Index

A

• Abnormal forms, 294.
• Adzes, stone (see also under Axes, and Stone and Toki)—
  • Buller specimen, large, 237.
  • Ceremonial forms, 16, 240, 282, 285, 293, &c. See also Toki pou tangata: also under C.
  • Chatham Island forms, 298.
  • Common form of, 220.
  • Cook Islands forms, 293.
  • Cross-sectional forms, 228, 234, 271.
  • Detailed description of, 220.
  • Diagram showing terms used, 221.
  • Explanation of parts of, 222.
  • Famed old specimens, 16, 101, 183, 216 &c. See also Awhio-rangi.
  • Forms of, 12, 222.
  • Forms of blade, 225.
  • Grinding-charm, 105, 108.
  • Grinding of, 99, 224, 227.
  • Hafting of, 111.
  • Handles, mythical origin of, 117.
  • Handles, forms of, 115.
  • Hawaiian forms, 20, 48, 174.
  • How carried, 119, 120.
  • How prepared for work, 116.
  • Large Buller adze, 237.
  • Largest New Zealand specimen known, 237.
  • Large Whanga-nui specimen, 245.
  • Long narrow form, 276.
  • Manufacture of, 228.
  • Melanesian forms, 20, 35.
  • Nephrite types, 235, 251, 259, 279, 285. See also Toki pou tangata.
  • Normal forms, 235.
  • Rough unfinished specimens, 228.
  • Serpentine forms, 232.
  • Short blade-bevel, 265.
  • Tahitian forms, 323.
  • Tapu of, 240, 243, 244.
  • Terms used in description of, 226.
  • Thick form of, 266.
  • Thin form of, 282.
  • Tongan forms, 322.
  • Triangular cross-section form, 271.
  • Triple form of Mangaia, 293.
  • Two-shouldered form, use of, 264.
  • Types of, 133.
  • Used as wedges, 13, 141, 142.
  • Wedge or axe-shaped blade, 260. See also under Axes and Toki titaha.
  • Wide-bladed, 138.
  • With reduced or shouldered butt ends, 256.
  • With transverse ridge, 275, 277, 278, 281.
• Adzing—
  • Patterns formed in, 151.
  • Three processes of, 152.
  • Timber, 134, 135, 138, 140, 151, 156, 173. See also Hewing.
  • Agricultural implements, 27, 28, 140, 150.
  • Ahu or ahuahu Isle, Polynesia, 195.
  • Aka tokai, 62.
  • American hafting-methods, 126.
  • American stone axes, 20, 113, 126, 293.
• Apparatus used in—
  • Stone-cutting, 58, 60, 62.
  • Tree-felling, 145.
• Artistic sense of primitive folk, 52.
• Australian method of hafting, 113.
• Australian stone axes, 20, 323.
• Awa o Poutini, 63.
• Awhio-rangi adze, 117, 240.
  • Finding of, 242.
  • Not a tool, 244.
  • Obtained by Aotea immigrants, 241.
  • Origin of, 244.
• Awls, 83, 93.
• Axes, iron, 325.
  • Double-bitted, 226.
  • Home-made, 331.
• Axes, Peruvian copper, 126.
• Axes, stone—
  • American forms, 15, 20, 323.
  • As a sacred emblem, 112, 243.
  • Australian form, 20, 323.
  • Did the Maoris possess a true axe? 152.
  • Hawaiian form, 14.
  • -like forms, 12, 222, 260.
  • Melanesian forms, 20.
  • Stone-axe cultus, 243. Cf. p. 112.
  • Tasmanian form. See Toki titaha.

B

• Barter, early in implements and material, 30, 54, 59, 179, 215, 216, 325.
• Bird-spear points, how secured, 130.
• Blackmore adze, 292.
• Bone implements, 32, 96, 130.
• Bow drill, 86, 94.
• Bowenite, 41, 177. See also Tangiwai. Where found, 177.
• Bruising or hammering process, 44.
• Buller adze large, 237.
• Buller collection, 9.

