A Grammar and Vocabulary of the Language of New Zealand.
The Alphabet
The Alphabet
Vowels. | Sound. | Vowels. | Sound. |
---|---|---|---|
Long | Short | ||
Á á | as in father. | A a | as in pad. |
É é | as a in bate. | E e | as in bet. |
Í í | as ee in feet. | I i | as in fit. |
Ó ó | as o in pole. | O o | as o in pole, shortened. |
Ú ú | as oo in boot. | U u | as oo in good. |
Diphthongs. | Sound. |
---|---|
ai | as i, in mine, thine, &c. |
au | as ou, in house, vulgarly in parts of Lincolnshire. |
ei | as ay in nay, nearly. |
eu | a compound of the sounds of e and u, unknown in English. |
oi | as oy in joy. |
ou | as ou in the true pronunciation of house. |
Consonants. | Names. | Remarks. | Consonants. | Names. | Remarks. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B b | ba | P p | pa | |||
D d | da | R r | ra | |||
F f | fa | used in Foreign words. | Ss | sa | ||
G g | ga | always hard, as in give. | T t | ta | Dental. | |
H h | ha | V v | va | used in Foreign words. | ||
J j | j a | used in Foreign words. | W w | wa | ||
K k | ka | X x | xa | |||
L l | la | Y y | ya | |||
M m | ma | Z z | Za | used in Foreign words. | ||
N n | na | ng NG | nga | as ng in King, &c. |
Table of Syllables.
bá | ba | bé | be | bí | bi | bó | bo | bú | bu |
dá | da | dé | de | dí | di | dó | do | dú | du |
fá | fa | fé | fe | fí | fi | fó | fo | fú | fu |
gá | ga | gé | ge | gí | gi | gó | go | gú | gu |
há | ha | hé | he | hí | hi | hó | ho | hú | hu |
ká | ka | ké | ké | kí | ki | kó | ko | kú | ku |
lá | la | lé | le | lí | li | ló | lo | lú | lu |
má | ma | mé | me | mí | mi | mó | mo | mú | mu |
ná | na | né | ne | ní | ni | nó | no | mú | nu |
pá | pa | pé | pe | pí | pi | pó | po | pú | pu |
rá | ra | ré | re | rí | ri | ró | ro | rú | ru |
sá | sa | sé | se | sí | si | só | so | sú | su |
tá | ta | té | te | tí | ti | tó | to | tú | tu |
vá | va | vé | ve | ví | vi | vó | vo | vú | vu |
wá | wa | wé | we | wí | wi | wó | wo | wú | wu |
yá | ya | yé | ye | yí | yi | yó | yo | yú | yu |
zá | za | zé | ze | zí | zi | zó | zo | zú | zu |
bai | bau | kai | kau | pai | pau | wai | wau |
boi | bou | koi | kou | poi | pou | woi | wou |
dai | dau | mai | mau | rai | rau | yai | yau |
doi | dou | moi | mou | roi | rou | yoi | you |
hai | hau | nai | nau | tai | tau | zai | zau |
hoi | hou | noi | nou | toi | tou | zoi | zou |
ngá | nga | ngé | nge | ngí | ngi | ngó | ngo | ngú | ngu |
ádi | áhu | ámi | áno | ápu | áta |
ádu | áka | ámo | ánu | ára | áte |
áha | áke | ámu | ápa | áre | áti |
áhe | áki | ána | ápe | ári | átu |
áhi | áku | áne | ápi | áro | áwa |
áho | áma | áni | ápo | áru | áwi |
édu | épa | ídi | ími | íro | íwi |
éhe | épu | íhi | ína | íta | ódi |
éhu | ére | íka | íne | íti | óka |
éke | éti | íke | íno | ítu | óki |
émo | éwa | íki | ínu | íwa | óko |
éno | íai | íku | íra | íwe | óku |
óma | ópa | óte | úhi | úmi | úpo |
óna | ópe | óti | úka | úmu | úpu |
óne | óra | óto | úke | úna | úra |
óni | óre | údi | úku | únu | úre |
óno | óro | údu | úma | úpa | úro |
ónu | óta | úha | úme | úpe | úru |
úta | úti | útu | úwa | úwe | úwi |
déa | dúa | kéo | kíu | kúi | múa |
déu | dúe | kéu | kóa | méa | múi |
día | dúi | kía | kóe | mía | néo |
díe | dúo | kíe | kói | mío | nía |
dío | kéa | kíi | kúa | móa | níi |
díu | kéi | kío | kúe | móe | nío |
níu | péa | píi | póu | réo | táo |
nóa | pée | pío | púa | réu | táu |
nói | péi | píu | púe | ría | téa |
nóu | péo | póa | púi | róa | téo |
núa | péu | póe | réa | rói | téu |
núi | pía | pói | réi | táe | tía |
tío | túa | wíu | dídi | dípo | dúdu |
tíu | túi | aire | diki | dípu | dúku |
tóa | wéa | audu | díma | díro | dútu |
tóe | wéi | aupa | dímu | díte | háka |
tói | wía | aute | díno | díto | hána |
tóu | wío | auwi | dípa | díya | hápa |
hára | káhu | káma | káno | káre | kéhe |
háro | káka | kámo | kápa | káta | kéke |
kádu | kaka | kámu | kápi | káti | kére |
káha | káke | kána | kápo | káto | kéte |
káhe | káki | káne | kápu | kátu | kétu |
káhi | káko | káni | kára | kédi | kídi |
kíki | kíte | kópe | kóte | kúku | kúpa |
kíko | kíwi | kópu | kóti | kúma | kúpe |
kína | kóhu | kóra | kóto | kúmi | kúpu |
kíni | kóki | kóre | kúdi | kúmu | kúra |
kíno | kóko | kóro | kúdu | kúna | kúta |
kíra | kópa | kóta | kúhu | kúne | kútu |
mádu | máku | mápu | máte | mére | míru |
máha | máma | mára | máti | méte | móka |
máhi | mámu | máre | mátu | míhi | mókipage 5 |
máka | mána | máro | máwa | mími | móko |
máki | máno | máta | máwe | míra | mómi |
máko | mánu | matá | máwi | míro | móna |
móre | múka | múru | náhu | nánu | nátu. |
móro | múku | múta | náke | nápa | náwa |
móti | múmu | múti | náko | nápo | náwe |
mótu | múna | mútu | náku | nára | néhe |
múdi | múne | nádi | námu | náro | néke |
múdu | múra | náho | nána | náta | níke |
néne | núku | páke | pára | páwi | pépe |
nóho | pádi | páki | páre | pédu | pepe |
nóke | pádu | páku | páro | péhi | pére |
nóku | páhi | pána | páta | péka | péro |
nóna | páhu | páni | pátu | péke | pídi |
nóto | páka | pápa | páwa | péne | píki |
píko | píto | póko | póto | púku | púre |
píni | póhe | póna | pówa | púma | púru |
pípi | póhu | póno | pówi | púna | púta |
pipi | póka | pópo | púdu | púne | púte |
píro | póke | póro | púka | púpu | pútu |
píti | póki | póru | púke | púra | rána |
ráhi | ráma | rápa | ráwa | rére | ródi |
ráhu | rámo | rápu | réhe | réte | róke |
rára | rámu | rára | réka | rídi | rómi |
ráke | rána | ráre | réke | ríki | róna |
ráko | ráno | ráro | réko | rímu | róne |
ráku | ránu | ráta | répo | rípi | róri |
róro | táhi | tána | táro | téke | téte |
róto | táho | táne | táta | téki | tídi |
rúru | táka | tánu | táwa | téku | tíhi |
tádi | táki | tápa | táwi | téna | tíka |
tádu | táku | tápu | téhe | téra | tíki |
táha | táma | tára | téka | tére | tíko |
tímo | tíra | tóka | tóna | tóto | túmu |
tímu | tíro | tóke | tóno | túdi | túna |
tíni | títo | tóki | tónu | túdu | túnu |
tíno | títi | tóko | tópa | túki | túpe |
típa | tódu | tóku | tóre | túku | túpu |
típi | tóho | tómo | tóro | túma | túre |
túru | wáhi | wána | wáta | wédi | wéru |
tútu | wáho | wáno | wáti | wédu | wéte |
wádi | wáka | wára | wáto | wéhe | wétu |
wádu | wáka | wáre | wátu | wéra | wéwe |
wáha | wáke | wári | wáwa | wére | wídi |
wáhe | wáki | wáro | wáwe | wéro | wíhi |
wéra | wíwe | ínga | matau | pírou | rákau |
wíro | ánei | ónga | mokai | pítou | tákau |
wíta | énei | únga | níkau | píwai | tatau |
wíti | ínau | mamai | pákau | pókai | táwai |
wíto | ánga | manai | pátai | pórai | tíwai |
wítu | éngo | marai | píkau | pótai | tútai |
kakau | wékau | kánga | mánge | nángi | ránga |
kanai | aínga | kángi | mángi | néngi | rángi |
korau | aúnga | kénga | mángo | núngi | réngapage 7 |
kowai | dínga | kínga | mángu | pánga | réngi |
wanau | díngi | kónga | ménge | pángo | róngo |
wárau | dúnga | mánga | míngo | púnga | rúnga |
rúngi | tónga | waipa | ngádu | ngákau |
tánga | túnga | waipu | ngáko | ngángi |
tángi | túngo | wairo | ngáro | ngénge |
téngi | wánga | wairu | ngátu | ngói |
tínga | wángo | waiwa | ngóto | ngóngi |
tíngi | kaúta | ngádi | ngútu | ngúngu |
ádinga | méanga | dúkunga | míminga |
ádunga | méinga | dútunga | mútunga |
ákinga | míinga | kákenga | pádunga |
ékenga | móenga | kákonga | pákenga |
ídinga | néinga | káninga | pápanga |
íkinga | nóinga | káranga | párenga |
ítinga | púanga | kárenga | pátunga |
ókinga | réinga | kédinga | pídinga |
ópenga | táinga | kíkinga | píkonga |
óranga | tíinga | kítenga | pókanga |
órenga | tóanga | kokónga | ponónga |
ótinga | tóenga | kópanga | pútanga |
údinga | tóinga | kórenga | rápunga |
údunga | túanga | kótinga | ráwanga |
útinga | túinga | kúdunga | rérenga |
dúanga | wáinga | kúpanga | rétenga |
dúinga | wéinga | kútanga | tádinga |
káinga | wiunga | mádunga | tákanga |
kíanga | dídinga | mákanga | tátanga |
kíinga | díronga | maránga | táwinga |
kóinga | dítenga | matángi | térenga |
máinga | dúdunga | mátenga | tíkongapage 8 |
tónonga | tútunga | wétengi | aráhi |
tórengi | wádunga | wéngongo | aróha |
túdinga | wáhanga | wídinga | aróhi |
túkunga | wátinga | wítinga | atúa |
túpunga | wátunga | ádue | ínoi |
Of the Parts of Speech.
