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The Vegetation of New Zealand

[Plates I - LXXXVII]

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Fig. 1. The stoany bed of the River Waiau-uha (Hanmer Plains) showing its anastomosing streams.Photo. C.E. Christensen.

Fig. 1. The stoany bed of the River Waiau-uha (Hanmer Plains) showing its anastomosing streams.
Photo. C.E. Christensen.

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Fig. 2. Coastal scrub of Stewart Island. In the foreground wind-swept Leptospermum scoparium occupies the place of the usually dominant Senecio rotundifolius, which here is in the more sheltered background. — Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 2. Coastal scrub of Stewart Island. In the foreground wind-swept Leptospermum scoparium occupies the place of the usually dominant Senecio rotundifolius, which here is in the more sheltered background. — Photo. L. Cockayne.

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Fig. 3. Mangrove swamp, showing an adult tree, pneumatophores and young plants of Avicennia officinalis.Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 3. Mangrove swamp, showing an adult tree, pneumatophores and young plants of Avicennia officinalis.
Photo. L. Cockayne.

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Fig. 4. Aereal roots of Metrosideros tomentosa given off from high up the trunk, descending to and entering the ground.Photo, L. Cockayne.

Fig. 4. Aereal roots of Metrosideros tomentosa given off from high up the trunk, descending to and entering the ground.
Photo, L. Cockayne.

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Fig. 5. Stilbocarpa Lyallii growing amongst rocks, Ruapuke Island (Stewart district). In the foreground the inflorescence hidden by the leaves can be dimly seen.Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 5. Stilbocarpa Lyallii growing amongst rocks, Ruapuke Island (Stewart district). In the foreground the inflorescence hidden by the leaves can be dimly seen.
Photo. L. Cockayne.

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Fig. 6. The bull-kelp (Durvillea antarctica) as seen at low water. Dog Island, Foveaux Strait.Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 6. The bull-kelp (Durvillea antarctica) as seen at low water. Dog Island, Foveaux Strait.
Photo. L. Cockayne.

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Fig. 7. View of a portion of the extensive Salicornia formation at Wakapuaka (Nelson Harbour—SN.), showing various stages of the incoming of Juncus maritismus var. australiensis salt-swamp.Photo. W. C. Davies (Cawthron Institute, Nelson).

Fig. 7. View of a portion of the extensive Salicornia formation at Wakapuaka (Nelson Harbour—SN.), showing various stages of the incoming of Juncus maritismus var. australiensis salt-swamp.
Photo. W. C. Davies (Cawthron Institute, Nelson).

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Fig. 8. Natural foredune formed by Spinifex hirsutus on the west coast of the Ruahine-Cook district near Waikanae.Photo. W.H. Field.

Fig. 8. Natural foredune formed by Spinifex hirsutus on the west coast of the Ruahine-Cook district near Waikanae.
Photo. W.H. Field.

Fig. 9. Active dune in process of occupation by Phormium tenax, Arundo conspicua and Cassinia leptophylla. West of Ruahine-Cook district.Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 9. Active dune in process of occupation by Phormium tenax, Arundo conspicua and Cassinia leptophylla. West of Ruahine-Cook district.
Photo. L. Cockayne.

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Fig. 10. Leptospermum scoparium heath of a dune-hollow of the Eastern district with Discaria toumatou in the foreground.Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 10. Leptospermum scoparium heath of a dune-hollow of the Eastern district with Discaria toumatou in the foreground.
Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 11. Mesembryanthemum australe growing on coastal rock exposed to abundant sea-spray at Lyall Bay, Wellington (Ruahine-Cook district).Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 11. Mesembryanthemum australe growing on coastal rock exposed to abundant sea-spray at Lyall Bay, Wellington (Ruahine-Cook district).
Photo. L. Cockayne.

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Fig. 12. Sand-worn stones lying on the exposed rock where dunes have been blown away. Here and there is small Coprosma acerosa. Coast of Egmont-Wanganui district.Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 12. Sand-worn stones lying on the exposed rock where dunes have been blown away. Here and there is small Coprosma acerosa. Coast of Egmont-Wanganui district.
Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 13. Where dunes have been blown away small bushes of Coprosma acerosa are growing on the shallow layer of sand with a tongue of sand in their lee. Coast of Egmont-Wanganui district.Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 13. Where dunes have been blown away small bushes of Coprosma acerosa are growing on the shallow layer of sand with a tongue of sand in their lee. Coast of Egmont-Wanganui district.
Photo. L. Cockayne.

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Fig. 14. Celmisia Lindsayi association with mats of that plant in centre; in left-hand corner is a tussock of Poa Astoni and to right a scrub of Hebe elliptica, Phormium tenax &c. Nugget Point, South Otago district.Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 14. Celmisia Lindsayi association with mats of that plant in centre; in left-hand corner is a tussock of Poa Astoni and to right a scrub of Hebe elliptica, Phormium tenax &c. Nugget Point, South Otago district.
Photo. L. Cockayne.

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Fig. 15. Mat of Celmisia Lindsayi growing on coastal cliff at Nugget Point (South Otago district). In left-hand corner is Anlsotome intermedia. — Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 15. Mat of Celmisia Lindsayi growing on coastal cliff at Nugget Point (South Otago district). In left-hand corner is Anlsotome intermedia. — Photo. L. Cockayne.

