Zaba's Method of Studying Universal History.

Locke, the eminent English philosopher, said, "Memory is, as it were, the store-house of our ideas; for the narrow mind of man, not being capable of having many ideas under view and contemplation at once, it was necessary to have a repository to lay up those ideas, which at another time it might make use of. A methodical arrangement of the contents of such a repository enables its owner to find any article that he may require, with the utmost readiness!' Precisely, my method is calculated to arrange that very store-house in such an orderly manner as to enable its owner to find, with the utmost readiness and quickness, the required article. Such an advantage, surely, is worth possessing, even at the cost of extra trouble and application page 4 Let us consider only the number of subjects, both in science and literature, each voluminous and full of interest. The sphere of the human mind is not sufficiently large, nor life sufficiently long, to grapple with the many difficulties obstructing the pursuit of knowledge. But, as steam and telegraph help us in a certain degree to obtain victory over time and distance, in like manner, means should be found for accelerating the march of our progress in the acquisition of knowledge. For instance, the subject of Universal History demands close attention, both in the collection of facts and in their arrangement according to the order of time at winch each of them took place.

As no one can be admitted within the precincts of the philosophy of History without having his mind well stored with facts, which constitute the links of a chain of ideas, therefore, the knowledge of facts and of chronology becomes an absolute necessity. On that very account, the study of Universal History taxes the mind severely. Few indeed are successful, and even they, after long and unabated perseverance, feel the want of some guide to lead them on from point to paint.

Many an attempt was made to supply this want. The ingenuity of man did not remain inactive in devising plans for so important a purpose. Each small contribution to the common stock of human knowledge should receive its due attention; and I claim no other favor for any Method. It is simple—practical in its application, and admirably adapted to the study of Universal History in particular. It offers many advantages to the student of History. He is enabled ho examine, year by year, or century by century, without the least deviation from the order in which the events occurred. Order in the arrangement of thoughts, and in the classification of ideas, would give him an easy command over the whole subject, however voluminous. As the object of this book is simply to teach the Method, I will not unnecessarily swell its proportions. Let us, therefore, at once proceed to the explanation of it, and the manner in which the learner is to acquire it.

page 5

The following Diagram forms the basis of the Method:

It is a square or, to make my explanation more familiar let us suppose that it is a bookcase, containing, ten shelves. Each shelf is divided into ten equal partitions, which run from left to right, as the Diagram shows. We have therefore, one hundred partitions enclosed within the square. In the application to the study of History, each partition represents one year. Consequently, on each shelf there are ten years and the whole forms One Century. Each year is subdivided into nine compartments, which arc also read from left to right. And these compartments convey to us each a distinct notion of tine character of the event which took place in that year. The meaning of the Symbols located in the compartments is as follows:

page 6

Besides the above nine compartments, there is one Symbol more—which is placed within the year like a border, to represent remarkable events having no specific reference to the nine compartments.

After the explanation of the shelves, their partitions, and the Symbols of each compartment, the attention is drawn, first, to the horizontal line, which divides the Diagram into two equal parts, and is called the Middle Line. In the flight of our observations, that line will be a resting point, from which our survey o the localities on each side of it will be easier and quicker. Secondly, the perpendicular line, which divides the shelves into two equal parts, leaving five years on each side, is of the utmost importance, Indeed, the eye should be always kept on that line, which is called the Central line, as it will give us the fullest command over the whole Diagram, and enable us to convert rapidly each locality into the number it represents.

The following Diagram demonstrates the utility of that rule:

page 7

As we cast our eye upon the fifth partition of the first shelf, which is on the left side of the central line, and look down to the bottom of the line, we see that each partition of each shelf, occupying the some position, represents the number 5. Thus, on the first shelf will be simply 5; on the second, 5 also; but we must add to it the whole first shelf, namely, 10—it will be 15; on the third, 25, etc. Hence, if a symbol is placed in any of those partitions, we perceive at a glance that it is 5, to which it is necessary to add the number of complete shelves above it. On the other side of the central line are all the sixes. Then, on the left side of the central line, as we recede from it, are 4, 3, 2, 1; and after the sixes, going forward, 7, 8, 9, 10. The plainness of this arrangement speaks for itself. In order that the learner should not loose sight of the Central line, which will aid him principally in being able to call at will the Diagram before his mind's eye, the rules of the exercise are framed to suit the object in view—and the beginners should literally adhere to them. Thus, though History will be the subject of our study, let it be looked upon, not as the end, but the means for the acquisition of the knowledge of the method. Consequently, no anxiety should be felt to retain in memory, by its ordinary grasp, either the names of events or the dates in connection with them. Instead of that, concentrate your attention upon the localities, the symbols, their color and form. In the course of lessons, localities should never be mentioned by the number they happen to represent, but in reference to the position they occupy relatively to the central line. By these means the arrangement of the Diagram will in is short time become familiar; and the mind, assuming its form, will keep the store-house of thoughts and ideas in perfect order.

Now, let us give a practical illustration of the manner in which the study is pursued. The learner is provided with a board, containing a sufficient number of plain diagrams to form out of them a Historical Chart of the nineteen centuries of the Christian era; also, with a box of large and small crystals of various colors. In the first page 8 century (see the Historical Chart) three colors are required Black, for the History of the Roman Empire; Blue, for the History of the Christian Church; Red, for British History. A Diagram of the first century, filled with the symbols, is placed before him with a key, giving explanation of their meaning and the names of events. Then commence as follows: First, we name the color; next, the shelf; then the partition, or its relative position to the central line; finally, the compartment. Symbol after symbol is to be copied with crystals upon the board of plain diagrams. First, what color? a small black—on what shelf? It being on the right side of the central line (for counting is of course done from left to right), and as the mention of the numbers should be suppressed, we shall therefore say, one beyond the central line. Now, in which compartment ? Second compartment. Its meaning? Conquest: black color? Roman history; read; a conquest was made by the Romans. We require now to know, what conquest? The key supplies the name: Judea. That name is attached to the symbol, and its reading will be complete: a conquest was made by the Romans of Judea. The number of locality G, in the year G. What do we see next? a small black. On what shelf on the same shelf; what partition, and its relative position to the central line The position is indicated by the number of partitions distant from the central line. It will be therefore said: four beyond the central line. In which compartment I first. Its meaning? war; but, as the form of the symbol occupies half only of that compartment, it is a battle; therefore, it is a battle fought by the Romans. With whom? The name is added from the key: with Herman, a German prince; year? 9. Again, a small black: on the second shelf, in which partition It being on the left side of the central line, counting from right to left, it will be said: two before the central line. Consequently, all distances on the left side of the central line will be called before; and on the right side, beyond the central line.

Let us return to our last symbol. We have said, two page 9 before the central line—which compartment? in the fifth compartment—its meaning? Sovereign—a Roman sovereign—name I Tiberius. Tiberius began to reign in the year? read as you see, without diverting your attention by thinking of number: locality shows plainly 14. Again, another small black on the same shelf, four beyond the central line, in the fourth compartment. Its meaning? eminent man—it being a straight cross—it means, death of au eminent man. Name? Germanicus. Year? 19. Next, a small black, on the third shelf, one beyond the central line, in the fourth compartment; name, Pontius Pilate, in the year 26, was made Governor of Judea, which is above his head on the first shelf, by Caesar Tiberius, who rests on the second shelf. Further, large blue, five beyond the central line; or, for shortness, it may be said, at the end of the same shelf. Blue? History of the Christian Church; large symbol? remarkable event; name? Baptism of Christ; year, 30. Who was then Governor of Judea? We retrace our steps, and stop at the symbol occupying the fourth compartment on the same shelf: Pontius Pilate; year, 26. Who was then Caesar? We go back, and stop at the symbol occupying the fifth compartment on the second shelf: Tiberius; year, 14.