The Parts of Speech are eight; the Article, the Noun, the Pronoun, the Verb, the Adverb, the Preposition, the Conjunction, and the Interjection.
Of the Article.
The vowel e is often used as an Indefinite Article, and has the same signification as the English Article a or an. The syllable te is also often used as a Definite Article, and has the same signification as the English article the; but it should be observed, that neither of these articles can be always used according to the rules of the English Language, the idiom of the New-Zealand Language being different.
e mánu | a bird | te mánu | the bird |
e mára | a farm | te mára | the farm |
e máta | a face | te máta | the face |
e púke | a hill | te púke | the hill |
e púte | a bag | te púke | the bag |
e rára | a rib | te rára | the rib. |
Exceptions.
The Article e will not always apply to Nouns of the Singular Number, as the Indefinite Article a or an in English; but is often used before Nouns Plural.
e púnga réu | ashes |
e kai máodi | sweet potatoes |
e aróhi | fern roots |
e díma | five |
e díma te kau | fifty |
e máha | many in number. |
Of a Noun Substantive.
Of Number.
Nouns have two Numbers; the Singular and the Plural. The Plural is formed by prefixing the particle nga to the singular.
íka | a fish | nga íka | fishes |
ínu | oil | nga ínu | oils |
kai | sweet potatoe, | nga kai | sweet potatoes |
wai | water | nga wai | waters |
wáo | nail | nga wáo | nails |
wáre | house | nga wáre | houses. |
Of Case.
The Cases of Nouns Substantive are thus distinguished:
page 101. |
E kai ána te mánu, The bird eats. Te mánu is the Nominative Case Singular. |
2. |
E ou no te mánu, A feather of the bird. No te mánu is the Genitive Case. |
3. |
O átu te táro ki te mánu, Give the food to the bird. Ki te mánu is the Dative Case. |
4. |
Túki Túki hía te mánu, Kill the bird. Te mánu is the Accusative Case. |
5. |
E mánu, O bird; Vocative. |
6. |
Kóa pau te kai i te mánu, The food is eaten by the bird. I te mánu is the Ablative Case. |
Note.—When, in expressing the Genitive Case of a Noun Substantive, personal acquisition of property is denoted as well as possession, the syllable na is used instead of no.
Examples.
Ránga tíra, A Gentleman.
Nom. | Te ránga tíra | the gentleman |
Gen. | No te ránga tíra | of, or belonging to the gentleman |
Na te ránga tíra | of, or belonging to the gentleman | |
Dat. | Ki te ránga tíra | to the gentleman |
Acc. | Te ránga tíra | the gentleman |
Voc. | *E mara | O gentleman, or O person |
Abl. | I te ránga tíra | by the gentleman. |
* It is unusual in this Case to make the Vocative by prefixing E to the word in question.
Nom. | Nga ránga tíra | the gentlemen |
Gen. | No nga ránga tira | of, or belonging to the gentlemen |
Na nga ránga tíra | of, or belonging to the gentlemen | |
Dat. | Ki nga ránga tíra | to the gentlemen |
Acc. | Nga ránga tíra | the gentlemen |
Voc. | E mára ma | O gentlemen, or O persons |
Abl. | I nga ránga, tíra | by the gentlemen. |
Nom. | Te ánga ránga tíra | the gentlemen |
Gen. | No te ánga ránga tíra, | of the gentlemen |
Dat. | Ki te ánga ránga tíra, | to the gentlemen |
Acc. | Te ánga ránga tíra | the gentlemen |
Voc. | E mára ma | O gentlemen, or O persons |
Abl. | I te ánga ránga tíra | by the gentlemen. |
Táka; the proper name Táka.
Nom. | Táka | Táka |
Gen. | No Táka, To Táka | of, or belonging to Táka |
Na Táka, Ta Taka | of, or belonging to Táka | |
Dat. | Ki a* Táka | to Táka |
Acc. | Táka | Táka |
Voc. | E Táka | O Táka |
Abl. | I a Táka | by Táka. |
* This letter appears to be a part of the Pronoun ia, he, which is here introduced by way of pleonasm
Móka; the proper name Moka.
Nom. | Móka | Móka |
Gen. | No Móka | of, or belonging to Móka |
Na Móka | of, or belonging to Móka | |
Dat. | Ki a Móka | to Móka |
Acc. | Móka | Móka |
Voc. | E Móka | O Móka |
Abl. | I a Móka | by Móka. |
Matúa, a Parent.
Nom. | Matúa | the parent, or a parent |
Gen. | No te matúa | of, or belonging to the parent |
Dat. | Ki te matúa | to the parent |
Acc. | Te matúa | the parent |
Voc. | E kara, or E pá | O parent |
Abl. | I te matúa | by the parent. |
Nom. | Nga matúa | the parents |
Gen. | No nga matúa | of, or belonging to the parents |
Dat. | Ki nga matúa | to the parents |
Acc. | Nga matúa | the parents |
Voc. | E pá má | parents |
Abl. | I nga matúa, or | by the parents. |
I te matúa | by the parents. |
Táma íti, a Son: (contracted, Tamaiti.)
Nom. | Táma íti | the son, or a son |
Gen. | No te táma íti | of, or belonging to the son |
Dat. | Ki te táma íti | to the son |
Acc. | Te táma íti | the son |
Voc. | E koro, or E táma | O son |
Abl. | I te táma íti | by the son. |
Nom. | Nga táma níki | the sons |
Gen. | No nga táma níki | of, or belonging to the sons |
Dat. | Ki nga táma níki | to the sons |
Acc. | Nga táma níki | the sons |
Voc. | E koro ma | O sons |
Abl. | I nga táma níki | by the sons. |
Nom. | Te ánga táma níki | the sons, or boys |
Gen. | No te ánga táma níki, | of, or belonging to the sons, &c. |
Dat. | Ki te ánga táma níki, | to the sons or boys |
Acc. | Te ánga táma níki, | the sons or boys |
Voc. | E koro ma | O sons, or O boys |
Abl. | I te ánga táma níki, | by the sons or boys. |
Táma íne, a Daughter.
