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Manual of the New Zealand Flora.

9. Euphrasia, Linn

9. Euphrasia, Linn.

Annual or perennial herbs, more or less parasitic. Leaves opposite, toothed or laciniate or palmately 3–5-fid, on the flowering branches often insensibly passing into leafy bracts. Flowers in terminal spikes or racemes, or few towards the tips of the branches. Calyx tubular or campanulate, 4-lobed; lobes equal or connate in pairs. Corolla-tube narrow below, dilated above; limb 2-lipped; upper lip erect, concave, 2-lobed; lower lip 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, converging beneath the upper lip; anther-cells distinct, parallel, equally or unequally mucronate at the base. Stylepilose; stigma capitate. Capsule oblong or oblong-orbicular, compressed, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds usually numerous, pendulous, oblong, longitudinally grooved.

A genus found in the temperate regions of both hemispheres. The species are extremely variable and difficult to characterize, and are variously estimated at from 20 to 80, according to the different views of authors. I have to express my indebtedness to Dr. R. von Wettstein's elaborate monograph for much information respecting the New Zealand forms, all of which are endemic.

* Ovary with several ovules in each cell.

Perennial, erect, 6–30 in. high, much branched. Leaves narrowed into a distinct petiole, margins flat. Flowers numerous, large, ½–¾ in. long 1. E. cuneata.
Perennial, usually erect, 3–8 in. high, sparingly branched. Leaves close-set, not narrowed into a distinct petiole, margins recurved. Flowers large, ½–¾ in. long 2. E. Monroi.page 553
Annual, or the rootstock alone perennial, erect or decumbent, slender, 1–4 in. high. Leaves distant, sessile, margins recurved. Flowers large, ½–¾ in. long 3. E. revoluta.
Annual, erect, sparingly branched, 1–4 in. high. Leaves remote, ovate, toothed. Flowers ⅓–½ in. long, yellow 4. E. Cockayniana.
Annual, erect or decumbent, much or sparingly branched, 1–4 in. high. Leaves remote, ovate, toothed. Flowers ¼–⅓ in. long, white 5. E. zealandica.

** Ovary with only 2 ovules in each cell.

Annual, slender, much branched from the base, 1–3 in. high. Leaves with 2–4 obtuse teeth. Flowers ⅓–½ in. long; peduncles long, slender 6. E. Cheesemanii.
Annual, branched from the base, ½–1½ in. high; branches weak, not rooting. Leaves deeply 5-lobed. Flowers ¼ in. long, almost sessile, tube of corolla short 7. E. Dyeri.
Perennial, very slender, creeping and rooting, 1–4 in. long. Leaves remote, minute, deeply 3-lobed. Flowers axillary, peduncled, ⅓–½ in. long; tube of corolla long 8. E. repens.
1.E. cuneata, Forst. Prodr. n. 234.—Perennial, 6–30 in. high or even more; stems erect or decumbent, firm, sometimes almost woody at the base, usually much branched and often excessively so, rarely simple; branches slender, virgate, leafy, puberulous or rarely almost glabrous. Leaves variable in size and shape, ⅕–⅔ in. long, broad or narrow obovate-cuneate, rounded at the tip, narrowed at the base into a distinct petiole of variable length, coriaceous, glabrous, with 1–3 more or less distinct notches on each side, rarely entire; margins flat, not recurved. Flowers usually very numerous, in large specimens from the repeated branching of the flowering stems and the reduction of the upper leaves to bracts forming a quasi-paniculate inflorescence, in smaller forms spicate; peduncles shorter than the calyx. Calyx small, narrow, 4-lobed; lobes obtuse, shorter than the tube. Corolla large, ½–¾ in. long, white with a yellow eye, sometimes with purplish streaks, pilose externally; upper lip 2-lobed, lobes emarginate; lower lip 3-lobed. Capsule linear-cuneate, emarginate, hairy or at length glabrous, exceeding the calyx. Seeds numerous, elongate.—A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 191; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 384; Raoul, Choix, 43; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 199; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 219; Wettst. Monog. Euphr. 247, t. v. f. 369–374, and t. xiv. f. 1. E. tricolor, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xix, (1887) 264.

North Island: From the East Cape and Taupo southwards to Cook Strait, not uncommon. South Island: Has been recorded from several stations from Nelson to Otago, but I have seen no specimens which I can refer to it. Sea level to 4500 ft. December–March.

A distinct species, well marked by the large size, much-branched perennial habit, cuneate leaves narrowed into a distinct petiole, large pedicelled flowers, and long narrow capsule. There seems to be two main varieties—one tall and slender, with numerous leafy branches, narrow long-petioled leaves, and copious inflorescence; the other, which is principally montane or subalpine, and which page 554 corresponds to Colenso's E. tricolor, is not so much branched, the leaves are shorter and broader, on shorter petioles, and the flowers are spicate along the upper part of the branches. It might be distinguished as var. tricolor.