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Fig. 16. Coastal shingle-slip on Kapiti Island with an open association consisting chiefly of Cassinia leptophylla and Arundo conspicua.Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 16. Coastal shingle-slip on Kapiti Island with an open association consisting chiefly of Cassinia leptophylla and Arundo conspicua.
Photo. L. Cockayne.

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Fig. 17. Isolated trees of Olearia angustifolia growing on an exposed part of the coast of Stewart Island. The tree on the left is about 3 m. high, its trunk 37.5 cm. diam. and the rounded crown 12 m. through.Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 17. Isolated trees of Olearia angustifolia growing on an exposed part of the coast of Stewart Island. The tree on the left is about 3 m. high, its trunk 37.5 cm. diam. and the rounded crown 12 m. through.
Photo. L. Cockayne.

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Fig. 18. Senecio rotundifolius scrub on the shore of Patterson Inlet, Stewart Island, showing the dense roof and the branches jutting out over the shore for about 3.9 m.Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 18. Senecio rotundifolius scrub on the shore of Patterson Inlet, Stewart Island, showing the dense roof and the branches jutting out over the shore for about 3.9 m.
Photo. L. Cockayne.

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Fig. 19. Metrosideros tomentosa scrub at foot of cliffs facing the shore. Base of the Waitakerei Hills, Kaipara subdistrict.Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 19. Metrosideros tomentosa scrub at foot of cliffs facing the shore. Base of the Waitakerei Hills, Kaipara subdistrict.
Photo. L. Cockayne.

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Fig. 20. Coastal scrub of Rangitoto Island in the Hauraki Gulf, South Auckland district. In centre Griselinia lucida which is always epiphytic in forest. — Photo. L. Cockayne,

Fig. 20. Coastal scrub of Rangitoto Island in the Hauraki Gulf, South Auckland district. In centre Griselinia lucida which is always epiphytic in forest. — Photo. L. Cockayne,

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Fig. 21. Girdle of Metrosideros tomentosa near Mangonui, just above high water-mark, North Auckland district.Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 21. Girdle of Metrosideros tomentosa near Mangonui, just above high water-mark, North Auckland district.
Photo. L. Cockayne.

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Fig. 22. Dysoxylum forest of Stephen Island — there truly coastal — showing its close roof (Sounds-Nelson district). — Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 22. Dysoxylum forest of Stephen Island — there truly coastal — showing its close roof (Sounds-Nelson district). — Photo. L. Cockayne.

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Fig. 23. Outskirts of dicotylous-podocarp forest near Te Whaiti (East Cape district) with Podocarpus dacrydioides (tree on right) dominant and towards centre on left a tree-fern (Dicksonia fibfosa) and on right the smaller tree-fern, D. squarrosa.Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 23. Outskirts of dicotylous-podocarp forest near Te Whaiti (East Cape district) with Podocarpus dacrydioides (tree on right) dominant and towards centre on left a tree-fern (Dicksonia fibfosa) and on right the smaller tree-fern, D. squarrosa.
Photo. L. Cockayne.

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Fig. 24. The massive trunk of Podocarpus dacrydioides, but more irregular ("fluted") than usual. Dicotylous-podocarp forest of Sounds-Nelson district.Photo. W. C. Davies (Cawthron Institute, Nelson).

Fig. 24. The massive trunk of Podocarpus dacrydioides, but more irregular ("fluted") than usual. Dicotylous-podocarp forest of Sounds-Nelson district.
Photo. W. C. Davies (Cawthron Institute, Nelson).

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Fig. 25. Base of a massive tree of Podocarpus totara in the dicotylouspodocarp forest of the Mount Peel National Park (Eastern district).Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 25. Base of a massive tree of Podocarpus totara in the dicotylouspodocarp forest of the Mount Peel National Park (Eastern district).
Photo. L. Cockayne.

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Fig. 26. Roots resembling liane stems descending along trunk of Dacrydium cupressinum from an epiphytic epharmone of Griselinia littoralis in iorest, Stewart Island.Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 26. Roots resembling liane stems descending along trunk of Dacrydium cupressinum from an epiphytic epharmone of Griselinia littoralis in iorest, Stewart Island.
Photo. L. Cockayne.

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Fig. 27. Epiphytes on branches of Beilschmiedia tawa in kauri forest (North Auckland district). Masses of Astelia Solandri 60 cm. high and on left a pendent bunch of Lycopodium Billardietl, 1.2 m. long.Photo. I Cockayne.

Fig. 27. Epiphytes on branches of Beilschmiedia tawa in kauri forest (North Auckland district). Masses of Astelia Solandri 60 cm. high and on left a pendent bunch of Lycopodium Billardietl, 1.2 m. long.
Photo. I Cockayne.

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Fig. 28. Base of Metrosideros robusta showing its irregular habit suitable for occupation by epiphytes. Forest of Kapiti Island (Cook Strait).Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 28. Base of Metrosideros robusta showing its irregular habit suitable for occupation by epiphytes. Forest of Kapiti Island (Cook Strait).
Photo. L. Cockayne.