Nom. | Táma íne | the daughter, or a daughter |
Gen. | No te táma íne | of, or belonging to the daughter |
Dat. | Ki te táma íne | to the daughter |
Acc. | Te táma íne | the daughter |
Voc. | E ko | O daughter, or O girl |
Abl. | I te táma íne | by the daughter. |
Nom. | Nga táma íne | the daughters |
Gen. | No nga táma íne | of, or belonging to the daughters |
Dat. | Ki nga táma íne | to the daughters |
Acc. | Nga táma íne | the daughters |
Voc. | E ko ma | O daughters, or O girls |
Abl. | I nga táma íne, or | by the daughters. |
I te ánga táma íne | by the daughters. |
Of Gender.
The distinction of Gender, in this language, is generally made by adding the word signifying male or female.
The words which denote the different sexes are the following; viz.
Táne—a male as he is in alliance with the female, or as he is the husband of a wife.
Wahíne—a female as she is in alliance with the male, or as she is the wife of her husband.
Touráwi—any male.
Uwha—any female.
page 15E táne tohúnga | a priest. |
E wahíne tohúnga | a priestess. |
E táne íka | a male fish. |
E wahíne íka | a female fish. |
E táne mánu | a male bird. |
E wahíne mánu | a female bird. |
E matúa táne | a father. |
E matúa wahíne | a mother. |
E tupúna táne | a grandfather. |
E tupúna wahíne | a grandmother. |
E ponónga táne | a man-servant. |
E ponónga wahíne | a maid-servant. |
E kára rée touráwi | a male beast. |
E kára rée úwha | a female beast. |
Of a Noun Adjective.
The Particle Ka is generally prefixed to Adjectives when they are placed alone.
Ka róa | long | Ka póto | short |
Ka núi | large | Ka íti | small |
Ka ma | white | Ka mangu | black |
Ka óra | well | Ka máte | ill |
Ka máma | light | Ka taimaha | heavy |
Ka pai | good | Ka kíno | bad |
The Adjective is generally placed immediately after the Substantive, the prefix Ka being then omitted.
page 16E rákau róa | along tree. |
E ngádu núi | a great wave. |
E ngákau ou | a new heart. |
E kánohi ma | a clean face. |
E matúa pai | a good parent. |
E po póto | a short night. |
Note.—With regard to the Plural Number, the Adjectives are subject to the same rules with the Substantives.
The Comparative and Superlative Degrees are generally formed by Particles, or other words prefixed or affixed; but the Superlative is sometimes formed by repeating the same adjective.
E wáka núi | a large canoe. |
E wáka núi átu | a larger canoe. |
E wáka waka éra éra | a very large canoe. |
E ánga pai | a good performance. |
* Pai átu te ánga | a better performance. |
Pai ráwa te ánga | an excellent performance. |
Ka núi ténei púke | this hill is large. |
E núi átu téra púke | that hill is larger. |
E púke núi, e púke waka éra éra te púke ráina | a great hill, animmense hill is that hill. |
Ka pai te ánga o te pákeha, | the performance of the white man is good. |
Pai ráwa te ánga o te pákeha | the performance of the white man is exceeding good, or good to the greatest extent. |
E meé nóhi nóhi | a very small thing. |
E méa núi núi | a very large thing. |
* In this, and a few other instances, the Adjective precedes the Substantive. And it may be further remarked, that by prefixing Adjectives generally to the word ánga, as above, the New Zealanders form their Abstract Nouns; of which examples will be given hereafter.
Numerals.
1. Cardinal Numbers.
1 | Ko táhi | One |
2 | Ka dúa | Two |
3 | Ka tódu | Three |
4 | Ka wá | Four |
5 | Ka díma | Five |
6 | Ka óno | Six |
7 | Ka wítu | Seven |
8 | Ka wádu | Eight |
9 | Ka íwa | Nine |
10 | Ka nga údu | Ten. |
Ka te kau; ko táhi | Numerals counted once, or Ten |
1 | Ma táhi | and one |
2 | Ma dúa | and two |
3 | Ma tódu | and three |
4 | Ma wá | and fourpage 18 |
5 | Ma díma | and five |
6 | Ma óno | and six |
7 | Ma wítu | and seven |
8 | Ma wádu | and eight |
9 | Ma íwa | and nine |
10 | Ma nga údu | and ten. |
Ka te kau; ka dúa | Numerals counted twice, or Twenty. |
After the same manner will all the Tens be performed, till we arrive at a Hundred, which is the tenth number of Ten so taken. This last tenth, or the number One Hundred, is termed Ka rau; after which the same process will again be ten times repeated, till we arrive at a Thousand, which is termed Ka máno.
10 | Ko táhi te kau | Ten |
20 | Ka dúa te kau | Twenty |
30 | Ka tódu te kau | Thirty |
40 | Ka wá te kau | Forty |
50 | Ka díma te kau | Fifty |
60 | Ka óno te kau | Sixty |
70 | Ka wítu te kau | Seventy |
80 | Ka wádu te kau | Eighty |
90 | Ka íwa te kau | Ninety |
100 | Ka rau | Hundred |
200 | Ka dúa rau | Two Hundredpage 19 |
300 | Ka tódu rau | Three hundred |
400 | Ka wá rau | Four hundred |
500 | Ka díma rau | Five hundred |
600 | Ka óno rau | Six hundred |
700 | Ka wítu rau | Seven hundred |
800 | Ka wádu rau | Eight hundred |
900 | Ka íwa rau | Nine hundred |
1000 | Ka máno | Thousand |
2000 | Ka dúa máno, &c. | Two thousand. |
Note.—Any Number indefinitely great is called Tíni.*
The New Zealanders count by pairs, as well as single numbers. These different methods are called in their language,
Tatau ta ki táhi, Counting by single numbers, and
Tatau ta ki dúa, Counting by pairs.
In translating the method of counting by pairs, say, one pair, instead of the word one; ten pairs, instead of the word ten; &c.
1 | Ko táhi | One |
2 | Ka dúa | Two |
3 | Ka tódu | Threepage 20 |
4 | Ka wá | Four |
5 | Ka díma | Five |
6 | Ka óno | Six |
7 | Ka wítu | Seven |
8 | Ka wádu | Eight |
9 | Ka íwa | Nine |
10 | Ka nga údu,—Ka te kau | Ten |
11 | Ka nga údu, ma táhi | Eleven |
12 | Ka nga údu, ma dúa | Twelve |
13 | Ka nga údu, ma tódu | Thirteen |
14 | Ka nga údu, ma wá | Fourteen |
15 | Ka nga údu, ma díma | Fifteen |
16 | Ka nga údu, ma óno | Sixteen |
17 | Ka nga údu, ma wítu | Seventeen |
18 | Ka nga údu, ma wádu | Eighteen |
19 | Ka nga údu, ma íwa | Nineteen |
20 | Ka dúa te kau | Twenty |
21 | Ka dúa te kau, ma táhi | Twenty-one |
56 | Ka díma te kau, ma óno | Fifty-six |
88 | Ka wádu te kau, ma wádu, | Eighty-eight |
150 | Ko táhi rau, ma díma te kau, | One hundred and fifty |
504 | Ka díma rau, ma wá | Five hundred and four. |
2. Ordinal Numbers.
1st, | Ko te táhi | The first |
2d, | Ko te dúa | The second |
3d, | Ko te tódu | The third |
4th, | Ko te wá | The fourthpage 21 |
5th, | Ko te díma | The fifth |
6th, | Ko te óno | The sixth |
7th, | Ko te wítu | The seventh |
8th, | Ko te wádu | The eighth |
9th, | Ko te íwa | The ninth |
10th, | Ko te nga údu | The tenth |
10th, | Ko te kau | The tenth |
20th, | Ko te dúa te kau, | The twentieth |
30th, | Ko te tódu te kau, | The thirtieth |
40th, | Ko te wá te kau | The fortieth |
50th, | Ko te díma te kau, | The fiftieth |
60th, | Ko te óno te kau, | The sixtieth |
70th, | Ko te wítu te kau, | The seventieth |
80th, | Ko te wádu te kau, | The eightieth |
90th, | Ko te íwa te kau | The ninetieth |
100th, | Ko te rau | The hundredth |
1000th, | Ko te máno | The thousandth, &c. |
The word Ko in these instances takes the place of the substantive, which may be omitted when the substantive is expressed; as,
Maráma te óno | The sixth moon. |
Rákau te óno | The sixth tree, &c. |
Or added upon the construction taking a different turn; as,
Ko te Po wítu | The seventh night. |
Ko te Ra wítu | The seventh sun, or day. |
* This may be illustrated by a proverbial expression in use among the natives; viz. Ki a waikato te tíni o te tángata, ki a kawía te máno;—i. e. The (river) waikato has its ten thousands, and the (river) kawia its thousands.
