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A Grammar and Vocabulary of the Language of New Zealand.

The Alphabet

The Alphabet

page break
Vowels. Sound. Vowels. Sound.
Long Short
Á á as in father. A a as in pad.
É é as a in bate. E e as in bet.
Í í as ee in feet. I i as in fit.
Ó ó as o in pole. O o as o in pole, shortened.
Ú ú as oo in boot. U u as oo in good.
Diphthongs. Sound.
ai as i, in mine, thine, &c.
au as ou, in house, vulgarly in parts of Lincolnshire.
ei as ay in nay, nearly.
eu a compound of the sounds of e and u, unknown in English.
oi as oy in joy.
ou as ou in the true pronunciation of house.
Consonants. Names. Remarks. Consonants. Names. Remarks.
B b ba P p pa
D d da R r ra
F f fa used in Foreign words. Ss sa
G g ga always hard, as in give. T t ta Dental.
H h ha V v va used in Foreign words.
J j j a used in Foreign words. W w wa
K k ka X x xa
L l la Y y ya
M m ma Z z Za used in Foreign words.
N n na ng NG nga as ng in King, &c.
page 2

Table of Syllables.

1.
ba be bi bo bu
da de di do du
fa fe fi fo fu
ga ge gi go gu
ha he hi ho hu
ka ki ko ku
2.
la le li lo lu
ma me mi mo mu
na ne ni no nu
pa pe pi po pu
ra re ri ro ru
sa se si so su
3.
ta te ti to tu
va ve vi vo vu
wa we wi wo wu
ya ye yi yo yu
za ze zi zo zu
4.
bai bau kai kau pai pau wai wau
boi bou koi kou poi pou woi wou
dai dau mai mau rai rau yai yau
doi dou moi mou roi rou yoi you
hai hau nai nau tai tau zai zau
hoi hou noi nou toi tou zoi zou
5. Nasal Sounds.
ngá nga ngé nge ngí ngi ngó ngo ngú ngu
page 3
1.
ádi áhu ámi áno ápu áta
ádu áka ámo ánu ára áte
áha áke ámu ápa áre áti
áhe áki ána ápe ári átu
áhi áku áne ápi áro áwa
áho áma áni ápo áru áwi
2.
édu épa ídi ími íro íwi
éhe épu íhi ína íta ódi
éhu ére íka íne íti óka
éke éti íke íno ítu óki
émo éwa íki ínu íwa óko
éno íai íku íra íwe óku
3.
óma ópa óte úhi úmi úpo
óna ópe óti úka úmu úpu
óne óra óto úke úna úra
óni óre údi úku únu úre
óno óro údu úma úpa úro
ónu óta úha úme úpe úru
úta úti útu úwa úwe úwi
4.
déa dúa kéo kíu kúi múa
déu dúe kéu kóa méa múi
día dúi kía kóe mía néo
díe dúo kíe kói mío nía
dío kéa kíi kúa móa níi
díu kéi kío kúe móe nío
page 4
5.
níu péa píi póu réo táo
nóa pée pío púa réu táu
nói péi píu púe ría téa
nóu péo póa púi róa téo
núa péu póe réa rói téu
núi pía pói réi táe tía
6.
tío túa wíu dídi dípo dúdu
tíu túi aire diki dípu dúku
tóa wéa audu díma díro dútu
tóe wéi aupa dímu díte háka
tói wía aute díno díto hána
tóu wío auwi dípa díya hápa
7.
hára káhu káma káno káre kéhe
háro káka kámo kápa káta kéke
kádu kaka kámu kápi káti kére
káha káke kána kápo káto kéte
káhe káki káne kápu kátu kétu
káhi káko káni kára kédi kídi
8.
kíki kíte kópe kóte kúku kúpa
kíko kíwi kópu kóti kúma kúpe
kína kóhu kóra kóto kúmi kúpu
kíni kóki kóre kúdi kúmu kúra
kíno kóko kóro kúdu kúna kúta
kíra kópa kóta kúhu kúne kútu
9.
mádu máku mápu máte mére míru
máha máma mára máti méte móka
máhi mámu máre mátu míhi mókipage 5
máka mána máro máwa mími móko
máki máno máta máwe míra mómi
máko mánu matá máwi míro móna
10.
móre múka múru náhu nánu nátu.
móro múku múta náke nápa náwa
móti múmu múti náko nápo náwe
mótu múna mútu náku nára néhe
múdi múne nádi námu náro néke
múdu múra náho nána náta níke
11.
néne núku páke pára páwi pépe
nóho pádi páki páre pédu pepe
nóke pádu páku páro péhi pére
nóku páhi pána páta péka péro
nóna páhu páni pátu péke pídi
nóto páka pápa páwa péne píki
12.
píko píto póko póto púku púre
píni póhe póna pówa púma púru
pípi póhu póno pówi púna púta
pipi póka pópo púdu púne púte
píro póke póro púka púpu pútu
píti póki póru púke púra rána
13.
ráhi ráma rápa ráwa rére ródi
ráhu rámo rápu réhe réte róke
rára rámu rára réka rídi rómi
ráke rána ráre réke ríki róna
ráko ráno ráro réko rímu róne
ráku ránu ráta répo rípi róri
page 6
14.
róro táhi tána táro téke téte
róto táho táne táta téki tídi
rúru táka tánu táwa téku tíhi
tádi táki tápa táwi téna tíka
tádu táku tápu téhe téra tíki
táha táma tára téka tére tíko
15.
tímo tíra tóka tóna tóto túmu
tímu tíro tóke tóno túdi túna
tíni títo tóki tónu túdu túnu
tíno títi tóko tópa túki túpe
típa tódu tóku tóre túku túpu
típi tóho tómo tóro túma túre
16.
túru wáhi wána wáta wédi wéru
tútu wáho wáno wáti wédu wéte
wádi wáka wára wáto wéhe wétu
wádu wáka wáre wátu wéra wéwe
wáha wáke wári wáwa wére wídi
wáhe wáki wáro wáwe wéro wíhi
17.
wéra wíwe ínga matau pírou rákau
wíro ánei ónga mokai pítou tákau
wíta énei únga níkau píwai tatau
wíti ínau mamai pákau pókai táwai
wíto ánga manai pátai pórai tíwai
wítu éngo marai píkau pótai tútai
18.
kakau wékau kánga mánge nángi ránga
kanai aínga kángi mángi néngi rángi
korau aúnga kénga mángo núngi réngapage 7
kowai dínga kínga mángu pánga réngi
wanau díngi kónga ménge pángo róngo
wárau dúnga mánga míngo púnga rúnga
19.
rúngi tónga waipa ngádu ngákau
tánga túnga waipu ngáko ngángi
tángi túngo wairo ngáro ngénge
téngi wánga wairu ngátu ngói
tínga wángo waiwa ngóto ngóngi
tíngi kaúta ngádi ngútu ngúngu
20.
ádinga méanga dúkunga míminga
ádunga méinga dútunga mútunga
ákinga míinga kákenga pádunga
ékenga móenga kákonga pákenga
ídinga néinga káninga pápanga
íkinga nóinga káranga párenga
ítinga púanga kárenga pátunga
ókinga réinga kédinga pídinga
ópenga táinga kíkinga píkonga
óranga tíinga kítenga pókanga
órenga tóanga kokónga ponónga
ótinga tóenga kópanga pútanga
údinga tóinga kórenga rápunga
údunga túanga kótinga ráwanga
útinga túinga kúdunga rérenga
dúanga wáinga kúpanga rétenga
dúinga wéinga kútanga tádinga
káinga wiunga mádunga tákanga
kíanga dídinga mákanga tátanga
kíinga díronga maránga táwinga
kóinga dítenga matángi térenga
máinga dúdunga mátenga tíkongapage 8
tónonga tútunga wétengi aráhi
tórengi wádunga wéngongo aróha
túdinga wáhanga wídinga aróhi
túkunga wátinga wítinga atúa
túpunga wátunga ádue ínoi

Of the Parts of Speech.