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Fig. 29. Base of trunk of Weinmannia racemosa formed out of aereal roots. Forest of Stewart Island.Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 29. Base of trunk of Weinmannia racemosa formed out of aereal roots. Forest of Stewart Island.
Photo. L. Cockayne.

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Fig. 30. Winter aspect of the deciduous Plagianthus betulinus, its branches completely covered by some of the smaller epiphytes (9 species) with Cyclophorus serpens and Earina mucronata dominant.Photo. H. H. Allan.

Fig. 30. Winter aspect of the deciduous Plagianthus betulinus, its branches completely covered by some of the smaller epiphytes (9 species) with Cyclophorus serpens and Earina mucronata dominant.
Photo. H. H. Allan.

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Fig. 31. Pittosporum divaricatum — a typical example of the divaricating life-form growing in subalpine scrub on Arthur's Pass (900 m. altitude), Western district. — Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 31. Pittosporum divaricatum — a typical example of the divaricating life-form growing in subalpine scrub on Arthur's Pass (900 m. altitude), Western district. — Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 32. Late stage in the life-history of the lowland vegetation near the Franz Josef glacier (Western district) with Blechnum discolor (fronds erect, pale) and Leptopteris superba in the foreground. — Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 32. Late stage in the life-history of the lowland vegetation near the Franz Josef glacier (Western district) with Blechnum discolor (fronds erect, pale) and Leptopteris superba in the foreground. — Photo. L. Cockayne.

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Fig. 33. Metrosideros perforata, a high-climbing root-climber, growing as a shrub in the open.Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 33. Metrosideros perforata, a high-climbing root-climber, growing as a shrub in the open.
Photo. L. Cockayne.

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Fig. 34. A portion of the kauri subassociation showing the characteristic undergrowth of Astelia trinervia. Waipoua forest, North Auckland district in 1907.Photo, L. Cockayne.

Fig. 34. A portion of the kauri subassociation showing the characteristic undergrowth of Astelia trinervia. Waipoua forest, North Auckland district in 1907.
Photo, L. Cockayne.

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Fig. 35. Interior of an extensive area of the kauri subassociation, The large trunks are those of the kauri (Agathis australis) and the slender ones mostly those of Beilschmiedia taraire. Waipoua Kauri forest, North Auckland district in 1907.Photo. L. Cockavne.

Fig. 35. Interior of an extensive area of the kauri subassociation, The large trunks are those of the kauri (Agathis australis) and the slender ones mostly those of Beilschmiedia taraire. Waipoua Kauri forest, North Auckland district in 1907.
Photo. L. Cockavne.

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Fig. 36. Interior of an open kauri subassociation showing the slender trunks of Beilschmiedia taraire ready to replace the kauri trees when such die; the massive trunks are those of the kauri. Waipoua kauri forest. North Auckland district in 1907. — Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 36. Interior of an open kauri subassociation showing the slender trunks of Beilschmiedia taraire ready to replace the kauri trees when such die; the massive trunks are those of the kauri. Waipoua kauri forest. North Auckland district in 1907. — Photo. L. Cockayne.

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Fig. 37. View of roof of kauri forest, the kauris rising high above the other trees. In foreground on right Cyathea medullaris, its crown above the foliage of the forest margin. Waipoua kauri forest in 1907.Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 37. View of roof of kauri forest, the kauris rising high above the other trees. In foreground on right Cyathea medullaris, its crown above the foliage of the forest margin. Waipoua kauri forest in 1907.
Photo. L. Cockayne.

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Fig. 38. Interior of rimu (Dacrydium cupressinum) forest of the Western district with Quintinia acutifolia as undergrowth.Photo. C. E. Foweraker.

Fig. 38. Interior of rimu (Dacrydium cupressinum) forest of the Western district with Quintinia acutifolia as undergrowth.
Photo. C. E. Foweraker.

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Fig. 39. Nothofagus cliffortioides forest at about 560 m. altitude (Waimakariri Valley, junction of Eastern and Western districts) marking the average line reached by the westerly rain. Between the river-bed and forest margin its junction with the tussock-grassland can be seen.Photo. C. E. Foweraker.

Fig. 39. Nothofagus cliffortioides forest at about 560 m. altitude (Waimakariri Valley, junction of Eastern and Western districts) marking the average line reached by the westerly rain. Between the river-bed and forest margin its junction with the tussock-grassland can be seen.
Photo. C. E. Foweraker.

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Fig. 40. Colony of Gleichenia Cunninghamii on floor of Weinmannia racemosa forest near Lake Brunner, North-western district in 1897.Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 40. Colony of Gleichenia Cunninghamii on floor of Weinmannia racemosa forest near Lake Brunner, North-western district in 1897.
Photo. L. Cockayne.

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Fig. 41. Semi-swamp forest near Dargaville (Kaipara subdistrict) in 1911, showing the long straight trunks of Podocarpus dacrydioides and the abundance of epiphytic Astelia Solandri. — Photo, L, Cockayne.

Fig. 41. Semi-swamp forest near Dargaville (Kaipara subdistrict) in 1911, showing the long straight trunks of Podocarpus dacrydioides and the abundance of epiphytic Astelia Solandri. — Photo, L, Cockayne.