Of Pronouns.
Of The Personal Pronouns.
Singular | Dual. | ||
---|---|---|---|
1st Person, Ahau, | I | Táua, | We two |
2d Person, Koe, | Thou | Koduá, | Ye two |
3rd Person, Ia | He, She, or It. | Ráua, | They two. |
Second Dual.
Máua, We two (whom I represent, or am speaking of).
1st Person | Tátu, We all |
2d Person | Koútu, Ye all |
3d Person | Rátu, They all. |
Second Plural.
Mátu, We all (whom I represent, or am speaking of).
Possessive Pronouns.
Possessive Pronouns are not set down alone, but they are combined with certain Particles which are made use of as prefixes or affixes.
In the Singular Number of Possessive Pronouns, Ku is used in distinguishing the First Person, U in distinguishing the Second, and Na in the Third.
In the Dual Number, táua, kodúa, ráua, and máua distinguish the different Persons: and in the Plural, tátu, koútu, rátu, and mátu.
The following are the Possessive Pronouns, with their combinations.
I. With respect to a person, place, or thing.
Singular. | Dual. | ||
---|---|---|---|
1. Táku, tóku, | My | Tatáua, totáua, | Ourtwo |
2. Táu, tóu | Thy | Ta kodúa, to kodúa, | Your two |
3. Tána, tóna, | His, &c. | Ta ráua, to ráua, | Their two. |
1st Person | Ta máua, to máua | Our two whom I represent, &c. |
1. | Ta tátu, to tátu | Our |
2. | Ta koútu, to koútu | Your |
3. | Ta rátu, to rátu | Their. |
1st Person | Ta mátu, to mátu | Our, whom I represent, &c. |
II. With respect to persons, places, or things.
Singular. | Dual. | ||
---|---|---|---|
1. | Aku, óku, My | A táua, o táua, Our two | |
2. | Au, óu, Thy | A kodúa, o kodúa, Your two | |
3. | Ana, óna, His, &c. | A ráua, o ráua, Their two. |
1st Person | A máua, o máua | Our two whom I represent, &c. |
1. | A tátu, o tátu | Our |
2. | A koútu, o koútu | Your |
3. | A rátu, o rátu | Their. |
1st Person | A mátu, o mátu | Our, whom I represent, &c. |
The following Examples are set down in elucidation of the Possessive Pronouns.
First, with respect to a thing; as, a Fish-hook, or an Axe.
Matau, a Fish-hook.
1. | Táku matau | My fish-hook |
2. | Táu matau | Thy fish-hook |
3. | Tána matau | His or her fish-hook. |
1. | Ta táua matau | The fish-hook of us two |
2. | Ta kodúa matau | The fish-hook of you two |
3. | Ta ráua matau | The fish-hook of the two. |
1st Person | Ta máua matau, The fish-hook of us two whom I represent, &c. |
1. | Ta tátu matau | The fish-hook of us all |
2. | Ta koútu matau | The fish-hook of you all |
3. | Ta rátu matau | The fish-hook of them all. |
1st Person | Ta mátu matau, The fish-hook of us all whom I represent. |
Tóki, an Axe.
1. | Tóku tóki | My axe |
2. | Tóu tóki | Thy axe |
3. | Tóna tóki | His axe. |
1. | To táua tóki | The axe of us two |
2. | To kodúa tóki | The axe of you two |
3. | To raúa tóki | The axe of them two. |
1st Person | To máua tóki | The axe of us two whom I represent. |
1. | To tátu tóki | The axe of us all |
2. | To koútu tóki | The axe of you all |
3. | To rátu tóki | The axe of them all. |
1st Person | To mátu tóki | The axe of us all whom I represent. |
Secondly, with respect to things; as, Fish-hooks, Axes.
Nga Matau, Fish-hooks.
1. | A'ku matau | My fish-hooks |
2. | A'u matau | Thy fish-hooks |
3. | A'na matau | His fish-hooks. |
1. | A táua matau | The fish-hooks of us two |
2. | A kodúa matau | The fish-hooks of you two |
3. | A ráua matau | The fish-hooks of them two. |
1st Person | A máua matau | The fish-hooks of us two whom I represent. |
1. | A tátu matau | The fish-hooks of us all |
2. | A koútu matau | The fish-hooks of you all |
3. | A rátu matau | The fish-hooks of them all. |
1st Person | A mátu matau | The fish-hooks of us all whom I represent. |
Nga Tóki, Axes.
1. | O'ku tóki | My axes |
2. | O'u tóki | Thy axes |
3. | O'na tóki | His axes. |
1. | O táua tóki | The axes of us two |
2. | O kodúa tóki | The axes of you two |
3. | O ráua tóki | The axes of them two. |
1st Person | O máua tóki | The axes of us two whom I represent. |
1. | O tátu tóki | The axes of us all |
2. | O koútu tóki | The axes of you all |
3. | O rátu tóki | The axes of them all. |
1st Person | O mátu tóki | The axes of us all whom I represent. |
Demonstrative Pronouns.
1. | Ténei | This (very near) |
2. | Téna | That (in sight) |
3. | Téra | That (at a distance). |
1. | E'nei | These (very near) |
2. | E'na | Those (in sight) |
3. | E'ra | Those (at a distance). |
Ténei tángata, or Te tángata nei, This man (here). | |
E'nei tángata, These men (here). | |
Téna méa, That thing | in view, or which is exhibited, &c. |
E'na méa, Those things | in view, or which is exhibited, &c. |
Téra wahíne, That woman | at a distance. |
E'ra wahíne, Those women | at a distance. |
Relative Pronouns.
I have not been able to discover any words in the New-Zealand Language corresponding to the Relative Pronouns in other languages. The few Examples following will shew that these Pronouns are generally understood.
1. | Ko te tángata náku i koréro átu, |
The man I spoke of. | |
2. | Ko te rákau náu i waka kíte mai, |
The tree you shewed me. | |
3. | Ko te íwi kóa mádu i *'au, |
The tribe vanquished by me. | |
4. | Ko to táua nei tángata, |
The man we are (speaking) of. |
Note.—In the foregoing examples of Possessive, Demonstrative, and Relative Pronouns, the Particles te, ta, and to are evidently used in the Singular Number only; and e, a, and o, in the Plural.
* This is an abbreviation of ahau, I or Me.
Interrogative Pronouns.
Wai | Who |
K'wai, (from Ko wai,) | Who. |
E'aha | What. |
A'ha (used after the substantive in distinguishing) | Which. |
K'wai ra te Atúa Núi? | Who is the Great God? |
Ko Jihóva | Jehovah. |
E'aha te Atúa? | What is God? |
E waidúa | A spirit. |
Tángata áha? | Which man? |
I'ka áha? | Which fish? |
In asking some questions, such as a person's name, the word k'wai is used, and not éaha.
K'wai tóu ingóa? | What (or Who) is thy name? |
K'wai téra tángata?. | What (or Who) is that man? |
Of Verbs.
Verbs are of three kinds; Active, Neuter, and Causative.
Verbs have two Voices, the Active and the Passive.
There are three Moods: the Indicative, the Imperative, and the Subjunctive.
The Tenses of Verbs are three; Past, Present, and Future.
Note.—The Future is often used to express the continuance of action, &c. implied by the verb.
The Preter and Future often signify the time present.
Verb Active.
Indicative Mood.