Thus we acquire a habit of order in the arrangement of our thoughts. In that manner we pursue our study to the end of the first century. Then the crystals are removed, and the same process repeated twice or three times. After half a dozen lessons the learner should examine himself, not in the dates and names of the events, but whether he can see mentally the organization of the diagram and the color and form of the symbols, also their relative position to the Central line. No sooner can his mind realize all this, than his memory will become quick and ready, and the progress in the acquisition of knowledge will be rapid, easy, and free from any mist or confusion. As soon as the eye is sufficiently familiar with the first century, extend the practice to the second: and so on, until you embrace the whole range of the chart. Beginners generally feel some doubt page 10 as to the possibility of their recollecting the names of the events; but without entering into any explanation of the invisible Workings of the human mind, I can speak from experience, that seeming difficulty will imperceptibly disappear, if the learners strictly adhere to the rules laid down.

As to the history before the Christian Era, the computation of time will depend upon the point from which it will be started. For example, if we wish to know how many years before the Christian Era the triumvir of Julius Caesar existed? in that case the century in which we find Caesar is the first century before Christ—and the last year of the said century will be the first year before Christ—consequently, We reverse the order of things, counting from right to left, and climb up to the point required. But when we wish to ascertain how many years after the foundation of Rome? then, we start from the foundation of Rome, and our course will be a continuous descent until we arrive at Julius Caesar—that is to say, our counting will be like in the Christian Era from left to right.

In conclusion, I consider it my sacred duty to do justice to the memory of my deceased friend and companion of arms, General Bern, who together with me, devoted his literary talents to this subject—But from 1848, the work was left to me alone, and I hope to have succeeded in rendering this method practical as to its extensive application in the province of education.

page break

page break

Key to Zaba's Chart.

Explanation of Colors.

page break

History Before Christ.

Century 24th.

• Deluge.

Century 20th.

• Abraham.
• Call of Braham.
• Ishmael.

Century 19th.

• Sodom and Gomorrah.
• Isaac.
• Sarah.
• Esau and Jacob.
• Abraham.

Century 18th.

• Ishmael.
• Joseph.
• Joseph sold.
• Isaac.
• Joseph governor of Egypt.
• The Jews settle at Goshen.

Century 17th.

• Jacob.
• Joseph.

Century 16th.

• Aaron.
• Moses.
• Flight of Moses.

Century 15th.

• Exodus.
• Plague.
• Moses.
• Joshua.

Century 14th.

• Ruth.

page 14

Century 13th.

• Deborah.
• Gideon defeats the Midianites.

Century 12th.

• Jephtha defeats the Ammonites.
• Samson.
• Samuel

Century 11th.

• Saul.
• Goliath.
• David.
• Absalom.
• Solomon.
• Dedication of the Temple.

Century 10th.

• Kingdoms of Israel and Judah.

Century 9th.

• Translation of Elijah.
• Elisha.

Century 8th.

• Rome founded.
• Fall of the kingdom of Israel.
• Numa Pompilius.

Century 7th.

• Tullus Hostilius.
• Combat of Horatii and Curiatii.
• Judith.
• Ancus Martius.
• Tarquinius Priscus.
• First of the seventy years of captivity.

Century 6th.

• Fall of the kingdom of Judah.
• Servius Tullius.
• Return of the Jews from captivity.
• Tarquinius Superbus.
• Second Temple.
• Expulsion of Tarquinius.
• Commercial Treaty with Carthage.
• Porsenna.

page 15

Century 5th.

• Lartius (dictator.)
• Plebsians.
• Coriolanus proscribed.
• With Veientes.
• Decemvirs—12 tables.
• Abolition of Decemvirs.
• Standing Army.
• With Veintes.

Century 4th.

• Veii.
• Rome laid in ashes by Brennus—Camillus.
• Manlius thrown from Tarpeian Rock.
• Licinian laws.
• Praetor and Ædile.
• With Samnites.
• Latins and Campanians.
• With Samnites.

Century 3rd.

• Etrurians and Samnites.
• Samnites.
• Etrurians.
• Pyrrhus.
• Defeat of Pyrrhus near Beneventum
• Lower Italy.
• First Punic.
• Dullius's naval victory.
• Sicily—with Carthage.
• Second Punic.
• Cannae.
• Zama—with Carthage.

Century 2nd.