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Fig. 42. Liverwort cushion of Plagiochila gigantea nearly 90 cm. high by 75 cm. through at the base and Lycopodium volubile growing on it; on left, trunk of Weinmannia covered with Aneura eriocaulon. Dacrydium intermedium association, Stewart Island. — Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 42. Liverwort cushion of Plagiochila gigantea nearly 90 cm. high by 75 cm. through at the base and Lycopodium volubile growing on it; on left, trunk of Weinmannia covered with Aneura eriocaulon. Dacrydium intermedium association, Stewart Island. — Photo. L. Cockayne.

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Fig. 43. Colony of Nothofagus fusca in lowland Nothofagus Menziesii-cliffortioides forest at 270 m. altitude near the head of Lake Te Anau, Fiord district.Photo. E. M. Barker.

Fig. 43. Colony of Nothofagus fusca in lowland Nothofagus Menziesii-cliffortioides forest at 270 m. altitude near the head of Lake Te Anau, Fiord district.
Photo. E. M. Barker.

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Fig. 44. Portion of the Mineral Belt— the substratum a magnesian soil—showing the sudden transition from forest (on limestone) to the mostly open vegetation but with some tall tussock-grassland in foreground and some shrubland to left and in centre.Photo. W. C. Davies (Cawthron Institute, Nelson).

Fig. 44. Portion of the Mineral Belt— the substratum a magnesian soil—showing the sudden transition from forest (on limestone) to the mostly open vegetation but with some tall tussock-grassland in foreground and some shrubland to left and in centre.
Photo. W. C. Davies (Cawthron Institute, Nelson).

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Fig. 45. Pomaderris Edgerleyi as a member of Auckland manuka shrubland on the North Cape Promontory, North Auckland district. — Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 45. Pomaderris Edgerleyi as a member of Auckland manuka shrubland on the North Cape Promontory, North Auckland district. — Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 46. Raoulia tenuicaulis (juvenile form in background) growing on the stony bed of the River Otira (Western district) at 300 m. altitude. — Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 46. Raoulia tenuicaulis (juvenile form in background) growing on the stony bed of the River Otira (Western district) at 300 m. altitude. — Photo. L. Cockayne.

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Fig. 47. Low river-bed forest in the Otira Valley (Western district) at 376 m. altitude with Pittosporum Colensoi on the left and Suttonia divaricata on the right.—Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 47. Low river-bed forest in the Otira Valley (Western district) at 376 m. altitude with Pittosporum Colensoi on the left and Suttonia divaricata on the right.—Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 48. Another piece of the low forest of Fig. 47. In front a tree of the "araliad-form" (Pseudopanax crassifolium var. unifoliolatum) and various divaricating shrubs in the undergrowth. — Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 48. Another piece of the low forest of Fig. 47. In front a tree of the "araliad-form" (Pseudopanax crassifolium var. unifoliolatum) and various divaricating shrubs in the undergrowth. — Photo. L. Cockayne.

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Fig. 49. Nothofagus cliffortioides forest giving place to low tussock-grassland where exposed to the full blast of the frequent north-west wind, near source of River Poulter at about 800 m. Western district just within the area of high rainfall. — Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 49. Nothofagus cliffortioides forest giving place to low tussock-grassland where exposed to the full blast of the frequent north-west wind, near source of River Poulter at about 800 m. Western district just within the area of high rainfall. — Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 50. Snow avalanche in a gully on Mount Tarndaie (North-eastern district) which has cut a path through the Nothofagus cliffortioides forest. — Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 50. Snow avalanche in a gully on Mount Tarndaie (North-eastern district) which has cut a path through the Nothofagus cliffortioides forest. — Photo. L. Cockayne.

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Fig. 51. New vegetation on ice-worn rock alongside the Franz Josef glacier (Western district) with Metrosideros lucida in centre and fully-developed scrub in background. — Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 51. New vegetation on ice-worn rock alongside the Franz Josef glacier (Western district) with Metrosideros lucida in centre and fully-developed scrub in background. — Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 52. Interior of scrub on old moraine near the terminal face of the Franz Josef glacier. The stems are mostly those of Coprosma rugosa. — Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 52. Interior of scrub on old moraine near the terminal face of the Franz Josef glacier. The stems are mostly those of Coprosma rugosa. — Photo. L. Cockayne.

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Fig. 53. Hard, massive cushion of Dracophyllum rosmarinifolium about 60 cm. high, surrounded by low Olearia Colensoi scrub on Mount Anglera, Stewart Island, at about 850 m. altitude.Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 53. Hard, massive cushion of Dracophyllum rosmarinifolium about 60 cm. high, surrounded by low Olearia Colensoi scrub on Mount Anglera, Stewart Island, at about 850 m. altitude.
Photo. L. Cockayne.

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Fig. 54. Low subalpine scrub, Stewart Island, the tuft-shrub; Dracophyllum Menziesii rising above the Olearia Colensoi. Mount Anglem at about 850 in.Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 54. Low subalpine scrub, Stewart Island, the tuft-shrub; Dracophyllum Menziesii rising above the Olearia Colensoi. Mount Anglem at about 850 in.
Photo. L. Cockayne.