Sing. 1. | E kai ána ra* ókí 'au | I eat. |
2. | E kai ána ra ókí koe | Thou eatest. |
3. | E kai ána ra ókíía | He eateth, or eats. |
1 Dual, 1. | E kai ána ra ókí táua | We (thou and I) eat. |
2. | E kai ána ra ókí kodúa | Ye (two) eat. |
3. | E kai ána ra ókí ráua | They (two) eat. |
2 Dual, 1. | E kai ána ra ókí máua | We (two whom I am speaking of) eat. |
1 Plu. 1. | E kai ána ra ókí tátu | We (all) eat. |
2. | E kai ána ra ókí koútu | Ye (all) eat. |
3. | E kai ána ra ókí rátu | They (all) eat. |
2 Plu. 1. | E kai ána ra ókí mátu | We (all of whom I am speaking) eat. |
Sing. 1. | Koá kai ke ra óki 'au | I have eaten. |
2. | Koá kai ke ra óki koe | Thou hast eaten. |
3. | Koá kai ke ra óki ía | He has eaten. |
1 Dual, 1. | Koá kai ke ra óki táua | We (thou and I) have eaten. |
2. | Koá kai ke ra óki kodúa | Ye (two) have eaten. |
3. | Koá kai ke ra óki ráua | They (two) have eaten. |
2 Dual, 1. | Koá kai ke ra óki máua | We (two whom I speak of) have eaten. |
1 Plu. 1. | Koá kai ke ra óki tátu | We (all) have eaten. |
2. | Koá kai ke ra óki koútu | Ye (all) have eaten. |
3. | Koá kai ke ra óki rátu | They (all) have eaten. |
2 Plu. 1. | Koá kai ke ra óki mátu | We (all whom I speak of) have eaten. |
Sing. 1. | (Apópo) ra óki 'au e kai ai | (To-morrow) I will eat. |
2. | (Apópo) ra óki koe e kai ai | (To-morrow) thou wilt eat. |
3. | (Apópo) ra óki ía e kai ai | (To-morrow) he will eat. |
1 Dual, 1. | (Apópo) ra óki táua e kai ai | (To-morrow) we (thou and I) wilt eat. |
2. | (Apópo) ra óki kodúa e kai ai | (To-morrow) ye (two) will eat. |
3. | (Apópo) ra óki ráua e kai ai | (To-morrow) they (two) will eat.page 32 |
2 Dual, | (Apópo) ra óki máua e kai ai | (To-morrow) we (two whom I speak of) will eat. |
1 Plu. 1. | (Apópo) ra óki tátu e kai ai | (To-morrow) we (all) will eat. |
2. | (Apópo) ra óki koúto e kai ai | (To-morrow) ye (all) will eat. |
3. | (Apópo) ra óki rátu e kai ai | (To-morrow) they (all) will eat. |
2 Plu. 1. | (Apópo) ra óki mátu e kai ai | (To-morrow) we (all whom I speak of) will eat. |
Note.—In expressing the Past and Future Tenses of Verbs, it is common to mention the place where, or the time when, a thing was, or will be done. Some verbs, however, admit the prefix hóa, and the affix ke, in determining the Past Tense, and the Vowel á prolonged in determining the Future.
Imperative Mood.
Sing. 2. | Ek ai ra koe | Eat thou. |
3. | Ka kai ra ía | Let him, or her, eat. |
1 Dual, 1. | Ka kai ra táua | Let us (two) eat. |
2. | E kai ra kodúa | Do you (two) eat. |
3. | Ka kai ra ráua | Let them (two) eat. |
Plu. 1. | Ka kai tátu | Let us (all) eat. |
2. | E kai ra koútu | Do you (all) eat. |
3. | Ka kai ra rátu | Let them (all) eat. |
Subjunctive Mood.
Sing. 1. | E kai ána pe óki 'au | I may be, or perhaps am eating. |
2. | E kai ána pe óki koe | Thou mayest be, or perhaps art eating. |
3. | E kai ána pe óki ía | He may be, or perhaps is eating. |
1 Dual, 1. | E kai ána pe óki táua | We (two and 1) may be, or perhaps are eating. |
2. | E kai ána pe óki kodúa | Ye (two) may be, or perhaps are eating. |
3. | E kai ána pe óki ráua | They (two) may be, or perhaps are eating. |
2 Dual, 1. | E kai ána pe óki máua | We (two of whom I speak) may be, or perhaps are eating. |
1 Plu. 1. | E kai ána pe óki tátu | We (all) may be, or perhaps are eating. |
2. | E kai ána pe óki koútu | Ye (all) may be, or perhaps are eating. |
3. | E kai ána pe óki rátu | They (all) may be, or perhaps are eating. |
2 Plu. 1. | E kai ána pe óki mátu | We (all whom I speak of) may be, or perhaps are eating. |
Sing. 1. | Kóa kai ke pe óki 'au | I might (or perhaps) have eaten. |
2. | Kóa kai ke pe óki koe | Thou &c. |
3. | Kóa kai ke pe óki ía | He &c. |
1 Dual, 1. | Kóa kai ke pe óki táua | We &c. |
2. | Kóa kai ke pe óki kódua | Ye &c. |
3. | Kóa kai ke pe óki ráua | They &c. |
2 Dual, 1. | Kóa kai ke pe óki máua | We &c. |
1 Plu. 1. | Kóa kai ke pe óki tátu | We all &c. |
3. | Kóa kai ke pe óki koútu | Ye all &c. |
3. | Kóa kai ke pe óki rátu | They all &c. |
2 Plu. 1. | Kóa kai ke pe óki mátu | We all whom &c. |
Sing. 1. | (A mudi) pe óki 'au e kai ai | (Hereafter) I perhaps shall eat. |
2. | (A mudi) pe óki koe | (Hereafter) thou &c. |
3. | (A mudi) pe óki ía e kai ai | (Hereafter) he &c. |
1 Dual, 1. | (A mudi) pe óki táua e kai ai | (Hereafter) we &c. |
2. | (A mudi) pe óki kodúa e kai ai | (Hereafter) ye &c. |
3. | (A mudi) pe óki ráua e kai ai | (Hereafter) they &c. |
2 Dual, 1. | (A mudi) pe óki máua e kai ai | (Hereafter) we of whom &c.page 35 |
1 Plu. 1. | (A mudi) pe óki 'au e kai ai | (Hereafter) we all &c. |
2. | (A mudi) pe óki koútu e kai ai | (Hereafter) ye all &c. |
3. | (A mudi) pe óki rátu e kai ai | (Hereafter) they all &c. |
2 Plu. 1. | (A mudi) pe óki mátu e kai ai | (Hereafter) we all whom &c. |
* Sometimes the words ra óki are omitted by the ellipse.
Verb Neuter.
Aire, To Move;—from Aere, or Circular Motion.
Aire mai, To come or approach.
Aire átu, To go or depart.
Aire mai..To Come.
Indicative Mood.
Sing. 1. | E aire mai ána ra óki 'au | I am coming. |
2. | E aire mai ána ra óki koe | Thou art coming. |
3. | E aire mai ána ra óki ía | He is coming. |
1 Dual, 1. | E aire mai ána ra óki táua | We (thou and I) are coming. |
2. | E aire mai ána ra óki kodúa | Ye (two) are coming. |
3. | E aire mai ána ra óki ráua | They (two) are coming. |
2 Dual, 1. | E aire mai ána ra óki máua | We (two whom I am speaking of) are coming.page 36 |
1 Plu. 1. | E aire mai ána ra óki tátu | We (all) are coming. |
2. | E aire mai ána ra óki koútu | Ye (all) are coming. |
3. | E aire mai ána ra óki rátu | They (all) are coming. |
2 Plu. 1. | E aire mai ána ra óki mátu | We (all whom I speak of) are coming. |
Sing. 1. | (No nanáhi) ra óki 'au i aire mai ai | (Yesterday) I came. |
2. | (No nanáhi) ra óki koe i aire mai ai | (Yesterday) thou camest. |
3. | (No nanáhi) ra óki ía i aire mai ai | (Yesterday) he came. |
1. Dual, 1. | (No nanáhi) ra óki táua i aire mai ai | (Yesterday) we (thou & I) came. |
2. | (No nanáhi) ra óki kodúa i aire mai ai | (Yesterday) ye (two) came. |
3. | (No nanáhi) ra óki ráua i aire mai ai | (Yesterday) they (two) came. |
2 Dual, 1. | (No nanáhi) ra óki máua i aire mai ai | (Yesterday) we (two of whom I speak) came. |
1 Plu. 1. | (No nanáhi) ra óki tátu i aire mai ai | (Yesterday) we (all) came |
2. | (No nanáhi) ra óki koútu i aire mai ai | (Yesterday) ye (all) came. |
3. | (No nanáhi) ra óki rátu i aire mai ai | (Yesterday) they (all) came. |
2 Plu. 1. | (No nanáhi) ra óki mátu i aire mai ai | (Yesterday) we (all of whom I speak) came. |
Note.—In the Past Tense above mentioned, instead of the word Came, the words Am coming &c. ought properly to be substituted; the Preter Tense being only signified by the word Yesterday.
Another form of expressing the Past Tense of the Verb To Come.