The Parts of Speech are eight; the Article, the Noun, the Pronoun, the Verb, the Adverb, the Preposition, the Conjunction, and the Interjection.

Of the Article.

The vowel e is often used as an Indefinite Article, and has the same signification as the English Article a or an. The syllable te is also often used as a Definite Article, and has the same signification as the English article the; but it should be observed, that neither of these articles can be always used according to the rules of the English Language, the idiom of the New-Zealand Language being different.

Examples.
e mánu a bird te mánu the bird
e mára a farm te mára the farm
e máta a face te máta the face
e púke a hill te púke the hill
e púte a bag te púke the bag
e rára a rib te rára the rib.
page 9

Exceptions.

The Article e will not always apply to Nouns of the Singular Number, as the Indefinite Article a or an in English; but is often used before Nouns Plural.

Examples.
e púnga réu ashes
e kai máodi sweet potatoes
e aróhi fern roots
e díma five
e díma te kau fifty
e máha many in number.

Of a Noun Substantive.

Of Number.

Nouns have two Numbers; the Singular and the Plural. The Plural is formed by prefixing the particle nga to the singular.

Examples.
íka a fish nga íka fishes
ínu oil nga ínu oils
kai sweet potatoe, nga kai sweet potatoes
wai water nga wai waters
wáo nail nga wáo nails
wáre house nga wáre houses.

Of Case.

The Cases of Nouns Substantive are thus distinguished:

page 10
1.

E kai ána te mánu, The bird eats. Te mánu is the Nominative Case Singular.

2.

E ou no te mánu, A feather of the bird. No te mánu is the Genitive Case.

3.

O átu te táro ki te mánu, Give the food to the bird. Ki te mánu is the Dative Case.

4.

Túki Túki hía te mánu, Kill the bird. Te mánu is the Accusative Case.

5.

E mánu, O bird; Vocative.

6.

Kóa pau te kai i te mánu, The food is eaten by the bird. I te mánu is the Ablative Case.

Note.—When, in expressing the Genitive Case of a Noun Substantive, personal acquisition of property is denoted as well as possession, the syllable na is used instead of no.

Examples.
Ránga tíra, A Gentleman.
Singular.
Nom. Te ránga tíra the gentleman
Gen. No te ránga tíra of, or belonging to the gentleman
Na te ránga tíra of, or belonging to the gentleman
Dat. Ki te ránga tíra to the gentleman
Acc. Te ránga tíra the gentleman
Voc. *E mara O gentleman, or O person
Abl. I te ránga tíra by the gentleman.

* It is unusual in this Case to make the Vocative by prefixing E to the word in question.

page 11
Plural.
Nom. Nga ránga tíra the gentlemen
Gen. No nga ránga tira of, or belonging to the gentlemen
Na nga ránga tíra of, or belonging to the gentlemen
Dat. Ki nga ránga tíra to the gentlemen
Acc. Nga ránga tíra the gentlemen
Voc. E mára ma O gentlemen, or O persons
Abl. I nga ránga, tíra by the gentlemen.
Another Form of the Plural Number.
Nom. Te ánga ránga tíra the gentlemen
Gen. No te ánga ránga tíra, of the gentlemen
Dat. Ki te ánga ránga tíra, to the gentlemen
Acc. Te ánga ránga tíra the gentlemen
Voc. E mára ma O gentlemen, or O persons
Abl. I te ánga ránga tíra by the gentlemen.
Táka; the proper name Táka.
Singular.
Nom. Táka Táka
Gen. No Táka, To Táka of, or belonging to Táka
Na Táka, Ta Taka of, or belonging to Táka
Dat. Ki a* Táka to Táka
Acc. Táka Táka
Voc. E Táka O Táka
Abl. I a Táka by Táka.

* This letter appears to be a part of the Pronoun ia, he, which is here introduced by way of pleonasm

page 12
Móka; the proper name Moka.
Singular.
Nom. Móka Móka
Gen. No Móka of, or belonging to Móka
Na Móka of, or belonging to Móka
Dat. Ki a Móka to Móka
Acc. Móka Móka
Voc. E Móka O Móka
Abl. I a Móka by Móka.
Matúa, a Parent.
Singular.
Nom. Matúa the parent, or a parent
Gen. No te matúa of, or belonging to the parent
Dat. Ki te matúa to the parent
Acc. Te matúa the parent
Voc. E kara, or E pá O parent
Abl. I te matúa by the parent.
Plural.
Nom. Nga matúa the parents
Gen. No nga matúa of, or belonging to the parents
Dat. Ki nga matúa to the parents
Acc. Nga matúa the parents
Voc. E pá má parents
Abl. I nga matúa, or by the parents.
I te matúa by the parents.
page 13
Táma íti, a Son: (contracted, Tamaiti.)
Singular.
Nom. Táma íti the son, or a son
Gen. No te táma íti of, or belonging to the son
Dat. Ki te táma íti to the son
Acc. Te táma íti the son
Voc. E koro, or E táma O son
Abl. I te táma íti by the son.
Plural.
Nom. Nga táma níki the sons
Gen. No nga táma níki of, or belonging to the sons
Dat. Ki nga táma níki to the sons
Acc. Nga táma níki the sons
Voc. E koro ma O sons
Abl. I nga táma níki by the sons.
Another Form of the Plural Number.
Nom. Te ánga táma níki the sons, or boys
Gen. No te ánga táma níki, of, or belonging to the sons, &c.
Dat. Ki te ánga táma níki, to the sons or boys
Acc. Te ánga táma níki, the sons or boys
Voc. E koro ma O sons, or O boys
Abl. I te ánga táma níki, by the sons or boys.
page 14
Táma íne, a Daughter.
Singular.
Nom. Táma íne the daughter, or a daughter
Gen. No te táma íne of, or belonging to the daughter
Dat. Ki te táma íne to the daughter
Acc. Te táma íne the daughter
Voc. E ko O daughter, or O girl
Abl. I te táma íne by the daughter.
Plural.
Nom. Nga táma íne the daughters
Gen. No nga táma íne of, or belonging to the daughters
Dat. Ki nga táma íne to the daughters
Acc. Nga táma íne the daughters
Voc. E ko ma O daughters, or O girls
Abl. I nga táma íne, or by the daughters.
I te ánga táma íne by the daughters.

Of Gender.

The distinction of Gender, in this language, is generally made by adding the word signifying male or female.

The words which denote the different sexes are the following; viz.

Táne—a male as he is in alliance with the female, or as he is the husband of a wife.

Wahíne—a female as she is in alliance with the male, or as she is the wife of her husband.

Touráwi—any male.

Uwha—any female.

page 15
Examples.
E táne tohúnga a priest.
E wahíne tohúnga a priestess.
E táne íka a male fish.
E wahíne íka a female fish.
E táne mánu a male bird.
E wahíne mánu a female bird.
Also,
E matúa táne a father.
E matúa wahíne a mother.
E tupúna táne a grandfather.
E tupúna wahíne a grandmother.
E ponónga táne a man-servant.
E ponónga wahíne a maid-servant.
E kára rée touráwi a male beast.
E kára rée úwha a female beast.

Of a Noun Adjective.

The Particle Ka is generally prefixed to Adjectives when they are placed alone.

Examples.
Ka róa long Ka póto short
Ka núi large Ka íti small
Ka ma white Ka mangu black
Ka óra well Ka máte ill
Ka máma light Ka taimaha heavy
Ka pai good Ka kíno bad

The Adjective is generally placed immediately after the Substantive, the prefix Ka being then omitted.

page 16
Examples.
E rákau róa along tree.
E ngádu núi a great wave.
E ngákau ou a new heart.
E kánohi ma a clean face.
E matúa pai a good parent.
E po póto a short night.