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Fig. 55. Celmisia coriacea var. stricta showing the close-growing erect rosettes of this class of the genus. Indigenous-induced (after fire) association at 900 m. altitude on the Takitimu Mountains, South Otago district.Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 55. Celmisia coriacea var. stricta showing the close-growing erect rosettes of this class of the genus. Indigenous-induced (after fire) association at 900 m. altitude on the Takitimu Mountains, South Otago district.
Photo. L. Cockayne.

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Fig. 56. Aciphylla Scott-Thomsonii, showing the Yucca-form common in the genus, growing on Flagstaff Hill, South Otago district.Photo. G. Simpson.

Fig. 56. Aciphylla Scott-Thomsonii, showing the Yucca-form common in the genus, growing on Flagstaff Hill, South Otago district.
Photo. G. Simpson.

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Fig. 57. Subalpine scrub on the Tooth Peaks, South Otago district near its junction with the Fiord district at 900 m. altitude, composed of Senecio cassinioides and Aciphylla maxima with peduncles 4.5 m. high.Photo. W. D. Reid.

Fig. 57. Subalpine scrub on the Tooth Peaks, South Otago district near its junction with the Fiord district at 900 m. altitude, composed of Senecio cassinioides and Aciphylla maxima with peduncles 4.5 m. high.
Photo. W. D. Reid.

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Fig. 58. Great cushions of Haastia pulvinaris—one of the largest vegetable-sheep— growing at 1500 m. altitude on shingle-slip on Mount Tarndale, North-eastern district near its junction with the North-western district. — Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 58. Great cushions of Haastia pulvinaris—one of the largest vegetable-sheep— growing at 1500 m. altitude on shingle-slip on Mount Tarndale, North-eastern district near its junction with the North-western district. — Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 59. Replacement of tussock-grassland by cushions of Raoulia lutescens — the cushion-form being due to the original mat being filled with sand — near Tarras (North Otago district) owing to denudation by drifting sand. — Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 59. Replacement of tussock-grassland by cushions of Raoulia lutescens — the cushion-form being due to the original mat being filled with sand — near Tarras (North Otago district) owing to denudation by drifting sand. — Photo. L. Cockayne.

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Fig. 60. Horizontal trunk of Qlearia ilicifolia in the subalpine Podocarpus-Libocedrus forest near source of the River Rakaia (Southern Alps, Western district) at 920 m. altitude showing the deciduous outer bark. — Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 60. Horizontal trunk of Qlearia ilicifolia in the subalpine Podocarpus-Libocedrus forest near source of the River Rakaia (Southern Alps, Western district) at 920 m. altitude showing the deciduous outer bark. — Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 61. Close view of cushion of Phyllachne clavigera. — Photo. S. Page.

Fig. 61. Close view of cushion of Phyllachne clavigera. — Photo. S. Page.

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Fig. 62. Veronica spathulata Plateau district). — Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 62. Veronica spathulata
Plateau district). — Photo. L. Cockayne.

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Fig. 63. Mat of Leucogenes Leontopodium as a member of the fell-field association of the Tararua Mountains at about 1300 m. altitude (Ruahine-Cook district).Photo. E. Bruce Levy.

Fig. 63. Mat of Leucogenes Leontopodium as a member of the fell-field association of the Tararua Mountains at about 1300 m. altitude (Ruahine-Cook district).
Photo. E. Bruce Levy.

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Fig. 64. The cupressoid Helichrysum coralloides of fairly open habit, growing on a dry rock-face at about 1250 m. altitude on Shingly Range, North-eastern district. — Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 64. The cupressoid Helichrysum coralloides of fairly open habit, growing on a dry rock-face at about 1250 m. altitude on Shingly Range, North-eastern district. — Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 65. Helichrysum coralloides growing on dry rock, as in Fig. 64, but exposed to strong wind and forming a close cushion. — Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 65. Helichrysum coralloides growing on dry rock, as in Fig. 64, but exposed to strong wind and forming a close cushion. — Photo. L. Cockayne.

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Fig. 66. To right and centre, outskirts of Nothofagus cliffortioides forest; to left in foreground tall tussock-grassland of Danthonia Raoulii var. rubra; on right much Phormium Colensoi; in distance, the active volcano Ngauruhoe. Waimarino Plain at about. 1000 m. altitude. — Photo. P.Keller.

Fig. 66. To right and centre, outskirts of Nothofagus cliffortioides forest; to left in foreground tall tussock-grassland of Danthonia Raoulii var. rubra; on right much Phormium Colensoi; in distance, the active volcano Ngauruhoe. Waimarino Plain at about. 1000 m. altitude. — Photo. P.Keller.

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Fig. 67. Upper limit of Nothofagus cliffortioides forest at about 1200 m. altitude on Shingly Range, North-Eastern district. — Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 67. Upper limit of Nothofagus cliffortioides forest at about 1200 m. altitude on Shingly Range, North-Eastern district. — Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 68. Regeneration of Nothofagus cliffortioides forest — the old trees having died naturally — by the same species. Wairau Valley at 900 m. altitude (North-western district). — Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 68. Regeneration of Nothofagus cliffortioides forest — the old trees having died naturally — by the same species. Wairau Valley at 900 m. altitude (North-western district). — Photo. L. Cockayne.