Tai mai | To Arrive. |
Sing. 1. | Kóa tai ke mai ra óki 'au | I arrived, or came. |
2. | Kóa tai ke mai ra óki koe | Thou hast arrived. |
3. | Kóa tai ke mai ra óki ía | He has arrived. |
1 Dual, 1. | Kóa tai ke mai ra óki táua | We (thou and I) have arrived. |
2. | Kóa tai ke mai ra óki kodúa | Ye (two) have arrived. |
3. | Kóa tai ke mai ra óki ráua | They two have arrived. |
2 Dual, 1. | Kóa tai ke mai ra óki máua | We (two whom I speak of) have arrived. |
1 Plu. 1. | Kóa tai ke mai ra óki tátu | We (all) have arrived. |
2. | Kóa tai ke mai ra óki koútu | Ye (all) have arrived. |
3. | Kóa tai ke mai ra óki rátu | They (all) have arrived. |
2 Plu. 1. | Kóa tai ke mai ra óki mátu | We (all of whom I speak of) have arrived. |
Sing. 1. | (A múdi) ra óki 'au e aire mai ai | (Hereafter) I will come. |
2. | (A múdi) ra óki koe e aire mai ai | (Hereafter) thou wilt come. |
3. | (A múdi) ra óki ía e aire mai ai | (Hereafter) he will come. |
1 Dual, 1. | (A múdi) ra óki táua e aire mai ai | (Hereafter) we (thou & I) will come. |
2. | (A múdi) ra óki kódua e aire mai ai | (Hereafter) ye (two) will come. |
3. | (A múdi) ra óki ráua e aire mai ai | (Hereafter) they (two) will come. |
2 Dual, 1. | (A múdi) ra óki máua e aire mai ai | (Hereafter) we (two whom I speak of) will come. |
1 Plu. 1. | (A múdi) ra óki tátu e aire mai ai | (Hereafter) we (all) will come. |
2. | (A múdi) ra óki koútu e aire mai ai | (Hereafter) ye (all) will come. |
3. | (A múdi) ra óki rátu e aire mai ai | (Hereafter) they (all) will come. |
2 Plu. 1. | (A múdi) ra óki mátu e aire mai ai | (Hereafter) we (all whom I speak of) will come. |
Imperative Mood.
Sing. 2. | Aire mai ra óki koe | Come thou. |
3. | Aire mai ra óki ía | Let him come.page 39 |
Dual, 1. | Aire mai ra óki táua | Let us (thou and I) come. |
2. | Aire mai ra óki kodúa | Do you (two) come. |
3. | Aire mai ra óki ráua | Let them (two) come. |
Plu. 1. | Aire mai ra óki tátu | Let us (all) come. |
2. | Aire mai ra óki koútu | Come (all of) you. |
3. | Aire mai ra óki rátu | Let us (all) come. |
Subjunctive Mood.
Sing. 1. | E aire mai ána pe óki 'au | I may be, or (perhaps) am coming. |
2. | E aire mai ána pe óki koe | Thou &c. |
3. | E aire mai ána pe óki ía | He &c. |
1 Dual, 1. | E aire mai ána pe óki táua | We &c. |
2. | E aire mai ána pe óki kodúa | Ye &c. |
3. | E aire mai ána pe óki ráua | They &c. |
2 Dual, 1. | E aire mai ána pe óki máua | We &c. |
1 Plu. 1. | E aire mai ána pe óki tátu | We all &c. |
2. | E aire mai ána pe óki koútu | Ye all &c. |
3. | E aire mai ána pe óki rátu | They all &c. |
2 Plu. 1. | E aire mai ána pe óki mátu | We all &c. |
Sing. 1. | Kóa tai ke mai pe óki 'au | I might, or (perhaps) have arrived. |
2. | Kóa tai ke mai pe óki koe | Thou &c. |
3. | Kóa tai ke mai pe óki ía | He &c. |
1 Dual, 1. | Kóa tai ke mai pe óki táua | We &c. |
2. | Kóa tai ke mai pe óki kodúa | Ye &c. |
3. | Kóa tai ke mai pe óki ráua | They &c. |
2 Dual, 1. | Kóa tai ke mai pe óki máua | We &c. |
1 Plu. 1. | Kóa tai ke mai pe óki tátu | We all &c. |
2. | Kóa tai ke mai pe óki koútu | Ye all &c. |
3. | Kóa tai ke mai pe óki rátu | They all &c. |
2 Plu. 1. | Kóa tai ke mai pe óki mátu | We all &c. |
Sing. 1. | (Apópo) pe óki 'au e aire mai ai | (To-morrow) perhaps I shall come. |
2. | (Apópo) pe óki koe e aire mai ai | (To-morrow) perhaps thou &c. |
3. | (Apópo) pe óki ía e aire mai ai | (To-morrow) perhaps he &c. |
1 Dual, 1. | (Apópo) pe óki táua e aire mai ai | (To-morrow) perhaps we &c. |
2. | (Apópo) pe óki kodúa e aire mai ai | (To-morrow) perhaps ye &c. |
3. | (Apópo) pe óki ráua e aire mai ai | (To-morrow) perhaps they &c. |
2 Dual, 1. | (Apópo) pe óki máua e aire mai ai | (To-morrow) perhaps we &c.page 41 |
1 Plu. 1. | (Apópo) pe óki tátu e aire mai ai e aire mai ai | (To-morrow) perhaps (To-morrow) perhaps we all shall come. |
2. | (Apópo) pe óki koútu e aire mai ai | (To-morrow) perhaps ye all &c. |
3. | (Apópo) pe óki rátu e aire mai ai | (To-morrow) perhaps they all &c. |
2 Plu. 1. | (Apópo) pe óki mátu e aire mai ai | (To-morrow) perhaps we all &c. |
Aire átu | To Go (To Depart.) |
Indicative Mood.
Sing. 1. | E aire átu ána ra óki 'au | I am going. |
2. | E aire átu ána ra óki koe | Thou art going. |
3. | E aire átu ána ra óki ía | He is going. |
1 Dual, 1. | E aire átu ána ra óki táua | We (thou and I) are going. |
2. | kodúa | E aire átu ána ra óki Ye (two) are going. |
3. | E aire átu ána ra óki ráua | They (two) are going. |
2 Dual, 1. | E aire átu ána ra óki máua | We (two whom I am speaking of) are going. |
1 Plu. 1. | E aire átu ána ra óki tátu | We (all) are going. |
2. | E aire átu ána ra óki koútu | Ye (all) are going. |
3. | E aire átu ána ra óki rátu | They (all) are going. |
2 Plu. 1. | E aire átu ána ra óki mátu | We (all whom I am speaking of) are going. |
Irregular Past Tense of the Verb To Go.
Díro | Gone (out of sight). |
Sing. 1. | Kóa díro ke ra óki 'au | I had gone. |
2. | Kóa díro ke ra óki koe | Thou &c. |
3. | Kóa díro ke ra óki ía | He &c. |
1 Dual, 1. | Kóa díro ke ra óki taúa | We &c. |
2. | Kóa díro ke ra óki kodúa | Ye &c. |
3. | Kóa díro ke ra óki ráua | They &c. |
2 Dual, 1. | Kóa díro ke ra óki máua | We &c. |
1 Plu. 1. | Kóa díro ke ra óki tátu | We all &c. |
2. | Kóa díro ke ra óki koútu | Ye all &c. |
3. | Kóa díro ke ra óki rátu | They all &c. |
2 Plu. 1. | Kóa díro ke ra óki mátu | We all &c. |
Note.—Ka díro ra óki'au, would signify, as before, I am gone &c. Kóa tai ke átu ra óki'au, I have arrived.
Sing. 1. | (Apópo) ra óki 'au e aire átu ai | (To-morrow) I shall go. |
2. | (Apópo) ra óki koe e aire átu ai | (To-morrow) thou &c. |
3. | (Apópo) ra óki ía e aire átu ai | (To-morrow) he &c.page 43 |
1 Dual, 1. | (Apópo) ra óki táua e aire átu ai | (To-morrow) we shall go. |
2. | (Apópo) ra óki kodú e aire átu ai | (To-morrow) ye &c. |
3. | (Apópo) ra óki ráua e aire átu ai | (To-morrow) they &c. |
2 Dual, 1. | (Apópo) ra óki máua e aire átu ai | (To-morrow) we &c. |
1 Plu. 1. | (Apópo) ra óki tátu e aire átu ai | (To-morrow) we all &c. |
2. | (Apópo) ra óki koútu e aire átu ai | (To-morrow) ye all &c. |
3. | (Apópo) ra óki rátu e aire átu ai | (To-morrow) they all &c. |
2 Plu. 1. | (Apópo) ra óki máua e aire átu ai | (To-morrow) we all &c. |
Imperative Mood.
