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Ethnology of Tokelau Islands

Contents

page [i]

Contents

Page
Introduction 3
 Acknowledgments 3
 Position in Polynesia 4
 Geography 5
  Fakaofu 5
  Nukunono 7
  Atafu 7
  Olosenga 7
  Winds and Currents 10
  Water Supply 10
  Botany 11
 People 12
 Language 13
History 16
 Legendary period 16
 Historical period 19
  Conquests by Fakaofu 19
  Succession of island chiefs 23
  Contacts with other islands 26
 Western contact 28
  Discovery 28
  Missions 32
  Present government 34
Social organization 35
 Biological family 35
  Birth 35
  Childhood 38
  Puberty 39
  Circumcision 39
  Courtship and marriage 40
  Adult life 42
  Death and burial 43
  The household 44
 The kindred 45
  Kinship terms 45
  Kindred relationships 46
  Organization of Atafu kindred 47
  Men's houses 48
Government 49
  The high chief 50
  The council 53
  Judge and priests 53
Land 53
  Division of atoll lands 53
  Atafu village divisions 55
  Laws 57 page [ii]
Religion 59
 Gods 59
  Supreme deity 59
  Nature gods 60
  Nature spirits 61
  Ancestral gods 62
  Totemic gods 63
 Priests 63
  Election of priests 64
 God houses 65
 Ceremony to Tui Tokelau 66
 Land of the dead 69
Sickness 69
 Beliefs 69
 Treatment 70
  Massage 70
  Cauterizing 72
  Medicinal treatment 73
Dancing 73
Music 74
 Instruments 74
  Percussion instruments 74
  Wind instruments 75
 Singing 76
Tales 79
 Sina myths 80
 The story of Tae-a-Tangaloa 85
 The story of Pupunatavai 87
Nature lore 89
 Winds 90
 Calendar 90
 Nights in the phases of the moon 91
Material culture 92
 Fishing 92
  Groping and probing 93
  Lures 93
  Fish traps 94
  Spear 94
  Bow and arrow 94
  Nets 95
  Scoop nets 95
  Dip nets 96
  Seines 97
  Rites 98
 Noose fishing 98
 Turtle fishing 99
 Angling 100
  One-piece hook 101
  Ruvettus hook 103
  Ruvettus fishing 105
  Trolling hooks 105
  Bonito rod 109
  Tapus 109
 Bonito fishing 110 page [iii]
 Canoes 112
  Rites in canoe-building 113
  Materials 113
  Fishing canoe 114
   Construction of the hull 114
   Bow cover 117
   Stern cover 117
   Outrigger 117
   Lifting pieces and seats 118
   Bailer 119
   Care 119
  Sailing canoe 119
  Double canoe 120
   Mast and block 121
   The sail 122
   Steering oars 122
   Sailing the double canoe 122
 Houses 123
  Types of ancient houses 123
   Dwelling house 123
   God house 124
   Men's house 125
   Cook house 125
   Canoe house 125
   Storage house 125
   Construction 126
   Framework 127
   Thatching 127
 Plaiting 129
  Pandanus leaf plaiting 130
   Preparation of materials 130
   Dye 130
   Plaiting accessories 131
   Pandanus mats 131
  Coconut leaf plaiting 135
   Food dish 136
   Baskets 136
   Fans 137
  Cordage 138
   Bark fiber cord 138
   Sennit cord 139
   Sennit braid 139
   Coils 140
 Clothing 140
  Malo 141
  Men's kilt 141
  Women's titi 142
  Headbands and sandals 142
 Ornamentation and tattooing 142
 Food 145
  The kitchen 145
  Cooking utensils 145
  Variety and preparation of foods 147
  Meals 150
  Food ceremony 151
  Sacred food 151 page [iv]
 Adzes 152
 Drills, needles, and gauges 154
  Pump drill 154
  Thatching awl 156
  Thatching needle 156
  Netting needle 156
  Netting gauge 156
  Canoe-lashing needle 156
 Fishing boxes 157
 Weapons and fighting 157
Summary 159
 Comparisons 159
  People and history 159
  Language 159
  Social organization 160
   Birth 160
   Burial 160
  Kinship system 161
   Men's houses 162
  Government 162
  Religion 162
   Supreme deity 162
   Nature gods 163
   Priests 163
   God houses 163
   Maraes 164
   Ceremonies 165
  Mythology 166
  Music and dancing 167
  Nature lore 167
   Calendar 167
  Material culture 169
   Fishing 169
   Canoes 169
   Houses 170
   Clothing 171
   Ornaments and tattooing 171
   Food 172
   Adzes 172
   Wooden fishing buckets 173
 Conclusions 173
 Literature cited in text 179
 Literature cited in summary 180
 Text figures 1–25
 Plates 1–10