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Fig. 69. Tall shrubland on outskirts of Nothofagus cliffortioides forest at base of Mount Hahungatahi (Volcanic Plateau district) at 900 m. altitude with Cordyline indivisa (tuft-tree), Hebe salicifolia and Phormium tenax. —Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 69. Tall shrubland on outskirts of Nothofagus cliffortioides forest at base of Mount Hahungatahi (Volcanic Plateau district) at 900 m. altitude with Cordyline indivisa (tuft-tree), Hebe salicifolia and Phormium tenax. —Photo. L. Cockayne.

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Fig. 70. Epharmonic cushion of the straggling or turf-making Dacrydium laxifolium and growing on it Hebe tetragona and Celmisia longifolia. Fell-field at 1200 m. altitude near base of Mount Ruapehu (Volcanic Plateau district.) — Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 70. Epharmonic cushion of the straggling or turf-making Dacrydium laxifolium and growing on it Hebe tetragona and Celmisia longifolia. Fell-field at 1200 m. altitude near base of Mount Ruapehu (Volcanic Plateau district.) — Photo. L. Cockayne.

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Fig. 71. The epiphytic moss, Weymouthia Billardieri hanging from twigs of Hoheria glabrata in the mountain-ribbonwood low forest of Clinton Valley (Fiord district) at 600 m. altitude. — Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 71. The epiphytic moss, Weymouthia Billardieri hanging from twigs of Hoheria glabrata in the mountain-ribbonwood low forest of Clinton Valley (Fiord district) at 600 m. altitude. — Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 72. Interior of low forest on Price's Peak, Stewart Island, at an altitude of about 270 m., showing the numerous bryophyte cushions of Plagiochila gigantea and Dicranoioma Billardieri. — Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 72. Interior of low forest on Price's Peak, Stewart Island, at an altitude of about 270 m., showing the numerous bryophyte cushions of Plagiochila gigantea and Dicranoioma Billardieri. — Photo. L. Cockayne.

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Fig. 73. Exterior view of shrub-composite subalpine-scrub of Mount Anglem, Stewart Island, at about 700 m. altitude. The main mass is Olearia Colensoi but in foreground is some Dacrydium Bidwillii and jutting through the roof shoots of Dracophyllum longifolium. — Thoto. F. G. Gibbs.

Fig. 73. Exterior view of shrub-composite subalpine-scrub of Mount Anglem, Stewart Island, at about 700 m. altitude. The main mass is Olearia Colensoi but in foreground is some Dacrydium Bidwillii and jutting through the roof shoots of Dracophyllum longifolium. — Thoto. F. G. Gibbs.

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Fig. 74. Subalpine scrub of Mount Greenland (Western district) at about 800 m altitude; on extreme left is Quintinia acutifolia, then Metrosideros lucida (both trees of the forest below), in centre Pittosporum divaricatum and on right Nothopanax simplex. — Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 74. Subalpine scrub of Mount Greenland (Western district) at about 800 m altitude; on extreme left is Quintinia acutifolia, then Metrosideros lucida (both trees of the forest below), in centre Pittosporum divaricatum and on right Nothopanax simplex. — Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 75. Manuka (Leptospermum scoparium) scrub on Frazer Peaks (South of Stewart Island); on right, where extremely dense the scrub has regenerated after being burned. — Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 75. Manuka (Leptospermum scoparium) scrub on Frazer Peaks (South of Stewart Island); on right, where extremely dense the scrub has regenerated after being burned. — Photo. L. Cockayne.

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Fig. 76, Terminal face of old lava-flow from the Bed Crater of Mount Tongariro, Volcanic Plateau.Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 76, Terminal face of old lava-flow from the Bed Crater of Mount Tongariro, Volcanic Plateau.
Photo. L. Cockayne.

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Fig. 77. Ewartia Sinclairii growing on dry rock in the lower subalpine belt at 900 m. altitude of the Awatere Valley, North-eastern district. — Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 77. Ewartia Sinclairii growing on dry rock in the lower subalpine belt at 900 m. altitude of the Awatere Valley, North-eastern district. — Photo. L. Cockayne.

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Fig. 78. Vegetation of dripping rock in Clinton Valley, Fiord district with an undescribed grass (not yet collected in flower) and drooping Celmisia verbascifolia on either side and to right Phormium Colensoi. — Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 78. Vegetation of dripping rock in Clinton Valley, Fiord district with an undescribed grass (not yet collected in flower) and drooping Celmisia verbascifolia on either side and to right Phormium Colensoi. — Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 79. Notothlaspi rosulatum growing on single-shlip of river-terrace at about 750 m. altitude at Castle Hill, Eastern district. — Photo. L.Cockayne.

Fig. 79. Notothlaspi rosulatum growing on single-shlip of river-terrace at about 750 m. altitude at Castle Hill, Eastern district. — Photo. L.Cockayne.

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Fig. 80. Gentiana bellidifolia growing on scoria at about 1500 m. altitude on Mount Tongariro, Volcanic Plateau district. — Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 80. Gentiana bellidifolia growing on scoria at about 1500 m. altitude on Mount Tongariro, Volcanic Plateau district. — Photo. L. Cockayne.