Sing. 2. | Aire átu ra óki koe | Go thou |
3. | Ka aire atu ra óki ía | Let him go. |
1 Dual, 1. | Aire átu ra óki táua | Let thou and I go. |
2. | Aire átu ra óki kodúa | Go you two. |
3. | Aire átu ra óki ráua | Let them two go. |
1 Plu. 1. | Aire átu ra óki tátu | Let us all go. |
2. | Aire átu ra óki koútu | Go you all. |
3. | Aire átu ra óki rátu | Let them all go. |
Subjunctive Mood.
Sing. 1. | E aire átu ána pe óki 'au &c | I may be, or perhaps am going &c. |
Sin. 1. | Kóadíro ke pe óki'au &c. | I might have been (or perhaps have been) gone &c. |
Sing. 1. | (Apópo) pe óki 'au e aire átu ai | (To-morrow), perhaps, I shall go. |
Verb
Koréro....To Speak.
Indicative Mood.
Sing. 1, | E koréro ána ra óki 'au | I am speaking. |
2. | E koréro ána ra óki koe | Thou &c. |
3. | E koréro ána ra óki ía | He &c. |
1 Dual, 1. | E koréro ána ra óki táua | We (thou and I) &c. |
2. | E koréro ána ra óki kodúa | Ye (two) &c. |
3. | E koréro ána ra óki ráua | They (two) &c.page 45 |
2 Dual, 1. | E koréro ána ra óki máua | We (whom &c.) are speaking. |
1 Plu. 1. | E koréro ána ra óki tátu | We (all) &c. |
2. | E koréro ána ra óki koútu | Ye (all) &c. |
3. | E koréro ána ra óki rátu | They (all) &c. |
2 Plu. 1. | E koréro ána ra óki mátu | We (all whom) &c. |
Sing. 1. | Kóa koréro ke ra óki 'au | I have spoken. |
2. | Kóa koréro ke ra óki kóe | Thou &c. |
3. | Kóa koréro ke ra óki ía | He &c. |
2 Dual, 1. | Kóa koréro ke ra óki táua | We (thou and I) &c. |
2. | Kóa koréro ke ra óki kodúa | Ye (two) &c. |
3. | Kóa koréro ke ra óki ráua | They (two) &c. |
2 Dual, 1. | Kóa koréro ke ra óki máua | We (whom) &c. |
1 Plu. 1 | Kóa koréro ke ra óki tátu | We (all) &c. |
2. | Kóa koréro ke ra óki koútu | Ye (all) &c. |
3. | Kóa koréro ke ra óki rátu | They (all) &c. |
2 Plu. 1. | Kóa koréro ke ra óki mátu | We (all whom) &c. |
When the time, or place, is determined wherein the action &c. of the verb is supposed to have existed, the Past Tense will be expressed in the following manner.
Sing 1. | (No nanáhi) ra óki'au i koréro ai | (Yesterday) I spoke. |
Sing. 1. | (I tóku wáka) ra óki 'au i koréro ai | I spoke (in my canoe.) |
Sing. 1. | (Apópo) ra óki 'au e koréro ai | (To-morrow) I shall speak. |
2. | (Apópo) ra óki koe e koréro ai | (To-morrow) thou &c. |
3. | (Apópo) ra óki ía e koréro ai | (To-morrow) he &c. |
1 Dual, 1. | (Apópo) ra óki táua e koréro ai | (To-morrow) we (thou and I) &c. |
2. | (Apópo) ra óki kodúa e koréro ai | (To-morrow) ye (two) &c. |
3. | (Apópo) ra óki ráua e koréro ai | (To-morrow) they (two) &c. |
2 Dual, 1. | (Apópo) ra óki máua e koréro ai | (To-morrow) we (whom) &c. |
1 Plu. 1. | (Apópo) ra óki tátu e koréro ai | (To-morrow) we (all) &c. |
2. | (Apópo) ra óki koútu e koréro ai | (To-morrow) ye (all) &c. |
3. | (Apópo) ra óki rátu e koréro ai | (To-morrow) they (all) &c. |
2 Plu. 1. | (Apópo) ra óki mátu e koréro ai | (To-morrow) we (all whom) &c. |
Imperative Mood.
Sing. 2. | Koréro tía ra óki koe | Speak thou. |
3. | Kía koréro ra óki ía | Let him speak. |
Dual, 1. | Kía koréro ra óki táua | Let us speak. |
2. | Koréro tía ra óki kodúa | Speak ye (two). |
3. | Kía koréro ra óki ráua | Let them (two) speak. |
Plu. 1. | Kía koréro ra óki tátu | Let us (all) speak. |
2. | Koréro tía ra óki koútu | Speak you (all). |
3. | Kía koréro ra óki rátu | Let them (all) speak. |
Another form of the Imperative Mood.
Sing. 2. | Koréro tía mai ra óki koe | Speak thou. |
3. | Kía koréro tía mai ra oki ía | Let him speak. |
Dual, 1. | Kía koréro táua | Let us (thou and I) speak. |
2. | Koréro tía mai ra óki kodúa | Speak ye (two). |
3. | Kía koréro ráua | Let them (two) speak. |
Plu. 1. | Kia koréro ra óki tátu | Let us (all) speak. |
2. | Koréro tía mai ra okí koútu | Speak ye (all). |
3. | Kia koréro ra óki rátu | Let them (all) speak. |
Subjunctive Mood.
Sing. 3. | E koréro ána pe óki ía | He may be, or perhaps is, speaking. |
Sing. 3. | Kóa koréro ke pe óki ía | He might have spoken, or he might perhaps have been speaking. |
Sing. 3. | (Apópo) pe óki ía e koréro ai | (To-morrow) perhaps he will speak. |
Another form of expressing the Future Tense is, when an action is going to be performed, or is about to be done; as,
Sing. 1. | Ko te kai ra óki 'au | I am going to eat. |
2. | Ko te aire ra óki 'au | to move. |
3. | Ko te koréro ra óki 'au | to speak. |
Sing. 1. | Méa ke 'au e kai | I am about to eat. |
2. | Méa ke koe e aire | Thou art about to move. |
3. | Méa ke ía e koréro | He is about to speak. |
Verb Passive.
Indicative Mood.
Sing. 1. | Ka pau ra óki'au &c. | I am consumed &c. |
Sing. 1. | Kóa pau ke ra oki'au &c. | I have been consumed &c. |
Sing. 1. | Ka pau ra óki'au (apópo) &c. | I shall be consumed (to morrow) &c. |
Imperative Mood
Sing. 2. | Ki a pau ra koe &c. | Be thou consumed &c. |
In the Subjunctive Mood, use pe instead of ra, as before.
Causative Verb
Waka kitéa..To cause to see, to shew, to view;
from Kitéa, To see clearly.
Note.—Kite' is generally used as an abbreviation of Kitéa.
Indicative Mood.
Sing. 1. | E waka kíte' ána ra óki 'au &c. | I shew &c. |
Sing. 1. | (No nanáhi) ra óki 'au i waka kíte' ai &c. | (Yesterday) I shewed &c. |
Sing. 1. | (Apópo) ra óki 'au e waka kíte' ai &c. | (To-morrow) I will shew &c. |
Imperative Mood.
Sing. 2. | Waka kíte' mai ra óki koe &c. | Shew thou &c. |
In the Subjunctive Mood, substitute the word pe instead of ra, as before.
Verb
Indicative Mood.
Sing. 1. | E waka róngo ána ra óki'au &c. | I am causing to hear &c. |
Sing. 1. | E waka róngo ána ra óki'au (i nanáhi) &c. | I was causing to hear (yesterday) &c. |
Sing. 1. (Apópo) ra óki'au e waka róngo ai &c. | (To-morrow) I will cause to hear. |
Imperative Mood.
Sing. 2. | Waka róngo ra óki koe &c. | Do thou cause to hea &c. |
The word pe is substituted for the word ra in the Subjunctive Mood, as before.
Note.—The verb waka róngo is used for listen, hearken, and also for acquaint, inform; such particles as alter its meaning being prefixed or affixed.
Verb.
Indicative Mood.
Sing. 1. | E waka mátau ána ra oki'au &c. | I teach &c. |
Sing. 1. | (No nanáhi) ra óki'au i waka mátau ai &c. | I taught (yesterday) &c. |
Sing. 1. | (Apópo) ra óki'au e waka mátau ai &c. | (To-morrow) I will teach &c. |
Imperative Mood.
