Figure 249.—Double canoe, cross booms, and deck:

1, larger canoe on right; 2, smaller canoe on left: a, bow end from right side. Each bow (3) and stern cover in the model at their inner ends are prolonged upwards at right angles into a thick transverse plank (5) which Kramer (18, vol. 2, p. 256) figures as the faniu. The gunwales have a similar upward projection (6). Both covers and gunwales are lashed to the upper edges of the hull by piercing holes in pairs right through on either side of the junction, laying a narrow lath of wood (7) over the outer side of the seam and lashing, as in figure 247 c, when the lashings show on both sides. Each pair of holes is lashed separately, the braid not being carried on to the next pair. The upward projections of the gunwale (6) and the covers (5) are lashed together at their vertical edges with the lath over the outer side of the seam (8). The transverse planks (5) of the covers fill in the ends between the raised gunwales and thus well in the hold of the canoe. b, Upper view, five crossbeams are used with their ends projecting well out over the outer sides of the 2 canoes. The stern boom is a wide dubbed-out plank (9) which is laid over the gunwales of the 2 canoes so as to overlap the upper edges of the transverse planks of the stern cover. The bow boom (10) is also wide and is placed in a similar relation to the transverse board of the bow cover. The bow boom (10) has been cut short in the figure to show the upper edge (5) of the transverse plank of the bow cover (3). The other 3 booms are rounded poles—a middle (11) and 2 intermediates (12, 13). The 5 booms are lashed to both gunwales of each canoe. c, Section aft of the stern boom (9) showing the boom resting on the gunwales (6) and over the transverse plank (faniu) of the stern cover (5); d, upper surface of deck, formed by laying spars or planks longitudinally over the 3 inner cross booms (12, 11, 13) the thicker outer end booms (9, 10) serving to define the forward and aft boundaries of the deck. The middle deck (14) is formed over the booms between the 2 canoes, the planks being lashed by holes bored through the planks on either side of the booms, the lashing passing around the boom and showing on the upper surface of the deck. Planks are lashed in the same way to the ends of the booms which project beyond the outer edges of both canoes (15). Finally, the intermediate parts over the canoe holds (16) are covered as far as the outer side of the 2 intermediate booms (12, 13) leaving the portions (17) between the ends of the short planks and the end booms as openings or companionways into the now covered holds of the 2 canoes.

Figure 250.—-Deck house and upper platform:

a, inclined view from front. Two upright posts (1) are set up on the right side of the middle deck and the full length of the house apart and are termed pou fale. A crossbeam (2) representing the ridgepole is lashed to the two uprights. Two curved pieces of timber (3) termed fa'asoata are placed with their lower ends on the left edge of the middle deck, and their upper ends over the ridgepole to which they are lashed. The curved timbers receive their name from the fa'asoata method of house building with curved timber which forms both principal rafters and wall posts in one. Both the curved timbers and posts are mortised into the deck planks in the model. The horizontal beam (4) is lashed to the outer sides of the curved rafters (3) to act as a wall plate. A middle curved rafter (5) is placed with its upper end above the ridgepole and its lower end coming to just below the inner side of the wall plate (4). Three purlins (6, 7, 8) are spaced over the outside of the 3 curved rafters. Another horizontal pole to form the upper ridgepole (9) is lashed to the supporting posts above the main ridgepole. The thatch rafters (10) are lashed above the upper ridgepole (9) and to the outer side of the purlins and the wall plate. A low side wall is formed between the wall plate and the deck by lashing two horizontal poles (11) to the outer side of the end curved rafters and attaching close vertical lengths of split bamboo to them. b, End view from stern showing curved fa'asoata rafters influencing the curved type of roof. The ends are also closed in with vertical strips of bamboo (12) attached by wrapped work technique to two horizontal poles as in the back wall. In the upper platform an upright post (13) is erected opposite the first post (1) and another upright opposite the other main post, making a set of 4 uprights of the same height. Supporting beams (14, 15, 16) are stretched between the posts to assist in staying them in position. The two original posts are in the long axis of the canoe and on the right while the other two are in the same axis and on the left. Longitudinal beams (17, 18) are lashed to the tops of the right and left pairs of posts and planks (19) laid across them to form the upper platform. Short uprights (20) may be erected on the left to support a hand rail (21) and a plank (22) be lashed on edge on the right. c, Outer side of split bamboo wall showing wrapped work technique where braid is tied to horizontal pole (11), passed over two strips of bamboo on the outside, passed around the pole on the inside to emerge again on the outside between the 2 strips and over two more strips on the outside. d, Inner side of wall with horizontal pole (11) and braid passing around pole and one strip on the inside. On the right side of the house, the posts may be doubled, that a shorter one to support the ridgepole of the house, and a longer one for the plat from. The thatch is attached to the thatch rafters in the same method as thatching ordinary houses.