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Fig. 81. Open cushion of Carmichaelia orbiculata growing as a member of the pumice fell-field at 1140 m. altitude (Volcanic Plateau district) with Celmisia spectabilis and Danthonia setifolia growing through the cushion. — Photo, L. Cockayne.

Fig. 81. Open cushion of Carmichaelia orbiculata growing as a member of the pumice fell-field at 1140 m. altitude (Volcanic Plateau district) with Celmisia spectabilis and Danthonia setifolia growing through the cushion. — Photo, L. Cockayne.

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Fig. 82. Hymenanthera alpina growing on rock at 270 m. altitude surrounded by the depleted ground, originally tussock-grassland, on the Dunstan Mountains, North Otago district.Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 82. Hymenanthera alpina growing on rock at 270 m. altitude surrounded by the depleted ground, originally tussock-grassland, on the Dunstan Mountains, North Otago district.
Photo. L. Cockayne.

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Fig. 83. Portion of thick mat of Celmisia hieracifolia in fell-field of Mount Hector, Tararua Mountains, at about 1400 m. altitude. (Ruahine-Cook district). — Photo. E. Bruce Levy.

Fig. 83. Portion of thick mat of Celmisia hieracifolia in fell-field of Mount Hector, Tararua Mountains, at about 1400 m. altitude. (Ruahine-Cook district). — Photo. E. Bruce Levy.

Fig. 84. Low cushion of Raoulia grandifiora in fell-field of Mount Hector, Tararua Mountains, at about 1400 m. altitude (Ruahine-Cook district). — Photo. E. Bruce Levy.

Fig. 84. Low cushion of Raoulia grandifiora in fell-field of Mount Hector, Tararua Mountains, at about 1400 m. altitude (Ruahine-Cook district). — Photo. E. Bruce Levy.

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Fig. 85. Ranunculus Lyallii as member of subalpine wet-mountain fell-field on Mount Murray at about 1100 m. altitude near source of River Rakaia (east of Western district), with subalpine-scrub in background.Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 85. Ranunculus Lyallii as member of subalpine wet-mountain fell-field on Mount Murray at about 1100 m. altitude near source of River Rakaia (east of Western district), with subalpine-scrub in background.
Photo. L. Cockayne.

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Fig. 86. Tall tussock-grassland of almost pure Danthonia Raoulii var. flavescens in the lower subalpine belt of Mount Dick, South Otago district.Photo. W. D. Reid.

Fig. 86. Tall tussock-grassland of almost pure Danthonia Raoulii var. flavescens in the lower subalpine belt of Mount Dick, South Otago district.
Photo. W. D. Reid.

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Fig. 87. Portion of herb-field, Arthur's Pass, at 920 m. altitude with Celmisia coriacea in bloom mixed with Phormium Colensoi (Western district). — Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 87. Portion of herb-field, Arthur's Pass, at 920 m. altitude with Celmisia coriacea in bloom mixed with Phormium Colensoi (Western district). — Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 88. Herb-field of Baird Range near Franz Josef glacier (Western district) at about 1200 m. altitude with a mat of Celmisia Walkeri overlying a rock and C. petiolata in the background. — Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 88. Herb-field of Baird Range near Franz Josef glacier (Western district) at about 1200 m. altitude with a mat of Celmisia Walkeri overlying a rock and C. petiolata in the background. — Photo. L. Cockayne.

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Fig. 89. Pimelea Gnidia — of Hebe-form — growing with Astelia Cockaynei (foreground), Phormium Colensoi (right hand corner oi background) and Dracophyllum filifolium (left of centre in background) as part of shrubby herb-field of Tararua Mountains (Ruahine-Cook district).Photo. E. Bruce Levy.

Fig. 89. Pimelea Gnidia — of Hebe-form — growing with Astelia Cockaynei (foreground), Phormium Colensoi (right hand corner oi background) and Dracophyllum filifolium (left of centre in background) as part of shrubby herb-field of Tararua Mountains (Ruahine-Cook district).
Photo. E. Bruce Levy.

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Fig. 90. Low cushion of Celmisia argentea in herb moor of Table Hill, Stewart Island at 570 m. altitude with Danthonia pungens in background. — Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 90. Low cushion of Celmisia argentea in herb moor of Table Hill, Stewart Island at 570 m. altitude with Danthonia pungens in background. — Photo. L. Cockayne.

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Fig. 91. Ranunculus Lyallii in herb-field near source of River Rakaia (Western district) at 1200 m. altitude. — Photo. M. C. Gudex.

Fig. 91. Ranunculus Lyallii in herb-field near source of River Rakaia (Western district) at 1200 m. altitude. — Photo. M. C. Gudex.

Fig. 92. Donatia novaezelandiae, 1.5 m. long, and growing on it Celmisia glandulosa var. vera, Pentachondra pumila, and above its upper margin is a line of Danthonia crassiuscula. Hanging valley at source of River Routeburn (Fiord district) at about 1200 m. altitude. — Photo. W. D. Reid.