Note.—With regard to the Plural Number, the Adjectives are subject to the same rules with the Substantives.

The Comparative and Superlative Degrees are generally formed by Particles, or other words prefixed or affixed; but the Superlative is sometimes formed by repeating the same adjective.

Examples.
E wáka núi a large canoe.
E wáka núi átu a larger canoe.
E wáka waka éra éra a very large canoe.
E ánga pai a good performance.
* Pai átu te ánga a better performance.
Pai ráwa te ánga an excellent performance.
Ka núi ténei púke this hill is large.
E núi átu téra púke that hill is larger.
page 17
E púke núi, e púke waka éra éra te púke ráina a great hill, animmense hill is that hill.
Ka pai te ánga o te pákeha, the performance of the white man is good.
Pai ráwa te ánga o te pákeha the performance of the white man is exceeding good, or good to the greatest extent.
E meé nóhi nóhi a very small thing.
E méa núi núi a very large thing.

* In this, and a few other instances, the Adjective precedes the Substantive. And it may be further remarked, that by prefixing Adjectives generally to the word ánga, as above, the New Zealanders form their Abstract Nouns; of which examples will be given hereafter.

Numerals.

1. Cardinal Numbers.

1 Ko táhi One
2 Ka dúa Two
3 Ka tódu Three
4 Ka wá Four
5 Ka díma Five
6 Ka óno Six
7 Ka wítu Seven
8 Ka wádu Eight
9 Ka íwa Nine
10 Ka nga údu Ten.
Ka te kau; ko táhi Numerals counted once, or Ten
1 Ma táhi and one
2 Ma dúa and two
3 Ma tódu and three
4 Ma wá and fourpage 18
5 Ma díma and five
6 Ma óno and six
7 Ma wítu and seven
8 Ma wádu and eight
9 Ma íwa and nine
10 Ma nga údu and ten.
Ka te kau; ka dúa Numerals counted twice, or Twenty.

After the same manner will all the Tens be performed, till we arrive at a Hundred, which is the tenth number of Ten so taken. This last tenth, or the number One Hundred, is termed Ka rau; after which the same process will again be ten times repeated, till we arrive at a Thousand, which is termed Ka máno.

Table of leading Numbers, from Ten to Two Thousand.
10 Ko táhi te kau Ten
20 Ka dúa te kau Twenty
30 Ka tódu te kau Thirty
40 Ka wá te kau Forty
50 Ka díma te kau Fifty
60 Ka óno te kau Sixty
70 Ka wítu te kau Seventy
80 Ka wádu te kau Eighty
90 Ka íwa te kau Ninety
100 Ka rau Hundred
200 Ka dúa rau Two Hundredpage 19
300 Ka tódu rau Three hundred
400 Ka wá rau Four hundred
500 Ka díma rau Five hundred
600 Ka óno rau Six hundred
700 Ka wítu rau Seven hundred
800 Ka wádu rau Eight hundred
900 Ka íwa rau Nine hundred
1000 Ka máno Thousand
2000 Ka dúa máno, &c. Two thousand.

Note.—Any Number indefinitely great is called Tíni.*

The New Zealanders count by pairs, as well as single numbers. These different methods are called in their language,

Tatau ta ki táhi, Counting by single numbers, and

Tatau ta ki dúa, Counting by pairs.

In translating the method of counting by pairs, say, one pair, instead of the word one; ten pairs, instead of the word ten; &c.

Another Form of expressing the Cardinal Numbers, which is generally used in answering the Question “How many?”
1 Ko táhi One
2 Ka dúa Two
3 Ka tódu Threepage 20
4 Ka wá Four
5 Ka díma Five
6 Ka óno Six
7 Ka wítu Seven
8 Ka wádu Eight
9 Ka íwa Nine
10 Ka nga údu,—Ka te kau Ten
11 Ka nga údu, ma táhi Eleven
12 Ka nga údu, ma dúa Twelve
13 Ka nga údu, ma tódu Thirteen
14 Ka nga údu, ma wá Fourteen
15 Ka nga údu, ma díma Fifteen
16 Ka nga údu, ma óno Sixteen
17 Ka nga údu, ma wítu Seventeen
18 Ka nga údu, ma wádu Eighteen
19 Ka nga údu, ma íwa Nineteen
20 Ka dúa te kau Twenty
21 Ka dúa te kau, ma táhi Twenty-one
56 Ka díma te kau, ma óno Fifty-six
88 Ka wádu te kau, ma wádu, Eighty-eight
150 Ko táhi rau, ma díma te kau, One hundred and fifty
504 Ka díma rau, ma wá Five hundred and four.

2. Ordinal Numbers.

1st, Ko te táhi The first
2d, Ko te dúa The second
3d, Ko te tódu The third
4th, Ko te wá The fourthpage 21
5th, Ko te díma The fifth
6th, Ko te óno The sixth
7th, Ko te wítu The seventh
8th, Ko te wádu The eighth
9th, Ko te íwa The ninth
10th, Ko te nga údu The tenth
10th, Ko te kau The tenth
20th, Ko te dúa te kau, The twentieth
30th, Ko te tódu te kau, The thirtieth
40th, Ko te wá te kau The fortieth
50th, Ko te díma te kau, The fiftieth
60th, Ko te óno te kau, The sixtieth
70th, Ko te wítu te kau, The seventieth
80th, Ko te wádu te kau, The eightieth
90th, Ko te íwa te kau The ninetieth
100th, Ko te rau The hundredth
1000th, Ko te máno The thousandth, &c.

The word Ko in these instances takes the place of the substantive, which may be omitted when the substantive is expressed; as,

Examples.
Maráma te óno The sixth moon.
Rákau te óno The sixth tree, &c.

Or added upon the construction taking a different turn; as,

Examples.
Ko te Po wítu The seventh night.
Ko te Ra wítu The seventh sun, or day.

* This may be illustrated by a proverbial expression in use among the natives; viz. Ki a waikato te tíni o te tángata, ki a kawía te máno;—i. e. The (river) waikato has its ten thousands, and the (river) kawia its thousands.

Of Pronouns.

page 22

Of The Personal Pronouns.

Singular Dual.
1st Person, Ahau, I Táua, We two
2d Person, Koe, Thou Koduá, Ye two
3rd Person, Ia He, She, or It. Ráua, They two.
Second Dual.

Máua, We two (whom I represent, or am speaking of).

Plural.
1st Person Tátu, We all
2d Person Koútu, Ye all
3d Person Rátu, They all.
Second Plural.

Mátu, We all (whom I represent, or am speaking of).

Possessive Pronouns.

Possessive Pronouns are not set down alone, but they are combined with certain Particles which are made use of as prefixes or affixes.

In the Singular Number of Possessive Pronouns, Ku is used in distinguishing the First Person, U in distinguishing the Second, and Na in the Third.

In the Dual Number, táua, kodúa, ráua, and máua distinguish the different Persons: and in the Plural, tátu, koútu, rátu, and mátu.

The following are the Possessive Pronouns, with their combinations.

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I. With respect to a person, place, or thing.
Singular. Dual.
1. Táku, tóku, My Tatáua, totáua, Ourtwo
2. Táu, tóu Thy Ta kodúa, to kodúa, Your two
3. Tána, tóna, His, &c. Ta ráua, to ráua, Their two.
Second Dual.
1st Person Ta máua, to máua Our two whom I represent, &c.
Plural.
1. Ta tátu, to tátu Our
2. Ta koútu, to koútu Your
3. Ta rátu, to rátu Their.
Second Plural.
1st Person Ta mátu, to mátu Our, whom I represent, &c.
II. With respect to persons, places, or things.
Singular. Dual.
1. Aku, óku, My A táua, o táua, Our two
2. Au, óu, Thy A kodúa, o kodúa, Your two
3. Ana, óna, His, &c. A ráua, o ráua, Their two.
Second Dual.
1st Person A máua, o máua Our two whom I represent, &c.
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Plural.
1. A tátu, o tátu Our
2. A koútu, o koútu Your
3. A rátu, o rátu Their.
Second Plural.
1st Person A mátu, o mátu Our, whom I represent, &c.