• Cynoscephale.
• Magnesia.
• Scipio Africanus.
• Pydna—Macedonia—Persecution of the Jews—Matthias.
• Juda Maccabaeus.
• Jonathan Maccabaeus.
• Third Punic.
• Carthage.
• Simon Maccabaeus.
• Numantia—Tiberius Graccus.
• caius Graccus.page 16
• Jugurtha.
• Defeat of the Cymbri by Marius.

Century 1st.

• First Mithridadic.
• Civil.
• Marius.
• Cinna—with Mithridate.
• Second Mithridatic—Sylla (dictator).
• Sylla.
• Third Mithridatic.
• Spartacus leads the slaves.
• Defeat of Spartacus.
• Pontus.
• Syria.
• Jerusalem.
• Catilina.
• Triumvir of Julius Caesar, Pompey and Cressus.
• Gaul.
• Invasion of Britain by Julius Coesar.
• Civil.
• Pharsalia.
• Cato.
• Julian Calendar.
• Assassination of Caesar.
• Cicero—Second triumvir of Octavius. Anthony and Lepidus.
• Philipi.
• Herod.
• Actium.
• Egypt.
• Octavius takes the name of Augustus Caesar.
• Mecaenas.

page 17

Christian Era.

Century 1st.

• Judaea.
• Defeat of the Romans by Herman at Romanfeld.
• Tiberius.
• Germanicus.
• Pontius Pilate.
• Baptism of Chist.
• Crucifixion.
• Martyrdom of St. Stephen.
• Paul converted.
• Caligula.
• Gospel of St. Matthew.
• Claudius.
• Invasion.
• Gospel of St. Mark.
• Invasion.
• London Founded.
• Caratacus.
• Apostolic Council at Jerusalem.
• Nero
• Gospel of Luke.
• Destruction of the Druids.
• Boadecea.
• Burhus.
• Rome burned—persecution.
• Seneca.
• Martyrdom of Peter and Paul.
• Galba.
• Otho, Vitelius, Vespasian,
• Destruction of Jerusalem.
• Destruction of Pompeii and Herculanium—Pliny the Elder—Titus.
• Domitian.
• Britain a Roman province.
• Josephus.
• Second persecution.
• Nerva.
• Gospel of St. John.
• Trajan.
• Tacitus.

page 18

Century 2nd.

• Pliny the Younger, Governor of Bithynia.
• Dæcia.
• Third persecution
• Martyrdom of Ignatius, Bishop of Antioch.
• Pliny the Younger.
• Trajan's Column.
• Mesopotamia.
• Adrian.
• Insurrection of the Jews.
• Plutarch.
• Adrian's Wall.
• Juvenal.
• Eternal Edict.
• Insurrection of the Jews under Barcochabas
• Antoninus Pius.
• Justyn.
• Wall near Glasgow.
• Edict in favor of the Christians.
• Marcus Aurelius Antoninus.
• Fourth persecution.
• Martyrdom of Justyn.
• Martyrdom of Polycarp of Smyrna.
• Marcomani, and teir defeat.
• Martyrdom of Blandyna at Lyons.
• Cmommodus.
• Pertinax.
• Julian Didianus—Septimus Severus—Niger.

Century 3rd.

• Glen, eminent physician.
• Fifth persecution—Martyrdom of Iraenus, Bishop of Lyons.
• Roman Wall.
• Caracala.
• Macrinus.
• Heliogabalus.
• Alexander Severus.
• Ulpian, eminent lawyer.
• Sixth persecution—Maximin.
• Balbinus and two Gordians.
• Cordian III.
• Philip, the Arabian.
• Games in commemoration of a thousand years since the foundation of Rome.page 19
• Decius.
• Seventh persecution.
• Gallus.
• Valerian.
• Origen.
• Eighth persecution—Martyrdom of Cyprian, Bishop of Carthage.
• With Persia.
• Galienus.
• Claudius II.
• Plotinus—Aurelian.
• Ninth persecution.
• Palmyra.
• Tacitus.
• Probus.
• Carus.
• Carinus.
• Diocletian.
• Diocletian and Maximian.
• Anthony, founder of the monastic life

Century 4th.