page 442

C

• Canoe-making, 264.
• Ceremonial forms, 22, 105, 112, 119, 136, 143, 150, 155, 240, 282, 285, 292. See also Toki pou tangata.
  • Curious ceremony in honour of, 242, 243.
  • How used, 241, 243.
  • Offerings made to, 243, 244.
• Ceremonial in grinding, 105, 107.
• Charms used in adze-grinding, 105, 107.
• Chatham Islands item, 53, 298
• Chipping process, 43.
• Chisel-hafted toki. See Straight-hafted.
• Chisels and gouges—
  • Stone, 129, 311.
  • Hafting of, 129, 130, 131.
  • Names of, 130.
• Colours, favourite, of Polynesians, 183.
• Common stone occasionally sawn, 57.
• Concluding remarks, 322.
• Conical-poll form, 292, 293.
• Cook, Captain, off Port Nicholson, 329.
• Cooking stones, 31.
• Cook Islands, stone adzes of, 293.
• Cord drill. See under Drills.
• Cult of double axe, 112.
• Cutter, hafted, 70. See also under Sawing.

D

• Detailed description of stone adzes, 220.
• Dexterous use of stone adzes, 173, 174.
• Double-axe cultus, 112.
• Double-bevelled forms. See Toki titaha.
• Drill—
  • Bow, 86, 94.
  • Cord, 64, 69, 73, 74, 76, 79, 80, 85, 86, 88, 90.
    • Description of, 73, 74, 76, 79, 80, 86.
    • How manipulated, 74, 76, 77, 79, 80, 84, 94.
    • With cap piece, 75, 77, 80, 86.
  • Hollow, unknown in New Zealand, 92.
  • Melanesian forms, 95.
  • Maori names of, 76, 78, 81, 83, 87, 89.
  • Palm, 73, 85, 95.
  • Pointless, 69, 72, 74, 89.
  • Pump, 80, 83, 86, 88, 89, 94, 96.
  • Thigh, 95.
• Drilling—
  • Method of, 72.
    • American, 72, 94.
  • Guide used in, 80, 81.
  • Tube, 72.
• D'Urville Island, origin of native name, 200.

E

• East Polynesian forms, 293, 323.
• Evolution of modern tools, 226.
• Expeditions to South Island for nephrite, 209, 210, 211, 212, 214.

F

• Firearms, acquisition of, 18.
• Fire-generation, 73.
• Fire-plough, 73.
• Flaking-stone, 43, 53.
• Foreword, 9.

G

• Gong, nephrite, 216.
• Graving-tools, 92, 131.
• Green a colour favoured by Maori, 183.
• Greenstone (see also Nephrite)—
  • At New Hebrides, 186.
  • Jade and nephrite, 186.
  • Lake. See Wai Pounamu.
  • Or jade in foreign lands, 186.
• Grinding (of stone forms), 56, 71, 99, 156, 224, 225, 227.
• Grinding-charm, 105, 108.
• Grinding-stones, native names of, 100, 101, 108, 109.

H

• Hafted stone-cutter, 62.
• Hafting, 50, 111, 292. See also Handles.
  • Curious modes of, 113, 126, 127.
• Hammers, stone, 47, 51, 56.
• Hand-axes, so-called, 113, 125, 140.
• Handles—
  • Carved, 119.
  • Form, material, &c., of, 114, 115, 120, 121, 124, 125.
  • How adorned, 119.
  • Native names of, 115.
  • Of adzes and chisels, 111.
  • Of human bone, 115.
• Hape comes to New Zealand for nephrite, 198, 201, 205.
• Hawaiian dexterity with stone tools, 174.
• Hawaiian forms of stone adzes, 20, 48, 174.
• Heitiki, 41, 46, 70, 71, 73, 78, 84, 85, 91, 96, 106, 185, 187.
  • As phallic emblem, 185.
  • How eyes were formed, 84, 91, 92.
  • Worn by women, 185.
• Hervey Isles, stone adzes of, 293.
• Hewing extraordinary with stone adzes, 173, 174.
• Hewing. See Adzing.
• Hine-tu-a-hoanga, 105, 106, 156, 195, 197, 199, 203.
• Hiwa (implement), 149.
• Hoes, 26, 28, 140, 150.
• Hohou-pu, 116, 124, 164.
• Houhou pounamu, 71.
• Huka-a-tai (stone), 334.

page 443

I

• Introductory remarks, 12.
• Iron tools, 22, 24, 25, 26, 96, 98, 115, 164.
  • Forras evolved from stone implements, 226.
  • Introduction of, 7, 9, 20, 218, 325.

J

• Jade—
  • And nephrite in America, 186, 187, 188.
  • Chinese, 178, 188.
  • Found in Melanesia, 189, 194, 195.
  • In Europe, 187.
  • In New Caledonia, 189.
  • Prized in Old World, 178, 186.