The following Examples are set down in elucidation of the Possessive Pronouns.

First, with respect to a thing; as, a Fish-hook, or an Axe.

Matau, a Fish-hook.
Singular.
1. Táku matau My fish-hook
2. Táu matau Thy fish-hook
3. Tána matau His or her fish-hook.
Dual.
1. Ta táua matau The fish-hook of us two
2. Ta kodúa matau The fish-hook of you two
3. Ta ráua matau The fish-hook of the two.
Second Dual.
1st Person Ta máua matau, The fish-hook of us two whom I represent, &c.
Plural.
1. Ta tátu matau The fish-hook of us all
2. Ta koútu matau The fish-hook of you all
3. Ta rátu matau The fish-hook of them all.
page 25
Second Plural.
1st Person Ta mátu matau, The fish-hook of us all whom I represent.
Tóki, an Axe.
Singular.
1. Tóku tóki My axe
2. Tóu tóki Thy axe
3. Tóna tóki His axe.
Dual,
1. To táua tóki The axe of us two
2. To kodúa tóki The axe of you two
3. To raúa tóki The axe of them two.
Second Dual.
1st Person To máua tóki The axe of us two whom I represent.
Plural.
1. To tátu tóki The axe of us all
2. To koútu tóki The axe of you all
3. To rátu tóki The axe of them all.
Second Plural.
1st Person To mátu tóki The axe of us all whom I represent.

Secondly, with respect to things; as, Fish-hooks, Axes.

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Nga Matau, Fish-hooks.
Singular.
1. A'ku matau My fish-hooks
2. A'u matau Thy fish-hooks
3. A'na matau His fish-hooks.
Dual.
1. A táua matau The fish-hooks of us two
2. A kodúa matau The fish-hooks of you two
3. A ráua matau The fish-hooks of them two.
Second Dual.
1st Person A máua matau The fish-hooks of us two whom I represent.
Plural.
1. A tátu matau The fish-hooks of us all
2. A koútu matau The fish-hooks of you all
3. A rátu matau The fish-hooks of them all.
Second Plural.
1st Person A mátu matau The fish-hooks of us all whom I represent.
Nga Tóki, Axes.
Singular.
1. O'ku tóki My axes
2. O'u tóki Thy axes
3. O'na tóki His axes.
Dual.
1. O táua tóki The axes of us two
2. O kodúa tóki The axes of you two
3. O ráua tóki The axes of them two.
page 27
Second Dual,
1st Person O máua tóki The axes of us two whom I represent.
Plural.
1. O tátu tóki The axes of us all
2. O koútu tóki The axes of you all
3. O rátu tóki The axes of them all.
Second Plural.
1st Person O mátu tóki The axes of us all whom I represent.

Demonstrative Pronouns.

Singular.
1. Ténei This (very near)
2. Téna That (in sight)
3. Téra That (at a distance).
Plural.
1. E'nei These (very near)
2. E'na Those (in sight)
3. E'ra Those (at a distance).
Examples.
Ténei tángata, or Te tángata nei, This man (here).
E'nei tángata, These men (here).
Téna méa, That thing in view, or which is exhibited, &c.
E'na méa, Those things in view, or which is exhibited, &c.
Téra wahíne, That woman at a distance.
E'ra wahíne, Those women at a distance.
page 28

Relative Pronouns.

I have not been able to discover any words in the New-Zealand Language corresponding to the Relative Pronouns in other languages. The few Examples following will shew that these Pronouns are generally understood.

1. Ko te tángata náku i koréro átu,
The man I spoke of.
2. Ko te rákau náu i waka kíte mai,
The tree you shewed me.
3. Ko te íwi kóa mádu i *'au,
The tribe vanquished by me.
4. Ko to táua nei tángata,
The man we are (speaking) of.

Note.—In the foregoing examples of Possessive, Demonstrative, and Relative Pronouns, the Particles te, ta, and to are evidently used in the Singular Number only; and e, a, and o, in the Plural.

* This is an abbreviation of ahau, I or Me.

Interrogative Pronouns.

Wai Who
K'wai, (from Ko wai,) Who.
E'aha What.
A'ha (used after the substantive in distinguishing) Which.
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Examples.
K'wai ra te Atúa Núi? Who is the Great God?
Ko Jihóva Jehovah.
E'aha te Atúa? What is God?
E waidúa A spirit.
Tángata áha? Which man?
I'ka áha? Which fish?

In asking some questions, such as a person's name, the word k'wai is used, and not éaha.

K'wai tóu ingóa? What (or Who) is thy name?
K'wai téra tángata?. What (or Who) is that man?

Of Verbs.

Verbs are of three kinds; Active, Neuter, and Causative.

Verbs have two Voices, the Active and the Passive.

There are three Moods: the Indicative, the Imperative, and the Subjunctive.

The Tenses of Verbs are three; Past, Present, and Future.

Note.—The Future is often used to express the continuance of action, &c. implied by the verb.

The Preter and Future often signify the time present.

Verb Active.

page 30

Examples.

Ka Kai, To eat.

Indicative Mood.

Present Tense.
Sing. 1. E kai ána ra* ókí 'au I eat.
2. E kai ána ra ókí koe Thou eatest.
3. E kai ána ra ókíía He eateth, or eats.
1 Dual, 1. E kai ána ra ókí táua We (thou and I) eat.
2. E kai ána ra ókí kodúa Ye (two) eat.
3. E kai ána ra ókí ráua They (two) eat.
2 Dual, 1. E kai ána ra ókí máua We (two whom I am speaking of) eat.
1 Plu. 1. E kai ána ra ókí tátu We (all) eat.
2. E kai ána ra ókí koútu Ye (all) eat.
3. E kai ána ra ókí rátu They (all) eat.
2 Plu. 1. E kai ána ra ókí mátu We (all of whom I am speaking) eat.
page 31
Past Tense.
Sing. 1. Koá kai ke ra óki 'au I have eaten.
2. Koá kai ke ra óki koe Thou hast eaten.
3. Koá kai ke ra óki ía He has eaten.
1 Dual, 1. Koá kai ke ra óki táua We (thou and I) have eaten.
2. Koá kai ke ra óki kodúa Ye (two) have eaten.
3. Koá kai ke ra óki ráua They (two) have eaten.
2 Dual, 1. Koá kai ke ra óki máua We (two whom I speak of) have eaten.
1 Plu. 1. Koá kai ke ra óki tátu We (all) have eaten.
2. Koá kai ke ra óki koútu Ye (all) have eaten.
3. Koá kai ke ra óki rátu They (all) have eaten.
2 Plu. 1. Koá kai ke ra óki mátu We (all whom I speak of) have eaten.
Future Tense.
Sing. 1. (Apópo) ra óki 'au e kai ai (To-morrow) I will eat.
2. (Apópo) ra óki koe e kai ai (To-morrow) thou wilt eat.
3. (Apópo) ra óki ía e kai ai (To-morrow) he will eat.
1 Dual, 1. (Apópo) ra óki táua e kai ai (To-morrow) we (thou and I) wilt eat.
2. (Apópo) ra óki kodúa e kai ai (To-morrow) ye (two) will eat.
3. (Apópo) ra óki ráua e kai ai (To-morrow) they (two) will eat.page 32
2 Dual, (Apópo) ra óki máua e kai ai (To-morrow) we (two whom I speak of) will eat.
1 Plu. 1. (Apópo) ra óki tátu e kai ai (To-morrow) we (all) will eat.
2. (Apópo) ra óki koúto e kai ai (To-morrow) ye (all) will eat.
3. (Apópo) ra óki rátu e kai ai (To-morrow) they (all) will eat.
2 Plu. 1. (Apópo) ra óki mátu e kai ai (To-morrow) we (all whom I speak of) will eat.