2.E. Monroi, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 220.—Perennial, sometimes woody at the very base; stems erect or decumbent below, 3–8 in. high, leafy above, sparingly branched, faintly bifariously pubescent. Leaves rather close-set, spreading, ⅕–⅓ in. long, obovate or obovate-spathulate, obtuse, narrowed to the base but not evidently petiolate, coriaceous, glabrous, furnished with one or two short obtuse teeth on each side, margins thick, recurved. Flowers in short few-flowered leafy spikes towards the ends of the branches, sessile or very shortly peduncled; bracts similar to the leaves. Calyx 4-lobed; lobes short, thick, obtuse or subacute, margins recurved. Corolla ½–⅔ in. long; tube funnel-shaped, exceeding the calyx; upper lip bilobed, lower lip trilobed; lobes retuse. Capsule obovate, retuse, equalling the calyx or slightly longer than it.—Wettst. Monog. Euphr. 248, t. v. f. 375–382, and t. xiv. f. 2.

South Island: Not uncommon on the mountains of Nelson and Marlborough. Canterbury—Hurunui Mountains, Travers; Southern Alps, Sinclair and Haast (Handbook). 3000–5000 ft. December–March.

Very closely allied to E. cuneata, but a smaller much more sparingly branched plant, with close-set uniform leaves not obviously petiolate and with the margins recurved. It is also without the copious branched inflorescence of the typical state of E. cuneata, the flowers being few towards the tips of the branches. It should be mentioned that in both E. cuneata and E. Monroi it is only a part of the plant which is perennial, the flower-bearing branchlets perishing during winter, their places being taken by new shoots produced during the following season.

3.E. revoluta, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 199.—Annual, or sometimes the rootstock perennial. Stems 1–4 in. high, very slender, much or sparingly branched from the base, often creeping and putting up few or many ascending branchlets, more or less glandular-pubescent. Leaves in rather distant pairs, sessile, very variable in size, the lowest usually the smallest, ⅛–½ in. long, obovate-cuneate, obtuse or subacute, narrowed to the base, furnished with 1–3 teeth on each side, glandular-pubescent or glabrous, margins revolute. Flowers few towards the tips of the branches, large, ½–¾ in. diam.; peduncles shorter or longer than the leaves. Calyx shortly 4-lobed; lobes triangular, acute, much shorter than the tube. Corolla-tube funnel-shaped, exceeding the calyx; limb spreading; upper lip 2-lobed; lower lip 3-lobed, lobes deeply emarginate. Capsule oblong, obtuse; seeds numerous in each cell.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 220; Wettst. Monog. Euphr. 266, t. xiv. f. 8.

North Island: Mount Hikurangi, S. Dodgshun; Ruahine Mountains, Colenso! H. Hill! Petrie! Ruapehu, H. Hill! South Island: Not uncommon in mountain districts throughout. 2500–5500 ft. December–March.

page 555

An exceedingly variable plant, best distinguished from the two following by the different habit, much larger flowers and usually longer peduncles.

4.E. Cockayniana, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxvi. (1894) 269.—Annual. Stems slender, erect, 2–5 in. high, sparingly branched from the base; branches ascending, more or less clothed with short crisp glandular pubescence. Leaves in remote opposite pairs, ⅕–⅓ in. long, ovate or rhomboid-ovate, subacute, cuneate at the base, furnished with 2–3 rather large teeth on each side, both surfaces more or less glandular-pubescent, margins reflexed. Flowers few towards the tips of the branches, sessile or very shortly peduncled, nearly ½ in. long, bright-yellow. Calyx oblong-campanulate, 4-lobed to the middle, lobes subacute. Corolla-tube longer than the calyx; upper lip 2-lobed, lobes entire; lower lip 3-lobed, lobes emarginate. Capsule broadly oblong, included in the enlarged calyx, glabrous or nearly so.—E. Berggreni, Wettst. Monog. Euphr. 265, f. 4,5.

South Island: Canterbury and Westland—Arthur's Pass, Berggren, Kirk! Cockayne! T. F. C.; Kelly's Hill, Petrie! 3000–4500 ft. December–March.

The only species yet recognised in New Zealand with the flowers wholly yellow. Except in the colour of the flowers and in the larger corolla it hardly differs from some states of E. zealandica.

