pits, brick-works. (Note how the rocks lie, in layers or in masses without structure.)

Stones in the brook, water-worn; pebbles on beach, rounded; pebbles in gravel-pit often with sharp edges, perhaps ice-borne.

Difference between sand and mud. Crumbling rocks. Effect of frost on damp rocks.

Caves by the sea formed by the waves; caves inland formed by rain dissolving limestone; stalactites. (A lesson for schools in limestone regions or near rocky coasts.)

Building stone, marble, slate, Bath stone, sandstone, &c.

In marble, note shells, &c. Note plants in coal.

Volcanic rocks. Lava, brimstone, pumice-stone, basalt or whinstone (according to the nature of the district).

Rock salt; crystals of salt. Salt in sea water. Mineral in solution.

Hard and soft water. Bain water compared with streams from chalk or limestone; leavings after evaporation. Fur in kettles. Softening hard water.

(In certain districts) other minerals in solution, sulphur wells, iron springs, medicinal waters.

Mortar and cement. (Slake lime and make mortar; note the heat, &c.)

Surface soils. Crumbled rocks. Water-borne sand and mud. Vegetable mould and earth-worms.

Vegetation and cultivation. Forest, moor, and heath. Heathers.

Hedgerow trees, elms, ashes.

Trees of the forest, oak, beech, birch.

Evergreen trees, pines and firs.

Evergreen plants and shrubs, holly, ivy, box. Contrast evergreen and deciduous leaves. (Note change at fall of leaf. Autumn tints. Press specimens.)

Riverside trees, willows, poplars, aspens.

Hill pastures and meadows. Turf on the downs and hay in the valleys.

Gardens and their contents. Garden fruits and wild fruits. Garden flowers and wild flowers.