Sing. 2. | Kía waka mátau día ra óki koe &c. | Teach thou. |
In the Subjunctive Mood, substitute the word pe instead of ra, as before.
Impersonal Verbs.
E úa ána | It rains. | Ka mau te úa | It has ceased to rain. |
E au pápa ána | It snows. | Ka mútu te áu pápa | It has finished to snow. |
E wáti tídi ána | It thunders. | Ka mútu te wáti tídi | It has ceased thundering. |
E wíra ána | It lightens. | Koá mútu te wíra | It has ceased to lighten. |
E wíti mai ána | It appears. | Kóa wíti ke mai | It has appeared. |
Adverbs.
Ahéa, When. | I na máte, Anciently. |
Ahínei, To-day. | Wáwe, Suddenly. |
I nanáhi, Yesterday. | I múa, Heretofore. |
Apópo, To-morrow. | A múdi, Hereafter. |
A te táhi ra, After tomorrow. | A te ai ai, In the evening. |
I te áo, By day. | A te áta, In the mornning. |
I te po, By night. |
Ke ihéa, Where, Whither. | Wáho, Without. |
Nohéa, From whence. | Ténei tahá, This side. |
Ra) kohéa, Which way. | Téra tahá, That side. |
Kónei, Here. | Dúnga, Above. |
Nokónei, Of this place. | Múa, Before. |
Konei mai, This way. | Múdi, Behind. |
Ko i nátu, That way. | Tawíti, Far. |
Ko i ná, There. | Tawíti tawíti, A great way off. |
Táta, Near. | Ráro, Below. |
Iróto, Within. |
Núi, Much. | Ma te todu, Thick. |
I'ti, Little. | Mo ro íti, Very little. |
Rahi, Large. | Maha, Abundance. |
Nohi nohi, Small. | Todu todu, Few. |
Rairai, Thin. | Tíni tíni, Very many.page 54 |
Púpu, Abundance. | Ráwa, To the utmost extent. |
Káti, Enough. |
Pai, Well. | Kíno, Ill. |
Tíka, Right. | Pakéke, Hardly. |
Eápa, Crooked. | Ngawádii, Easily, softly. |
Adverbs signifyingLikeness.
-
Pénei, Like this, (very near).
-
Péna, Like that (pointed at).
-
Péra, Like that (at a distance).
-
Méa ke, In like manner as.
Adverbs ofNumber.
-
E táhi ánga, Once.
-
E máno e okínga mai, A thousand times.
-
E máha e okínga mai, Many times.
Kaóre, No. | Etéka, By no means. |
Kaóre kóia péa, Not at all. | Kaua, aua, Not, or Do not. |
A'ra, Yes. | Kóia ra, Truly. |
A'ra óki, Yes. |
Péa, Perhaps. | Kóia péa, Very likely. |
Péa óki, Perhaps (so). |
Adverbs ofInterrogation.
-
Ahéa? When?
-
E íaha? Why? or What for?
-
E hía? How many?
Note.—It may be remarked, that many of these Adverbs are nothing more than Adjectives or Substantives used adverbially.
Examples In Adverbs.
1. |
E aire po ána óti koe? Art thou going by night? |
2. |
Ko té e óki wáwe mai óti koe? Wilt thou return speedily? |
3. |
E koréro tíka ána ra óki te tángata, The man speaks correctly. |
4. |
E máhi mádie ána ra óki tátu, We all are working quietly. |
5. |
E tére máodi ána ra óki te tohóra, The whale is swimming (upon the water). |
6. |
E títiro makútu ána ra óki ía, He is looking (bewitchingly). |
7. |
E ánga kino ána, A working ill. |
Prepositions.
I, By. | Mo, For. |
No, From, Of. | Ke, At. |
Ki, To. | Ráro e o, Under. |
Dúnga áki, Upon. | Róto, Within, or Between. |
Wáho, Without. |
Examples.
1. |
Ka díro i te tángata, Taken by the man. |
2. |
No te tángata, From the man. |
3. |
Ki te tángata, To the man. |
4. |
Dúnga áki te wáta, Upon the platform. |
5. |
Ráro e o te rákau, Under the tree. |
6. |
Mo te tángata, For the man. |
7. |
Ke te wáre, At the house. |
8. |
Ka nóho 'au ki roto, I sit within. |
9. |
Ka aire tátu ki wáho, Let us all go out. |
Conjunctions.
Ma and me are used as Conjunctions Co-pulative; ma in coupling words of the same nature and quality; and me in coupling words of different qualities, & c.
Examples.
-
Ko Táka ma, ko Túma; Táka and Túma.
-
E dúa te kau ma díma; Twenty and five.
-
Na wai óki te Ra, mé te Maráma, me nga wétu? Who made the sun and moon and stars?
-
Ka pai ra óki 'au ki te íka, mé te kapána, me te táro. I like fish and potatoes and bread.
Sometimes Conjunctions are formed by the Personal Pronouns:
Examples.
1. |
Ko máua ko Táka; I and Táka. |
2. |
Ko koe, ko dúa, ko Táka; Thou and Táka. page 57 |
3. |
Ko Táka, ko ráua, ko Túma; Táka and Túma. |
4. |
Ko Táka, ko rátu, ko Túma ma; Táka, Túma, and party. |
5. |
Ki a Táka, ki a ráua, ki a Túma; To Táka and Túma. |
Interjections.
-
Ha há!—denoting surprise.
-
Au é! Alas!
-
E tai! Ah!
-
Aháh!—in disgust.
Syntax.
The Nominative Case and the Verb.
The Nominative Case agrees with and follows the Verb; as,
-
E tóene ra óki te ra, The sun proceeds forward.
-
E rére ána te mánu, The bird flies.
-
E aróha ána nga matúa, The parents love.
-
E aire ána máua, ko Táka, I and Táka move.
-
E e óki mai ána te táua, The army is coming back.
Note.—In the last four sentences, the ra óki is omitted by the ellipse.
Substantive and Adjective.
The Adjective follows the Substantive; as,
E tángata pai, | A good man. |
E ngákau kíno, | A bad heart. |
Adjectives sometimes precede the substantive; as,
-
Ka róa (ra óki) te po, Long is the night.
-
E núi te pai o ténei méa, Very good is this thing.
-
Pai ráwa tóu ánga, Exceeding good is thy work.
Sometimes the Adjective denoting the particular properties of a Substantive is expressed alone; the Substantive to which it refers being understood; as,
-
E kúere, An ignorant, unskilful man;—the word tángata being understood.
page 59 -
E tohúnga, A skilful person; as, A priest, An architect, &c.
-
E tóa, A courageous man.
-
E hóha, A generous person.
Of the Substantive and the Possessive Pronoun.
The Possessive Pronoun is placed either before or after the Substantive; as,
-
Táku tamaiti, My son; or E tamaiti náku, A son of mine.
-
Tóku matúa, My parent; or, E matúa nóku, A parent of mine.
-
To tátu wáre, Our house; or, E wáre no tátu &c.
-
Kóa máte ke tóku matúa táne, me tóku matúa wahíne; My father and mother are dead.
The Dative Case Signifying Acquisition.
-
O mai ki 'au, Produce to me.
-
Móku te táhi tóki, For me one axe, or Give me an axe.
-
Móu tenei tóki, For thee this axe, or Take this axe.
-
E tángata ngákau núi ki te wawáhi, A man who has a fearless disposition for disputation.
The Accusative Case and the Verb.
-
Kaua hei Atúa ke móu, Take not a strange God to thee.
page 60 -
E aróha ána 'au ki á koe, I love thee.
-
Waka e óki mai tóu ponónga ki 'au, Return thy servant to me.
Space, Measure, Time, and Place.
-
Ke tawíti, ko táhi ra ka aire, ka tai; The distance is (that) of one day's journey.
-
E wai kédi, e óno te róa o te hohónu; A ditch six fathoms deep.
-
Ki te po, e kóre e kitéa te kanóhi; In the night the eye cannot see.
-
E tángi po ána ra óki te wahíne á ka áo te ra, kamútu; The woman cries during the night, at day-break ceases.
-
E'aha ra nei te máhinga máku kei Ingland? What shall I work at in England?
-
No Niw Zíland ra óki ía, He is from New Zealand.
-
Ko Niw Zíland ra óki ía, He is going to New Zealand.
-
Kei úta tóku káinga, My residence is in the interior.
-
Aire ra óki koe ki tóu wáre, Go to thy house.