5.E. zealandica, Wettst. Monog. Euphr. 264, t. vi. f. 430–435, and t. xiv. f. 10.—Annual. Stems slender, erect, 1–4 in. high, much or sparingly branched from the base, or in depauperated specimens simple, more or less bifariously pubescent with short crisp white hairs; branches spreading or ascending, sometimes prostrate. Leaves in distant opposite pairs, sessile, ⅙–⅓ in. long, ovate, obtuse or subacute, cuneate at the base, furnished with 2–4 rather large teeth on each side, both surfaces glandular-pubescent, margins reflexed. Flowers few towards the tips of the branches, sessile or very shortly pedicelled, ¼–⅓ in. long, white; peduncles elongating in fruit. Calyx oblong - campanulate, 4-lobed; lobes usually shorter than the tube. Corolla-tube scarcely longer than the calyx; upper lip short, arched, 2-lobed; lower lip 3-lobed; all the lobes entire. Capsule broad, almost orbicular, scarcely exceeding the enlarged calyx; seeds several in each cell.—E. antarctica, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 199; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 220 (not of Benth.). E. pygmæa, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxxi. (1889) 279.

North Island: Ruahine Mountains, Colenso! Tryon! Olsen! Upper Wairarapa, Buchanan. South Island: Not uncommon in mountain districts throughout. 2000–6000 ft. December–March.

Distinguished from E. revoluta by the different habit, much more conspicuously toothed leaves, and much smaller flowers; from E. Cockayniana by page 556 the smaller flowers, which are never altogether yellow; and from E. Cheesemanii by the almost sessile flowers, shorter and narrower corolla, and especially by the numerous ovules.

6.E. Cheesemanii, Wettst. in Osterr. Bot. Zeit. (1900) 381, f. 1–5.—A slender annual herb 1½–2½ in. high, much branched from the base; branches spreading or ascending, minutely pubescent. Leaves small, sessile, shorter than the internodes, ⅙–⅓ in. long, ovate or obovate-cuneate, obtuse, more or less clothed with short crisp glandular pubescence, margins with 2–4 obtuse teeth on each side. Flowers axillary towards the tips of the branches, rather remote, large for the size of the plant, ⅓–½ in. long; peduncles long, slender, ⅓–¾ in. long. Calyx campanulate, shortly 4-lobed; lobes-obtuse, sparsely glandular - pubescent. Corolla broadly funnel-shaped; tube much longer than the calyx; upper lip short, 2-lobed; lower lip 3-lobed; lobes obtuse. Ovary pubescent, with 2 superposed ovules in each cell. Capsule obovate, compressed, slightly longer than the calyx.

South Island: Nelson—Mount Arthur Plateau and Mount Owen, T. F. C.; Mount Mantell and Brunner Range, W. Townson! 3500–5000 ft. December–February.

This has much of the appearance of E. zealandica, but can be distinguished by the longer peduncles, fruiting-calyx not conspicuously enlarged, longer and narrower corolla, and by the ovary having only 2 ovules in each cell.

7.E. Dyeri, Wettst. Monog. Euphr. 267, f. 6, 7.—A minute-delicate annual herb ½–1½ in. high, branched from the base; branches weak, spreading, not rooting. Leaves in opposite pairs, 1/10–⅙ in. long, broadly obovate in outline or broader than long, deeply 5-lobed or more rarely 3-lobed; lobes flat, erect, acute, minutely setulose on the margins. Flowers axillary, solitary, ¼ in. long; peduncles usually short but sometimes equalling the leaves. Calyx campanulate, 4-lobed half-way down; lobes flat, acute, minutely setulose. Corolla-tube longer than the calyx, sometimes ⅔ as long again, curved below; limb with the upper lip short, broad, concave, shortly 2-lobed; lower lip 3-lobed. Anthers cohering. Ovary pubescent; ovules 2 in each cell, pendulous. Capsule obovate-oblong, compressed, shorter than the calyx.

South Island: Otago—Mount Kyeburn, Mount Buster, Petrie! summit of Maungatua, B. C. Aston! Stewart Island: Near Port Pegasus, Kirk! 500–4500 ft.

8.E. repens, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 200.—A minute very slender creeping and rooting glabrous or puberulous herb; branches prostrate, almost filiform, 1–4 in. long, rooting at the nodes. Leaves minute, in rather remote pairs, sessile, 1/12–1/10 in. long, cuneate, deeply 3-lobed; lobes flat, acute, erect. Flowers axillary and solitary, erect, large for the size of the plant, ⅓–½ in. page 557 long; peduncles slender, exceeding the leaves, sometimes ⅓ in. long. Calyx 4-lobed to about ⅓-way down; lobes flat, erect, acute. Corolla-tube slender, curved, more than twice as long as the calyx; upper lip short, broad, shortly 2-lobed; lower lip 3-lobed. Anthers glabrous or nearly so. Ovary pubescent; ovules 2 in each cell, pendulous. Ripe capsules not seen.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 221; Wettst. Monog. Euphr. 253.

South Island: Otago—Bluff Island, Lyall; mouth of the Oreti River, Kirk!

A very remarkable little plant, distinguished from the preceding by the creeping and rooting habit, smaller remote 3-lobed leaves, longer and narrower flowers on longer peduncles, and shorter calyx-lobes.