Note.—In expressing the Past and Future Tenses of Verbs, it is common to mention the place where, or the time when, a thing was, or will be done. Some verbs, however, admit the prefix hóa, and the affix ke, in determining the Past Tense, and the Vowel á prolonged in determining the Future.

Imperative Mood.

Sing. 2. Ek ai ra koe Eat thou.
3. Ka kai ra ía Let him, or her, eat.
1 Dual, 1. Ka kai ra táua Let us (two) eat.
2. E kai ra kodúa Do you (two) eat.
3. Ka kai ra ráua Let them (two) eat.
Plu. 1. Ka kai tátu Let us (all) eat.
2. E kai ra koútu Do you (all) eat.
3. Ka kai ra rátu Let them (all) eat.
page 33

Subjunctive Mood.

Present Tense.
Sing. 1. E kai ána pe óki 'au I may be, or perhaps am eating.
2. E kai ána pe óki koe Thou mayest be, or perhaps art eating.
3. E kai ána pe óki ía He may be, or perhaps is eating.
1 Dual, 1. E kai ána pe óki táua We (two and 1) may be, or perhaps are eating.
2. E kai ána pe óki kodúa Ye (two) may be, or perhaps are eating.
3. E kai ána pe óki ráua They (two) may be, or perhaps are eating.
2 Dual, 1. E kai ána pe óki máua We (two of whom I speak) may be, or perhaps are eating.
1 Plu. 1. E kai ána pe óki tátu We (all) may be, or perhaps are eating.
2. E kai ána pe óki koútu Ye (all) may be, or perhaps are eating.
3. E kai ána pe óki rátu They (all) may be, or perhaps are eating.
2 Plu. 1. E kai ána pe óki mátu We (all whom I speak of) may be, or perhaps are eating.
page 34
Past Tense.
Sing. 1. Kóa kai ke pe óki 'au I might (or perhaps) have eaten.
2. Kóa kai ke pe óki koe Thou &c.
3. Kóa kai ke pe óki ía He &c.
1 Dual, 1. Kóa kai ke pe óki táua We &c.
2. Kóa kai ke pe óki kódua Ye &c.
3. Kóa kai ke pe óki ráua They &c.
2 Dual, 1. Kóa kai ke pe óki máua We &c.
1 Plu. 1. Kóa kai ke pe óki tátu We all &c.
3. Kóa kai ke pe óki koútu Ye all &c.
3. Kóa kai ke pe óki rátu They all &c.
2 Plu. 1. Kóa kai ke pe óki mátu We all whom &c.
Future Tense.
Sing. 1. (A mudi) pe óki 'au e kai ai (Hereafter) I perhaps shall eat.
2. (A mudi) pe óki koe (Hereafter) thou &c.
3. (A mudi) pe óki ía e kai ai (Hereafter) he &c.
1 Dual, 1. (A mudi) pe óki táua e kai ai (Hereafter) we &c.
2. (A mudi) pe óki kodúa e kai ai (Hereafter) ye &c.
3. (A mudi) pe óki ráua e kai ai (Hereafter) they &c.
2 Dual, 1. (A mudi) pe óki máua e kai ai (Hereafter) we of whom &c.page 35
1 Plu. 1. (A mudi) pe óki 'au e kai ai (Hereafter) we all &c.
2. (A mudi) pe óki koútu e kai ai (Hereafter) ye all &c.
3. (A mudi) pe óki rátu e kai ai (Hereafter) they all &c.
2 Plu. 1. (A mudi) pe óki mátu e kai ai (Hereafter) we all whom &c.

* Sometimes the words ra óki are omitted by the ellipse.

Verb Neuter.

Aire, To Move;—from Aere, or Circular Motion.

Aire mai, To come or approach.

Aire átu, To go or depart.

Aire mai..To Come.

Indicative Mood.

Present Tense
Sing. 1. E aire mai ána ra óki 'au I am coming.
2. E aire mai ána ra óki koe Thou art coming.
3. E aire mai ána ra óki ía He is coming.
1 Dual, 1. E aire mai ána ra óki táua We (thou and I) are coming.
2. E aire mai ána ra óki kodúa Ye (two) are coming.
3. E aire mai ána ra óki ráua They (two) are coming.
2 Dual, 1. E aire mai ána ra óki máua We (two whom I am speaking of) are coming.page 36
1 Plu. 1. E aire mai ána ra óki tátu We (all) are coming.
2. E aire mai ána ra óki koútu Ye (all) are coming.
3. E aire mai ána ra óki rátu They (all) are coming.
2 Plu. 1. E aire mai ána ra óki mátu We (all whom I speak of) are coming.
Past Tense.
Sing. 1. (No nanáhi) ra óki 'au i aire mai ai (Yesterday) I came.
2. (No nanáhi) ra óki koe i aire mai ai (Yesterday) thou camest.
3. (No nanáhi) ra óki ía i aire mai ai (Yesterday) he came.
1. Dual, 1. (No nanáhi) ra óki táua i aire mai ai (Yesterday) we (thou & I) came.
2. (No nanáhi) ra óki kodúa i aire mai ai (Yesterday) ye (two) came.
3. (No nanáhi) ra óki ráua i aire mai ai (Yesterday) they (two) came.
2 Dual, 1. (No nanáhi) ra óki máua i aire mai ai (Yesterday) we (two of whom I speak) came.
1 Plu. 1. (No nanáhi) ra óki tátu i aire mai ai (Yesterday) we (all) came
2. (No nanáhi) ra óki koútu i aire mai ai (Yesterday) ye (all) came.
3. (No nanáhi) ra óki rátu i aire mai ai (Yesterday) they (all) came.
2 Plu. 1. (No nanáhi) ra óki mátu i aire mai ai (Yesterday) we (all of whom I speak) came.

Note.—In the Past Tense above mentioned, instead of the word Came, the words Am coming &c. ought properly to be substituted; the Preter Tense being only signified by the word Yesterday.

page 37

Another form of expressing the Past Tense of the Verb To Come.

Example.
Tai mai To Arrive.
Sing. 1. Kóa tai ke mai ra óki 'au I arrived, or came.
2. Kóa tai ke mai ra óki koe Thou hast arrived.
3. Kóa tai ke mai ra óki ía He has arrived.
1 Dual, 1. Kóa tai ke mai ra óki táua We (thou and I) have arrived.
2. Kóa tai ke mai ra óki kodúa Ye (two) have arrived.
3. Kóa tai ke mai ra óki ráua They two have arrived.
2 Dual, 1. Kóa tai ke mai ra óki máua We (two whom I speak of) have arrived.
1 Plu. 1. Kóa tai ke mai ra óki tátu We (all) have arrived.
2. Kóa tai ke mai ra óki koútu Ye (all) have arrived.
3. Kóa tai ke mai ra óki rátu They (all) have arrived.
2 Plu. 1. Kóa tai ke mai ra óki mátu We (all of whom I speak of) have arrived.
page 38
Future Tense.
Sing. 1. (A múdi) ra óki 'au e aire mai ai (Hereafter) I will come.
2. (A múdi) ra óki koe e aire mai ai (Hereafter) thou wilt come.
3. (A múdi) ra óki ía e aire mai ai (Hereafter) he will come.
1 Dual, 1. (A múdi) ra óki táua e aire mai ai (Hereafter) we (thou & I) will come.
2. (A múdi) ra óki kódua e aire mai ai (Hereafter) ye (two) will come.
3. (A múdi) ra óki ráua e aire mai ai (Hereafter) they (two) will come.
2 Dual, 1. (A múdi) ra óki máua e aire mai ai (Hereafter) we (two whom I speak of) will come.
1 Plu. 1. (A múdi) ra óki tátu e aire mai ai (Hereafter) we (all) will come.
2. (A múdi) ra óki koútu e aire mai ai (Hereafter) ye (all) will come.
3. (A múdi) ra óki rátu e aire mai ai (Hereafter) they (all) will come.
2 Plu. 1. (A múdi) ra óki mátu e aire mai ai (Hereafter) we (all whom I speak of) will come.