• Tenth persecution.
• Porphyry.
• Constantius Chlorus—Galerius.
• Galerius—Maximian—Constantine.
• Edict of Milan in favour of Christianity.
• Controversy of Arius.
• Constantine alone.
• Council of Nice.
• The seat of government removed to Constantinople.
• Corstantine II.—Constans—Constantius.
• Constantius alone.
• Ulphilas, Apostle of the Goths.
• Julian the Apostate.
• Jovian.
• Valentinian and Valens.
• Valentinian II. and Gratian.
• Adrianople.
• Theodosius.
• Council of Constantinople.
• Conversion of Augustin.
• Destruction of Pagan Temples.
• Division of the Empire into Western and Eastern Empire.
• Chrysostom, Patriarch of Constantinople.

page 20

Century 5th.

• Abolition of the gladiatorial games.
• Goths and Vandals.
• Theodosius, the Younger.
• Rome sacked by Alaric.
• Spain occupied by Visigoths and Vandals.
• Hypatia.
• Pharamond, kingdom of the Franks,
• Jerome.
• Valentinian III.
• Africa invaded by Genseric.
• Augustin.
• Ephesus.
• Theodosian code.
• Leo the Great.
• Huns, under Attila.
• Meroveus.
• Invasion of the Saxons.
• Marcian.
• Defeat of Attila at Chalons—Chalcedon.
• Venice founded.
• Kingdom of Kent founded—Rome sacked by Genseric.
• Majorian.
• Leo.
• Chileric.
• Severus.
• Anathemius.
• Nepos.
• Glycerius.
• Zeno and Leo II.
• Romulus Augustulus.
• Fall of the Western Empire.
• Invasion of the Saxons.
• Clovis.
• Soissons.
• Kingdom of Sussex.
• St. Patrick—Anastasius.
• Ostro0Gothic kingdom founded by Theodoric.
• Tolbiac—conversion of the Franks.

Century 6th.

• Christian Era, Arranged by Dionysius the Monk.
• Justin.
• Kingdom of Wessex.
• Antioch destroyed by earthquake.
• Boetius.page 21
• Justinian—Kingdom of Essex.
• Justinian's code.
• Africa.
• Italy.
• With the Goths.
• Kingdom of Northumberland.
• Fall of the Ostro-Gothic Kingdom.
• Fifth General Council at Constantinople.
• Belizarius—Justin II.
• Invasion of the Lombards.
• Kingdom of East Anglia.
• Tiberius II.
• Maurice.
• Kingdom of Mercia.
• Gregory I.
• Conversion of Kent.

Century 7th.

• Phocas.
• Mahomet began to preach at Mecca.
• Heraclius.
• Flight of Mahomet to Medina.
• Mecca.
• Abut Bekr.
• Omar.
• Persia.
• Jerusalem.
• Alexandria.
• Constantine III.
• Constans II.
• University of Cambridge founded.
• Othman.
• Cyprus.
• Rhodes.
• Ali.
• Dynasty of Omniades.
• Constantinve IV.
• Sixth General Council at Constantinople.
• Justinian II.
• Leontius.

Century 8th.

• Al Walid Justinian restored.
• Rodrique.
• Philipicus.
• Xeres.page 22
• Anastasius II.
• Gregory II.
• Theodosius III.
• Leo III, the Izaurian.
• Kingdom of the Asturia.
• Iconoclasts at Constantinople.
• Bishop of Rome Proclaimed chief magistrate.
• Gregory III.
• Defeat of the Saracens, by Charles Martel, at Tours.
• Bede (historian).
• Constantine V.
• Dynasty of Abassides.
• Pepin (Carlovingian dynasty)—Stephen.
• Al Manasor.
• Elevation of the Bishop of Rome to temporal sovereignty.
• Caliphate of Cordova.
• Bagdad founded.
• Carloman and Charles.
• Charles alone.
• Lombardy.
• Leo IV.
• Constantin VI.
• Haroun Al Rashid.
• Invasion of the Danes—Council of Constantinople.
• Roncevalles.
• Irene.
• frankfort.
• Leo III.
• Charlenmagne Empire.