K

• Kanioro, 199.
• Kapu, 25.
• Kauhika (implement), 63.
• Kimble Bent's stone tools, 144.
• Koma, 23, 36, 140, 156.
• Kupe discovers nephrite in New Zealand, 201.
• Kupe's anchor at Porirua, 202.
• Kurutai, 42.

L

• Lashing—
  • Methods of, 115, 122, 124, 125, 130, 159.
  • Names of, 115, 122, 124, 125, 130.

M

• Malachite, 39.
• Mallets used with chisels, 129, 130.
• Mana—
  • Of certain implements, 107.
  • Of nephrite implements, &c., 217, 243.
• Mangaian stone adzes, 53.
• Manufactories or workshops, 54.
• Manufacture of stone tools, 43, 52, 68, 228.
  • Tools used in the, 55.
• Maori patu found in America, 188.
• Mataa as a stone-name, 196, 197.
• Mataa waiapu. See Waiapu.
• Materials—
  • How obtained from rock-mass, 49.
  • How procured, 30, &c., 49, 59, 234. See also Barter.
  • Used in adze-making, 30.
• Melanesian—
  • Drills, 95.
  • Shell adzes, 35, 36.
  • Stone adzes, 20.
  • Stone-working, 52.
• Mere, how made, 65, 68, 75, 79.
• Miroi (implement), 140.
• Moa as a stone-name, 47, 78.
• Moni Turei's notes, 160.
• Moriori expelled from New Zealand, 210.
• Myth—
  • Of Hine-tu-a-hoanga, 105, 156, 195, 197, 199, 203.
  • Of kaupeka, 117.
  • Of origin of adze-handles, 117.
• Myths connected with nephrite, 175, &c., 195.

N

• Names of stone-adzes, 32, 36.
• Native aptitude in use of adze, 15, 173, 174. See also Adzing.
• Natives poor axemen, 15.
• Neolithic folk of 1910, 174.
• Nephrite, 175.
  • Adzes, 235, 251, 259, 279, 285. See also Toki pou tangata.
    • Blackmore adze, 292.
    • Chapman adze, 254.
  • Analysis of, 188, 218.
  • And Moh's scale, 177, 218.
  • Arzruni's classification of, 219.
  • As medium of exchange, 182, 185. See also Barter.
  • At Lake Whakatipu, 179.
  • At Tuhua Tsle, 203.
  • Cut with iron wire, 64.
  • Composition of, 188, 218. See also p. 219.
  • Discoyered by Kupe, 201.
  • Expedition to South Island for, 209, 210, 211, 212, 214.
  • Formation or origin of, 219. Cf. p. 188.
  • Found in soft state, 181, 202, 213.
  • Gong, 216.
  • Hape comes to New Zealand to seek, 198, 201, 205.
  • Hardness of, 178, 218.
  • Highly prized, 175, 176, 181, 183, 185, 217, &c.
  • How obtained by Maori, 178, 179, 180, 183, 211, 217. See also Barter, &c.
  • How worked, 55, 57, 108.
  • Implements, 32, 181, 183, &c.
    • As "title deeds", 216, 217.
  • In other lands, 186, 219.
  • item almost deified, 184.
  • items as heirlooms, 181, 183.
  • Known to Moriori folk of Chathams, 204.
  • Known to Polynesians, 189, 198.
  • Lives purchased with, 179.
  • Myths concerning, 175, 181, 195.
  • Names of varieties, 38, 39, 218.
  • Of Liguria, 219.
  • Origin of names for, 207, 211.
  • Ornaments, 182, 183 to 185. See also Heitiki.page 444
  • Personified, 207.
  • Resonant, 216.
  • Slabs named, 184, 216.
  • Specific gravity of, 218.
  • Spoken of as a fish, 201, 202, 213, 215.
  • Texture of, and cause thereof, 219.
  • Three-ton block of, 175.
  • Tools as pendants, 131.
  • Value of decreases, 218.
  • Varieties of, 38, 183, 218.
  • Weapons, famed, 101, 183, 216, &c.
  • When discovered by Maori, 190.
  • Where found, 175, 218.
  • Worked by original inhabitants of New Zealand, 192, 211.
  • Working tapu, 64.
• Ngahue legend, 195, 197, 203.
• Ngake same as Ngahue, 201, 204. Niho kakere, 33.