Imperative Mood.

Sing. 2. Aire mai ra óki koe Come thou.
3. Aire mai ra óki ía Let him come.page 39
Dual, 1. Aire mai ra óki táua Let us (thou and I) come.
2. Aire mai ra óki kodúa Do you (two) come.
3. Aire mai ra óki ráua Let them (two) come.
Plu. 1. Aire mai ra óki tátu Let us (all) come.
2. Aire mai ra óki koútu Come (all of) you.
3. Aire mai ra óki rátu Let us (all) come.

Subjunctive Mood.

Present Tense.
Sing. 1. E aire mai ána pe óki 'au I may be, or (perhaps) am coming.
2. E aire mai ána pe óki koe Thou &c.
3. E aire mai ána pe óki ía He &c.
1 Dual, 1. E aire mai ána pe óki táua We &c.
2. E aire mai ána pe óki kodúa Ye &c.
3. E aire mai ána pe óki ráua They &c.
2 Dual, 1. E aire mai ána pe óki máua We &c.
1 Plu. 1. E aire mai ána pe óki tátu We all &c.
2. E aire mai ána pe óki koútu Ye all &c.
3. E aire mai ána pe óki rátu They all &c.
2 Plu. 1. E aire mai ána pe óki mátu We all &c.
page 40
Past Tense.
Sing. 1. Kóa tai ke mai pe óki 'au I might, or (perhaps) have arrived.
2. Kóa tai ke mai pe óki koe Thou &c.
3. Kóa tai ke mai pe óki ía He &c.
1 Dual, 1. Kóa tai ke mai pe óki táua We &c.
2. Kóa tai ke mai pe óki kodúa Ye &c.
3. Kóa tai ke mai pe óki ráua They &c.
2 Dual, 1. Kóa tai ke mai pe óki máua We &c.
1 Plu. 1. Kóa tai ke mai pe óki tátu We all &c.
2. Kóa tai ke mai pe óki koútu Ye all &c.
3. Kóa tai ke mai pe óki rátu They all &c.
2 Plu. 1. Kóa tai ke mai pe óki mátu We all &c.
Future Tense.
Sing. 1. (Apópo) pe óki 'au e aire mai ai (To-morrow) perhaps I shall come.
2. (Apópo) pe óki koe e aire mai ai (To-morrow) perhaps thou &c.
3. (Apópo) pe óki ía e aire mai ai (To-morrow) perhaps he &c.
1 Dual, 1. (Apópo) pe óki táua e aire mai ai (To-morrow) perhaps we &c.
2. (Apópo) pe óki kodúa e aire mai ai (To-morrow) perhaps ye &c.
3. (Apópo) pe óki ráua e aire mai ai (To-morrow) perhaps they &c.
2 Dual, 1. (Apópo) pe óki máua e aire mai ai (To-morrow) perhaps we &c.page 41
1 Plu. 1. (Apópo) pe óki tátu e aire mai ai e aire mai ai (To-morrow) perhaps (To-morrow) perhaps we all shall come.
2. (Apópo) pe óki koútu e aire mai ai (To-morrow) perhaps ye all &c.
3. (Apópo) pe óki rátu e aire mai ai (To-morrow) perhaps they all &c.
2 Plu. 1. (Apópo) pe óki mátu e aire mai ai (To-morrow) perhaps we all &c.
Aire átu To Go (To Depart.)

Indicative Mood.

Present Tense.
Sing. 1. E aire átu ána ra óki 'au I am going.
2. E aire átu ána ra óki koe Thou art going.
3. E aire átu ána ra óki ía He is going.
1 Dual, 1. E aire átu ána ra óki táua We (thou and I) are going.
2. kodúa E aire átu ána ra óki Ye (two) are going.
3. E aire átu ána ra óki ráua They (two) are going.
2 Dual, 1. E aire átu ána ra óki máua We (two whom I am speaking of) are going.
1 Plu. 1. E aire átu ána ra óki tátu We (all) are going.
2. E aire átu ána ra óki koútu Ye (all) are going.
3. E aire átu ána ra óki rátu They (all) are going.
2 Plu. 1. E aire átu ána ra óki mátu We (all whom I am speaking of) are going.
page 42

Irregular Past Tense of the Verb To Go.

Díro Gone (out of sight).
Sing. 1. Kóa díro ke ra óki 'au I had gone.
2. Kóa díro ke ra óki koe Thou &c.
3. Kóa díro ke ra óki ía He &c.
1 Dual, 1. Kóa díro ke ra óki taúa We &c.
2. Kóa díro ke ra óki kodúa Ye &c.
3. Kóa díro ke ra óki ráua They &c.
2 Dual, 1. Kóa díro ke ra óki máua We &c.
1 Plu. 1. Kóa díro ke ra óki tátu We all &c.
2. Kóa díro ke ra óki koútu Ye all &c.
3. Kóa díro ke ra óki rátu They all &c.
2 Plu. 1. Kóa díro ke ra óki mátu We all &c.

Note.—Ka díro ra óki'au, would signify, as before, I am gone &c. Kóa tai ke átu ra óki'au, I have arrived.

Future Tense.
Sing. 1. (Apópo) ra óki 'au e aire átu ai (To-morrow) I shall go.
2. (Apópo) ra óki koe e aire átu ai (To-morrow) thou &c.
3. (Apópo) ra óki ía e aire átu ai (To-morrow) he &c.page 43
1 Dual, 1. (Apópo) ra óki táua e aire átu ai (To-morrow) we shall go.
2. (Apópo) ra óki kodú e aire átu ai (To-morrow) ye &c.
3. (Apópo) ra óki ráua e aire átu ai (To-morrow) they &c.
2 Dual, 1. (Apópo) ra óki máua e aire átu ai (To-morrow) we &c.
1 Plu. 1. (Apópo) ra óki tátu e aire átu ai (To-morrow) we all &c.
2. (Apópo) ra óki koútu e aire átu ai (To-morrow) ye all &c.
3. (Apópo) ra óki rátu e aire átu ai (To-morrow) they all &c.
2 Plu. 1. (Apópo) ra óki máua e aire átu ai (To-morrow) we all &c.

Imperative Mood.

Sing. 2. Aire átu ra óki koe Go thou
3. Ka aire atu ra óki ía Let him go.
1 Dual, 1. Aire átu ra óki táua Let thou and I go.
2. Aire átu ra óki kodúa Go you two.
3. Aire átu ra óki ráua Let them two go.
1 Plu. 1. Aire átu ra óki tátu Let us all go.
2. Aire átu ra óki koútu Go you all.
3. Aire átu ra óki rátu Let them all go.
page 44

Subjunctive Mood.

Present Tense.
Sing. 1. E aire átu ána pe óki 'au &c I may be, or perhaps am going &c.
Past Tense.
Sin. 1. Kóadíro ke pe óki'au &c. I might have been (or perhaps have been) gone &c.
Future Tense.
Sing. 1. (Apópo) pe óki 'au e aire átu ai (To-morrow), perhaps, I shall go.

Verb

Koréro....To Speak.

Indicative Mood.