Century 9th.

• Nicephorus.
• Alcuin.
• Michael.
• Leo V.
• Louis.
• Michael II.
• Union of Heptarchy under egbert.
• Theophilus
• Ethelwolf.
• Lothaire.
• Michael III.—Kingdom of Poland under Piast.
• Kingdom of Scotland under Kenneth—Verdun.
• Ethelbald.
• Nicholas.page 23
• Ziemovit.
• Ethelbert.
• Ethelred.
• Basil.
• Alfred.
• Defeat of the Danes.
• Leo VI.—University of Oxford Founded.
• Dismemberment of Charlemagne's Empire—Arnolph
• Leshek.
• Charles Simple.

Century 10th.

• Edward the Elder.
• Constantin VII.
• Duchy of Normandy founded by Rollo—Conrad.
• Ziemomysl.
• Henry I
• Romanus.
• Athelstan.
• Otho.
• Edmund.
• Edred.
• Edwy.
• John XII.
• Edgar—Romanus II.
• Mieczyslaw.
• Roman-German Empire.
• Nicephorus II.
• Conversion of Poland.
• John Zimisces.
• Otho II.
• Edward the Martyr.
• Basil and Constantin VIII.
• Ethelred II.
• Otho III.
• Louis V.
• Capetian dynasty founded by Hugh Capet.
• Conversion of Russia.
• Boleslas the Great.
• Robert II.

Century 11th.

• Henry II.
• Invasion of the Danes.
• Edmund Ironside.
• Canute the Great.
• Conrad II.page 24
• Mieczyslas II.
• Romanus III.
• Henry I.
• Kasimir—Michael IV.
• Henry III.
• Hardicanute.
• Michel V.
• Edward the Confessor.—Constantin IX.
• Theodora (alone).
• Henry IV.
• Isaac Comneni.
• Boleslas the bold.
• Constantin X.
• Philip I.
• Hastings—Williams the Conaueror.
• Constantin XI.
• Romanus IV.
• Malek Shah.
• Gregory VII.
• Jerusalem.
• Nicephorus III.
• Ladislas Herman.
• Alexis Comneni.
• Urban II.
• William Rufus.
• Kingdom of Portugal under Don Henrique.
• Clermont.
• First Crusade.
• Jerusalem by Godfrey de Bouillon—Order of the Knights of St. John founded.
• Henry I.

Century 12th.

• Boleslas III.
• Normandy.—Henry V.
• Louis VI.
• John Comneni—Order of the Knights Templar.
• Concordat of Worms.
• Lothair.
• Stephen.
• Louis VII.—Manuscript of Justinian Pandecta found at Amalfi.
• Conrad II.
• Manuel Comneni.page 25
• Second Crusade.
• Frederick Barbarossa.
• Henry II.
• Milan destroyed by frederick Barbarossa.
• Constitution of Clarendon.
• Saladin.
• Ireland.
• Miezyslas, the old.
• Kasimir, the Just.
• Philip Augustus.
• Andronicus.
• Isaac Angelus.
• Jerusalem.
• Richard.
• Third Crusade under Richard and Philip—Henry VI.
• Leshek, the White.
• Aleius III.
• Philip.
• Innocent III.
• John.

Century 13th.

• Fourth Crusade, under Baldwin of Flanders.—Ladislas.
• Latin dynasty at Constantinople, Baldwin Emperor.
• Henry.
• Otho IV.
• Albigenses (persecution).
• Frederick II.
• Magna Charta.
• Henry III.
• Fifth Crusade, under the king of Hungary Andrew—Peter.
• Robert.
• Louis VIII.
• Louis IX.
• Boleslas, the Modest.
• Baldwin II.
• Sixth Crusade.
• Russia falls under the yoke of the Tartars.
• Ravages of the Tartars—Hanseatic league.
• Seventh Crusade, under Luois IX.
• Conrad IV.
• Richard, the Earl of Cornwall.
• Rhenish league.
• Fall of the Caliphate of Bagdad.
• Ravages of the Tartars.
• Grek dynasty recovers Constantinople. Michael Palaeologus.page 26
• Lews.
• First Parliament.
• Eight and last Crusade under Louis—Philip III.
• Edward I.
• Rodolph of Hapsburg.
• Leshek, the Black.
• Wales—Andronicus.
• Philip IV.
• Adolphus of Nassau.
• Roger Bacon.
• Albert of Austria.
• Rise of the Ottoman Empire.
• Jubilee—Wenceslas.