Fig. 92. Donatia novaezelandiae, 1.5 m. long, and growing on it Celmisia glandulosa var. vera, Pentachondra pumila, and above its upper margin is a line of Danthonia crassiuscula. Hanging valley at source of River Routeburn (Fiord district) at about 1200 m. altitude. — Photo. W. D. Reid.

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Fig. 93. Cushions of Montia fontana in shallow running water at about 1200 m. altitude in the Volcanic Plateau district. — Photo. L.Cockayne.

Fig. 93. Cushions of Montia fontana in shallow running water at about 1200 m. altitude in the Volcanic Plateau district. — Photo. L.Cockayne.

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Fig. 94. Colony of Rhopalostylis Cheesemanii in the dry forest of Sunday Island, Kermadec Islands.Photo. W. R. B. Oliver.

Fig. 94. Colony of Rhopalostylis Cheesemanii in the dry forest of Sunday Island, Kermadec Islands.
Photo. W. R. B. Oliver.

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Fig. 95. Vegetation of sand-covered coastal rock of Chatham Island with Hebe chathamica on left, Sonchus grandifolius on right and Festuca Coxii in centre — Photo. W. R. B. Oliver.

Fig. 95. Vegetation of sand-covered coastal rock of Chatham Island with Hebe chathamica on left, Sonchus grandifolius on right and Festuca Coxii in centre — Photo. W. R. B. Oliver.

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Fig. 96. Penguin rookery on Snares killing the vegetation; in centre tussock-moor and in background low forest of Olearia Lyallii. — Photo. L.Cockayne.

Fig. 96. Penguin rookery on Snares killing the vegetation; in centre tussock-moor and in background low forest of Olearia Lyallii. — Photo. L.Cockayne.

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Fig. 97. Interior of Metrosideros lucida, forest of Lord Auckland Island showing the prostrate and semi-prostrate trunks.Photo. S. Page.

Fig. 97. Interior of Metrosideros lucida, forest of Lord Auckland Island showing the prostrate and semi-prostrate trunks.
Photo. S. Page.

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Fig. 98. Portion of herb-moor of Adams Island (Lord Auckland group) at about sea-level with Pleurophyllum criniferum in foreground in blossom and bud.Photo. S. Page.

Fig. 98. Portion of herb-moor of Adams Island (Lord Auckland group) at about sea-level with Pleurophyllum criniferum in foreground in blossom and bud.
Photo. S. Page.

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Fig. 99. Poa ramosissima growing on coastal cliff, Masked Island, Carnley Harbour (Lord Auckland group) and above is a colony of Blechnum durum.Photo. S. Page.

Fig. 99. Poa ramosissima growing on coastal cliff, Masked Island, Carnley Harbour (Lord Auckland group) and above is a colony of Blechnum durum.
Photo. S. Page.

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Fig. 100. Interior of southern-rata forest of the Lord Auckland Islands showing the tangle of branches. Here the usual undergrowth is absent and only a few ferns are present.Photo. S. Page.

Fig. 100. Interior of southern-rata forest of the Lord Auckland Islands showing the tangle of branches. Here the usual undergrowth is absent and only a few ferns are present.
Photo. S. Page.

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Fig. 101. Roof of Olearia Lyallii forest of Ewing Island, Lord Auckland group.Photo. S. Page.

Fig. 101. Roof of Olearia Lyallii forest of Ewing Island, Lord Auckland group.
Photo. S. Page.

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Fig. 102. In foreground is tussock-moor with tussocks of Danthonja antarctica and behind is the windshorn shrub-form of Metrosideros lucida at about 300 m. altitude, Lord Auckland Island.Photo. S. Page.

Fig. 102. In foreground is tussock-moor with tussocks of Danthonja antarctica and behind is the windshorn shrub-form of Metrosideros lucida at about 300 m. altitude, Lord Auckland Island.
Photo. S. Page.

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Fig. 103. Colony of Stilbocarpa polaris in "Fairchild's Garden", Adams Island (Lord Auckland group) and Dracophyllum longifolium in background.Photo. S. Page.

Fig. 103. Colony of Stilbocarpa polaris in "Fairchild's Garden", Adams Island (Lord Auckland group) and Dracophyllum longifolium in background.
Photo. S. Page.

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Fig. 104. Piece of induced steppe of Central Otago caused by repeated burning and overstocking (sheep and rabbits) but approaching the desert stage; in foreground is a cushion of Raoulia lutescens. — Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 104. Piece of induced steppe of Central Otago caused by repeated burning and overstocking (sheep and rabbits) but approaching the desert stage; in foreground is a cushion of Raoulia lutescens. — Photo. L. Cockayne.

Fig. 105. Lycopodium fastigiatum making "fairy rings" in artificial grassland in valley at head of Lake Wanaka, east of Western district. — Photo. W.D.Reid.

Fig. 105. Lycopodium fastigiatum making "fairy rings" in artificial grassland in valley at head of Lake Wanaka, east of Western district. — Photo. W.D.Reid.

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Fig. 106. View of a forest-area after a successful bush-burn.Photo. A. H. Cockayne.

Fig. 106. View of a forest-area after a successful bush-burn.
Photo. A. H. Cockayne.

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