Preseet Tense.
Sing. 1, E koréro ána ra óki 'au I am speaking.
2. E koréro ána ra óki koe Thou &c.
3. E koréro ána ra óki ía He &c.
1 Dual, 1. E koréro ána ra óki táua We (thou and I) &c.
2. E koréro ána ra óki kodúa Ye (two) &c.
3. E koréro ána ra óki ráua They (two) &c.page 45
2 Dual, 1. E koréro ána ra óki máua We (whom &c.) are speaking.
1 Plu. 1. E koréro ána ra óki tátu We (all) &c.
2. E koréro ána ra óki koútu Ye (all) &c.
3. E koréro ána ra óki rátu They (all) &c.
2 Plu. 1. E koréro ána ra óki mátu We (all whom) &c.
Past Tense.
Sing. 1. Kóa koréro ke ra óki 'au I have spoken.
2. Kóa koréro ke ra óki kóe Thou &c.
3. Kóa koréro ke ra óki ía He &c.
2 Dual, 1. Kóa koréro ke ra óki táua We (thou and I) &c.
2. Kóa koréro ke ra óki kodúa Ye (two) &c.
3. Kóa koréro ke ra óki ráua They (two) &c.
2 Dual, 1. Kóa koréro ke ra óki máua We (whom) &c.
1 Plu. 1 Kóa koréro ke ra óki tátu We (all) &c.
2. Kóa koréro ke ra óki koútu Ye (all) &c.
3. Kóa koréro ke ra óki rátu They (all) &c.
2 Plu. 1. Kóa koréro ke ra óki mátu We (all whom) &c.
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When the time, or place, is determined wherein the action &c. of the verb is supposed to have existed, the Past Tense will be expressed in the following manner.

Sing 1. (No nanáhi) ra óki'au i koréro ai (Yesterday) I spoke.
Sing. 1. (I tóku wáka) ra óki 'au i koréro ai I spoke (in my canoe.)
Future Tense.
Sing. 1. (Apópo) ra óki 'au e koréro ai (To-morrow) I shall speak.
2. (Apópo) ra óki koe e koréro ai (To-morrow) thou &c.
3. (Apópo) ra óki ía e koréro ai (To-morrow) he &c.
1 Dual, 1. (Apópo) ra óki táua e koréro ai (To-morrow) we (thou and I) &c.
2. (Apópo) ra óki kodúa e koréro ai (To-morrow) ye (two) &c.
3. (Apópo) ra óki ráua e koréro ai (To-morrow) they (two) &c.
2 Dual, 1. (Apópo) ra óki máua e koréro ai (To-morrow) we (whom) &c.
1 Plu. 1. (Apópo) ra óki tátu e koréro ai (To-morrow) we (all) &c.
2. (Apópo) ra óki koútu e koréro ai (To-morrow) ye (all) &c.
3. (Apópo) ra óki rátu e koréro ai (To-morrow) they (all) &c.
2 Plu. 1. (Apópo) ra óki mátu e koréro ai (To-morrow) we (all whom) &c.
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Imperative Mood.

Sing. 2. Koréro tía ra óki koe Speak thou.
3. Kía koréro ra óki ía Let him speak.
Dual, 1. Kía koréro ra óki táua Let us speak.
2. Koréro tía ra óki kodúa Speak ye (two).
3. Kía koréro ra óki ráua Let them (two) speak.
Plu. 1. Kía koréro ra óki tátu Let us (all) speak.
2. Koréro tía ra óki koútu Speak you (all).
3. Kía koréro ra óki rátu Let them (all) speak.

Another form of the Imperative Mood.

Sing. 2. Koréro tía mai ra óki koe Speak thou.
3. Kía koréro tía mai ra oki ía Let him speak.
Dual, 1. Kía koréro táua Let us (thou and I) speak.
2. Koréro tía mai ra óki kodúa Speak ye (two).
3. Kía koréro ráua Let them (two) speak.
Plu. 1. Kia koréro ra óki tátu Let us (all) speak.
2. Koréro tía mai ra okí koútu Speak ye (all).
3. Kia koréro ra óki rátu Let them (all) speak.
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Subjunctive Mood.

Present Tense.
Sing. 3. E koréro ána pe óki ía He may be, or perhaps is, speaking.
Past Tense.
Sing. 3. Kóa koréro ke pe óki ía He might have spoken, or he might perhaps have been speaking.
Future Tense.
Sing. 3. (Apópo) pe óki ía e koréro ai (To-morrow) perhaps he will speak.

Another form of expressing the Future Tense is, when an action is going to be performed, or is about to be done; as,

Sing. 1. Ko te kai ra óki 'au I am going to eat.
2. Ko te aire ra óki 'au to move.
3. Ko te koréro ra óki 'au to speak.
Sing. 1. Méa ke 'au e kai I am about to eat.
2. Méa ke koe e aire Thou art about to move.
3. Méa ke ía e koréro He is about to speak.

Verb Passive.

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Pau…To be Consumed.

Indicative Mood.

Present Tense.
Sing. 1. Ka pau ra óki'au &c. I am consumed &c.
Past Tense.
Sing. 1. Kóa pau ke ra oki'au &c. I have been consumed &c.
Future Tense.
Sing. 1. Ka pau ra óki'au (apópo) &c. I shall be consumed (to morrow) &c.

Imperative Mood

Sing. 2. Ki a pau ra koe &c. Be thou consumed &c.

In the Subjunctive Mood, use pe instead of ra, as before.

Causative Verb

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Waka kitéa..To cause to see, to shew, to view;

from Kitéa, To see clearly.

Note.—Kite' is generally used as an abbreviation of Kitéa.

Indicative Mood.

Present Tense.
Sing. 1. E waka kíte' ána ra óki 'au &c. I shew &c.
Past Tense.
Sing. 1. (No nanáhi) ra óki 'au i waka kíte' ai &c. (Yesterday) I shewed &c.
Future Tense.
Sing. 1. (Apópo) ra óki 'au e waka kíte' ai &c. (To-morrow) I will shew &c.

Imperative Mood.

Sing. 2. Waka kíte' mai ra óki koe &c. Shew thou &c.

In the Subjunctive Mood, substitute the word pe instead of ra, as before.

Verb

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Waka róngo..To cause to hear.

Indicative Mood.

Present Tense.
Sing. 1. E waka róngo ána ra óki'au &c. I am causing to hear &c.
Past Tense.
Sing. 1. E waka róngo ána ra óki'au (i nanáhi) &c. I was causing to hear (yesterday) &c.
Sing. 1. (Apópo) ra óki'au e waka róngo ai &c. (To-morrow) I will cause to hear.

Imperative Mood.

Sing. 2. Waka róngo ra óki koe &c. Do thou cause to hea &c.

The word pe is substituted for the word ra in the Subjunctive Mood, as before.

Note.—The verb waka róngo is used for listen, hearken, and also for acquaint, inform; such particles as alter its meaning being prefixed or affixed.

Verb.

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Waka mátau..To cause to know, or to Teach; from Mátau, to Know, to Understand, &c.

Indicative Mood.

Present Tense.
Sing. 1. E waka mátau ána ra oki'au &c. I teach &c.
Past Tense.
Sing. 1. (No nanáhi) ra óki'au i waka mátau ai &c. I taught (yesterday) &c.
Future Tense.
Sing. 1. (Apópo) ra óki'au e waka mátau ai &c. (To-morrow) I will teach &c.

Imperative Mood.

Sing. 2. Kía waka mátau día ra óki koe &c. Teach thou.

In the Subjunctive Mood, substitute the word pe instead of ra, as before.

Impersonal Verbs.

Examples.
E úa ána It rains. Ka mau te úa It has ceased to rain.
E au pápa ána It snows. Ka mútu te áu pápa It has finished to snow.
E wáti tídi ána It thunders. Ka mútu te wáti tídi It has ceased thundering.
E wíra ána It lightens. Koá mútu te wíra It has ceased to lighten.
E wíti mai ána It appears. Kóa wíti ke mai It has appeared.
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Adverbs.