Century 14th.

• Clement V.—Ladislas Lokietek.
• Edward II.—William Tell.
• Henry VII.
• Papal See removed to Avignon.
• Bannockburn.—Louis X.—Lewis of Bavaria—Frederick III. competitor of Lewis.
• Morgarten.
• Philip V.
• Dante.
• Charles IV.
• Orchan, (Sultan).
• Edward III.
• Philip of Valois—Andronicus II.
• Kasimir, the Great
• Cressy.
• Charles IV.—First Diet at Vislica.
• John.
• Rienzi.
• John Palaeologus—Golden Bull.
• Poictiers.
• Jacqueries.
• Amurath I.
• Charles V.
• Louis.
• Petrarch.
• Bocacio.
• Richard II.
• Papal See returns to Rome—Wenceslaus.
• Charles VI.page 27
• Jadwiga.
• Jagiellon's dynasty—Sempach.
• Bajazet.
• manuel.
• Henry IV.
• Chaucer—Rupert.

Century 15th.

• Grunwalden.
• Sigismond.
• Henry Vi.
• Council of Constance.
• Agincourt—Huss.
• Jerome of Prague.
• Madeira.
• Amurath II.
• Henry VI.—Charles VII.
• John II.
• Joan of Arc.
• Ladislas of Varna.
• Albert.
• Frederick III.
• Varna.
• Printing.
• Kasimir.
• Constantin XII.
• First Bible printed, called Mazarin's Bible, as it was founded in his library.
• Mahmet II.
• Fall of the Eastern Empire.
• St. Albans.
• Wakefield.
• Edward IV.—Louis XI.
• Ivan.
• John Faust.
• John Guttenberg.
• Mascow shook off the yoke of the Tartars.
• Tewkesbury.
• Copernicus born.
• First book printed by Caxton on the game of Chess.
• Union of Castile and Aragon under Ferdinand and Isabella.
• John II.
• Richaqrd III.—Charles VIII.
• Bosworth—Henry VII.
• Cape of Good Hope Rounded by Captain Diaz.page 28
• Fall of Grenada—Lorenzo de Medici—John Alberecht—first discoveries by Columbus.
• Maximilian.
• Emanuel—Imperial Chamber.
• Expedition of Vasco de Gama.
• Louis XII.
• Newfoundland by Cabot.
• Brazil.

Century 16th.

• The Aulic Council—Alexander.
• Expedition of Vasco de Gama.
• Columbus—Sigismond the Just.
• Henry VIII.
• Goa, the capital of Porguese India.
• Leo Xi.
• Francis I.
• Charles I.
• Luther preaches.
• Mexico.
• Charles VI.
• Raphael—Soliman, the Magnificent.
• John III—Diet of Worms outlaws Luther.
• Camoens.
• Augsburg confession, protestant confession of Faith.
• Protestant league at Smalcald.
• Cartier—Reformation by an Act of Parliament.
• Peru—Sir Thomas Moore—St. Lawrence.
• Ignatius Loyola.
• Pizarro.
• Mary.
• Copernicus.
• Trent.
• Luther.
• Henry II.—Edward VI.
• Zigismond Augustus.
• Treaty of Passau favorable to Protestants.
• mary.
• Philip.
• Ferdinand.
• Elizaveth.
• Francis II.
• Charles IX.
• Shakespeare—Maximilian II.
• James VI.
• Union of Luthuanian with Poland.page 29
• Massacre of St. Bartholomew—Gregory XIII.—Camoen's Lusiada.
• Elective maonarchy.
• Henry III.
• Rodolph—Stephen Battory.
• Maritime Expedition of Drake.
• Camoens.
• Portugal.
• Calendar reformed by Gregory XIII.
• Colonization of Virginia.
• Zigismond III.
• Armada.
• Henry IV.
• Edict of Nantes.
• Charter granted to East India Company.