Figure 251.—Stepping the mast:

a, upper surface of tulafana block (1) placed on a junction of middle deck planks (2) and right intermediate deck plank (3) above the middle cross boom (4) and thus midway between the front posts (5) of the deck house. The block is fairly large and rectangular with the under surface flat. Holes are bored through the middle and intermediate decks on either side of the block. The block is cut down at either end on its upper surface and a deep groove runs across the middle fore and aft line. The block is lashed by making turns (7) through the opposite paired holes," over the cut-down ends of the block (1), above and around the middle boom below. b, Section right and left through block; the block (1) is shown laying across the junction of the planks (2 and 3), and above the middle boom (4). The lashings (7) pass over the ends of the block, through the holes, and around the middle boom (4). The upper surface of the block is raised (8) with the median groove between, into which fits the tongue (9) cut on the lower end of the mast (10). When the mast is in position, it touches the ridgepole of the deck house on its left.

Figure 252.—The sail:

a, The shape is triangular with long sides and a narrower base. Towards the base, the sides are slightly curved inwards. It is made of narrow widths of matting which run obliquely across between the two sides as shown. In use, the apex of the sail is directed down towards the bow and the long axis of the sail is directed obliquely upwards and backwards. b, After shaping the sail panels at the ends to get the general shape, the panels are joined together by overlapping the edges. In the figure, the right edges of the panels are above the left edges of those on the right. A strip of strong bast fibre or cord is run through both layers with a continuous wide stitch (1), the stitches alternately appearing, and disappearing on each surface. When the first row (1) near the edge is completed, a second row (2) is made to its left, the stitches generally alternating with those of the first row. When all the panels have been joined together, the side and base edges are hemmed. Commencing on one side, a long two-ply cord or rope (3) is laid along the side a little in from the edge to allow a fair margin for turning in. c, The edge (4) is turned up over the rope (3). A strip of strong braid (5) is run along the edge to bind the matting edge back over the rope. Every here and there, it is looped around under the folded edge and pushed up through both layers of matting on the inner side of the enclosed rope. It is then drawn through its own loop (6) and so continues down the sail edge. The sail edge is thus strongly reinforced by the rope concealed in the folded edge and both edge and rope are bound by the braid (5). The turned back matting edge (4) is then also bound down to prevent it standing up untidily by passing a single continuous stitch of fibre (7) along near the cut edge and on the inner side of the binding braid. When the edge binding reaches an angle of the side with the base of the triangle, a loop of the rope is left out at the corner and the rope, continued on up the base. Along the base, the turned over edge is kept down with two or three rows of ordinary stitches. At the next corner, a similar loop is left out. A number of short pieces of braid (8) termed aita, are now attached at intervals to the sail edge. d, The aita are passed through the sail to the inner side of the concealed cord (3) and knotted at the sail edge with a reef knot. The long ends are left free (c, 8). These are tied along both side edges a little space apart and are used for lashing the sail to the sail spars (9). The two limbs are drawn round the spar and tied with a reef knot. e, The manner in which the rope (3) is left out at the corners is shown. a, The sail having been completed, a spar is attached to each side by means of the aita. The upper spar is called the tilatu, as it is the more upright of the two (tu, to stand), while the lower spar is called from its position, the tila lalo (lalo, bottom). The upper spar (1) is prolonged down beyond tin apex of the sail, whilst the end of the bottom spar (2) is just long enough to lash to the upper spar where they meet beyond the apex of the sail. The lower end of the upper spar is pointed and fits into a hole bored into the bow cover at the bow of the right canoe. The upper ends pass through the rope loops (3) at the corners of the base.