Adverbs relating toTime.
Ahéa, When. I na máte, Anciently.
Ahínei, To-day. Wáwe, Suddenly.
I nanáhi, Yesterday. I múa, Heretofore.
Apópo, To-morrow. A múdi, Hereafter.
A te táhi ra, After tomorrow. A te ai ai, In the evening.
I te áo, By day. A te áta, In the mornning.
I te po, By night.
Adverbs relating toPlace.
Ke ihéa, Where, Whither. Wáho, Without.
Nohéa, From whence. Ténei tahá, This side.
Ra) kohéa, Which way. Téra tahá, That side.
Kónei, Here. Dúnga, Above.
Nokónei, Of this place. Múa, Before.
Konei mai, This way. Múdi, Behind.
Ko i nátu, That way. Tawíti, Far.
Ko i ná, There. Tawíti tawíti, A great way off.
Táta, Near. Ráro, Below.
Iróto, Within.
Adverbs relating toQuantity.
Núi, Much. Ma te todu, Thick.
I'ti, Little. Mo ro íti, Very little.
Rahi, Large. Maha, Abundance.
Nohi nohi, Small. Todu todu, Few.
Rairai, Thin. Tíni tíni, Very many.page 54
Púpu, Abundance. Ráwa, To the utmost extent.
Káti, Enough.
Adverbs relating toQuality.
Pai, Well. Kíno, Ill.
Tíka, Right. Pakéke, Hardly.
Eápa, Crooked. Ngawádii, Easily, softly.

Adverbs signifyingLikeness.

  • Pénei, Like this, (very near).

  • Péna, Like that (pointed at).

  • Péra, Like that (at a distance).

  • Méa ke, In like manner as.

Adverbs ofNumber.

  • E táhi ánga, Once.

  • E máno e okínga mai, A thousand times.

  • E máha e okínga mai, Many times.

Adverbs ofNegation.
Kaóre, No. Etéka, By no means.
Kaóre kóia péa, Not at all. Kaua, aua, Not, or Do not.
Adverbs ofAffirmation.
A'ra, Yes. Kóia ra, Truly.
A'ra óki, Yes.
Adverbs ofDoubt.
Péa, Perhaps. Kóia péa, Very likely.
Péa óki, Perhaps (so).
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Adverbs ofInterrogation.

  • Ahéa? When?

  • E íaha? Why? or What for?

  • E hía? How many?

Note.—It may be remarked, that many of these Adverbs are nothing more than Adjectives or Substantives used adverbially.

Examples In Adverbs.

1.

E aire po ána óti koe? Art thou going by night?

2.

Ko té e óki wáwe mai óti koe? Wilt thou return speedily?

3.

E koréro tíka ána ra óki te tángata, The man speaks correctly.

4.

E máhi mádie ána ra óki tátu, We all are working quietly.

5.

E tére máodi ána ra óki te tohóra, The whale is swimming (upon the water).

6.

E títiro makútu ána ra óki ía, He is looking (bewitchingly).

7.

E ánga kino ána, A working ill.

Prepositions.

I, By. Mo, For.
No, From, Of. Ke, At.
Ki, To. Ráro e o, Under.
Dúnga áki, Upon. Róto, Within, or Between.
Wáho, Without.
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Examples.

1.

Ka díro i te tángata, Taken by the man.

2.

No te tángata, From the man.

3.

Ki te tángata, To the man.

4.

Dúnga áki te wáta, Upon the platform.

5.

Ráro e o te rákau, Under the tree.

6.

Mo te tángata, For the man.

7.

Ke te wáre, At the house.

8.

Ka nóho 'au ki roto, I sit within.

9.

Ka aire tátu ki wáho, Let us all go out.

Conjunctions.

Ma and me are used as Conjunctions Co-pulative; ma in coupling words of the same nature and quality; and me in coupling words of different qualities, & c.

Examples.

  • Ko Táka ma, ko Túma; Táka and Túma.

  • E dúa te kau ma díma; Twenty and five.

  • Na wai óki te Ra, mé te Maráma, me nga wétu? Who made the sun and moon and stars?

  • Ka pai ra óki 'au ki te íka, mé te kapána, me te táro. I like fish and potatoes and bread.

Sometimes Conjunctions are formed by the Personal Pronouns:

Examples.

1.

Ko máua ko Táka; I and Táka.

2.

Ko koe, ko dúa, ko Táka; Thou and Táka.

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3.

Ko Táka, ko ráua, ko Túma; Táka and Túma.

4.

Ko Táka, ko rátu, ko Túma ma; Táka, Túma, and party.

5.

Ki a Táka, ki a ráua, ki a Túma; To Táka and Túma.

Interjections.

  • Ha há!—denoting surprise.

  • Au é! Alas!

  • E tai! Ah!

  • Aháh!—in disgust.

Syntax.

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The Nominative Case and the Verb.

The Nominative Case agrees with and follows the Verb; as,

  • E tóene ra óki te ra, The sun proceeds forward.

  • E rére ána te mánu, The bird flies.

  • E aróha ána nga matúa, The parents love.

  • E aire ána máua, ko Táka, I and Táka move.

  • E e óki mai ána te táua, The army is coming back.

Note.—In the last four sentences, the ra óki is omitted by the ellipse.

Substantive and Adjective.

The Adjective follows the Substantive; as,

E tángata pai, A good man.
E ngákau kíno, A bad heart.

Adjectives sometimes precede the substantive; as,

  • Ka róa (ra óki) te po, Long is the night.

  • E núi te pai o ténei méa, Very good is this thing.

  • Pai ráwa tóu ánga, Exceeding good is thy work.

Sometimes the Adjective denoting the particular properties of a Substantive is expressed alone; the Substantive to which it refers being understood; as,

  • E kúere, An ignorant, unskilful man;—the word tángata being understood.

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  • E tohúnga, A skilful person; as, A priest, An architect, &c.

  • E tóa, A courageous man.

  • E hóha, A generous person.

Of the Substantive and the Possessive Pronoun.

The Possessive Pronoun is placed either before or after the Substantive; as,

  • Táku tamaiti, My son; or E tamaiti náku, A son of mine.

  • Tóku matúa, My parent; or, E matúa nóku, A parent of mine.

  • To tátu wáre, Our house; or, E wáre no tátu &c.

  • Kóa máte ke tóku matúa táne, me tóku matúa wahíne; My father and mother are dead.

The Dative Case Signifying Acquisition.

  • O mai ki 'au, Produce to me.

  • Móku te táhi tóki, For me one axe, or Give me an axe.

  • Móu tenei tóki, For thee this axe, or Take this axe.

  • E tángata ngákau núi ki te wawáhi, A man who has a fearless disposition for disputation.

The Accusative Case and the Verb.

  • Kaua hei Atúa ke móu, Take not a strange God to thee.

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  • E aróha ána 'au ki á koe, I love thee.

  • Waka e óki mai tóu ponónga ki 'au, Return thy servant to me.

Space, Measure, Time, and Place.

  • Ke tawíti, ko táhi ra ka aire, ka tai; The distance is (that) of one day's journey.

  • E wai kédi, e óno te róa o te hohónu; A ditch six fathoms deep.

  • Ki te po, e kóre e kitéa te kanóhi; In the night the eye cannot see.

  • E tángi po ána ra óki te wahíne á ka áo te ra, kamútu; The woman cries during the night, at day-break ceases.

  • E'aha ra nei te máhinga máku kei Ingland? What shall I work at in England?

  • No Niw Zíland ra óki ía, He is from New Zealand.

  • Ko Niw Zíland ra óki ía, He is going to New Zealand.

  • Kei úta tóku káinga, My residence is in the interior.

  • Aire ra óki koe ki tóu wáre, Go to thy house.