Century 17th.

• James I.
• Foundation of Quebec by Champlain.
• Louis XIII.—Hudson Bay.
• Factories established at Surat and Goa—Gustavus Adolphus.
• Mathias.
• Dynasty of Romanof, Michael.
• Shakespeare—Baffin Bay.
• Thirty years.
• Ferdinand II.
• Prague.
• Charles I.
• Company of one handred associates.
• Petition of right.
• Lutzen—Ladislas VI.
• Ferdinand III.
• Madras, Fort St. George.
• Long Parliament—Independence of Portugal.
• Civil War—Galileo—Foundation of Montreal.
• Louis XIV.
• Marston Moor.
• Kasimir—Westphalia.
• Revolution.
• Navigation Act.
• Oliver Cromwell (Protector.
• Jamaica.
• Dr. Harvey.
• Leopold.page 30
• Charles II.
• Company of one hundred broken,
• Plague
• Michael Korybut.
• Chocim—The test Act.
• John Milton—John Sobieski.
• Philadelphia.
• Vienna.
• James II.—Revocation of the Edict of Nantes.
• Expulsion of James II.
• Massacre at Lachine—William and Mary.
• Boyne.
• hanover raised to the dignity of Electorate.
• Frederick August.
• Charles XII.
• Calcutta, Fort William.

Century 18th.

• Frederick I. takes the title of the King of Prussia.
• Anne.
• Gibraltar—St. Petersborough founded.
• Joseph—Stanislas Leszcynski.
• Charles VI.
• Frederick Williams.
• George I.
• Louis XV.
• Peter takes the title of Emperor.
• Sir Isaac Newton—George II.
• Frederick Augustus III.
• Succession War—Frederick Ii.
• Charles VII.
• Alexander Pope.
• Civil—Francis I.
• Culloden.
• Gregorian Calendar introduced.
• Earthquake at Lisbon.
• Seven years.
• Upper and Lower canada.
• George III.
• Catherine II.
• Canada ceded to Great Britian by the treaty of Paris.
• Stanislaus Poniatowski.
• Joseph II.
• Royal Academy of Arts.
• First Partition.page 31
• Louis XVI.
• American Revolution.
• American Independence.
• Frederick William II.
• New South Wales.
• Washington—Revolution.
• Leopold II.
• Constitution of the 3rd of May—Province of Quebee divided into Upper and Lower Canada.
• Republic—Francis II.
• Second partition.
• Third partition—Don John VI.
• Paul.
• Trinadad—Frederick William III—Adams.
• Nile—Deposition of Pope Pius VI.
• Washington.
• Malta—Piu VII.

Century 19th.

• Alexander—Jefferson.
• Concordat.
• Napoleon (Emperor).
• Trafalgar.
• German Empire takes the name of the Austrian Empire—Cape of Good Hope.
• Flight of Don John to Brazil.
• Madison.
• Louis XVIII.—Pius VII. restored.
• Waterloo.
• Monroe.
• George IV.
• Return of Don John to Portugal.
• Byron—Charles X.
• Nicolas—Quiney Adams.
• Novarino.
• Don Miguel.
• Jackson.
• Louis Philippe—William IV.—Revolution in Poland.
• The Reform Bill.
• Donna Maria.
• Ferdinand IV.
• Victoria—Van Buren.
• Frederick William IV.
• Prince of Wales—Union of the two Canadas—Harrison.
• J. K. Polk.
• Pius IX.page 32
• Expulsion of Louis Philippe—Francis Joseph.
• Z. Taylor.
• Filmore.
• Exhibition—Coup D'etat.
• 2nd Empire.
• Don Pedro—Pierce.
• Coronation of Alexander II.
• Buchanan.
• Don Luiz—Lincoln.
• Insurrection in Poland.
• Lincoln re-elected.
• Exhibition—Dominion of Canada.
• U. S. Grant—Council at Rome.
• Prusso-German Empire.
• Exhibition in Vienna.