O

• Oblique tang form, 303.
• Obsidian, 53.
• Oil polishing, 46.
• Onewa, 23, 33, 156, 157.
• Origin of Arts, 156, 157, 158.
• Ornamental polis, 305.

P

• Pahika-uri, where made, 101.
• Palaeolithic age: none in New Zealand, 19.
• Panehe, 23, 24, 25, 161, 333.
• Panekeneke, 24, 334.
• Pare arai maramara, 116.
• Paretao (stone), 38, 197.
• Patterns, adzing. See under Adzing.
• Patiti, 25.
• Patu found in North America, 188.
• Patu onewa, 157. See also Onewa.
• Pecking groove in stone, 70.
• Pere or scuffle-hoe, 140.
• Perforated adzes and chisels, 131, 152, 287.
• Peruvian copper axes, 126.
• Petaloid forms, 296.
• Plane irons used as adzes, 17, &c. See also Iron tools.
• Poke (axe), 22, 127, 161.
• Poki23, 127, 143, 161.
• Polishing stone implements, 46, 197.
• Polishing unnecessary, 53.
• Polynesian knowledge of nephrite, 189, 198, 209, 243.
• Polynesians obtained nephrite in New Zealand, 189, 192.
• Popoia or drill-weights, 83.
• Pora (stone), 334.
• Potuki (pounders or pestles), 140, 272, 307.
• Pounders. See Potuki.
• Pou tangata adzes. See Toki pou tangata.
• Poutini, 195, 199, 200, 201, 205, 214.
• Primitive mechanics, 146.
• Processes of manufacture, 43, 57.
• Prophecy concerning axes, 164.
• Prophecy concerning coming of Europeans, 127, 164.
• Punching-toki worked on rail, 145, 149.

R

• Rakai-hikuroa's expedition for nephrite, 211.
• Rakau pounamu, 183.
• Rangi-nui's feat with stone adze, 15.
• Rangi-tama's expedition for nephrite, 212.
• Rarotongan knowledge of nephrite, 198.
• Raupo meal, how prepared, 307.
• Reversible stone adzes, 127.
• Ripi or scribers, 130.
• Rua-i-te-hihiri, 157, 158.
• Rubbers or rasps, 71, 100, 110.

S

• Sand-worn stones, 45.
• Sawing stones, 43, 58, 288.
  • By Oregon Indians, 68.
  • With steel saw, 69.
• Scribers, how used, 131.
• Seaweed vessel, 307.
• Serrations as ornaments, 116.
• Shell adzes, 31, 33, 36.
• Shell gravers, 70.
• South Island tribes, 190, 191.
• Specialization in primitive communities, 54, 97, 148.
• Splitting logs, 137, 161, 168, 170.
• Stack's South Island Maori Chronology, 190, 191.
• Stone—
  • Adzes (see also under Adzes and Toki).
    • Disappearance of, 17, 20.
    • Names of, 22.
    • Neatwork of, 141, 173, 174.
    • Practice needed with, 174.
  • Age in New Guinea in 1910, 174.
  • Celts as wedges, 12, 13, 141, 142.
  • Celts, superstition concerning, 112.
  • Cutter in frame, 59, 60, 64.
  • Fibre-beaters, 104.
  • Fibre-curler, 140.
  • Hammers, 47, 51, 56.
  • Hoes, 26, 140, 134.
  • Implements—
    • Interchange of, 30.
    • Placed with dead, 18.
    • Where found, 17, 217.
    • Lamps, 64.
    • Sawn with steel saws, 69.
    • Shattered with fire, 49.page 445
    • Softening process, 48.
    • Tools preferred to steel, 174.
    • Tools, when discarded, 17.
    • Wedges unknown except to theorizers, 162.
• Stones—
  • Mythical origin of, 106.
  • Names of, 31, 55, 56, 75, 76, 78, 86, 89, 96.
• Stowell, H. M., notes by, 264, &c.
• Straight-hafted toki, 51, 127, 136, 143, 144, 145, 158, 168, 171. See also Poki.
  • Names of, 127, 128, 149.
• Submerged logs utilised, 149, 150.

T

• Tahitian adzes, 323.
• Tahitian dexterity with stone adze, 173.
• Takitumu, coming of, 241, 244, 245.
• Tama-ahua's expedition to South Island for nephrite, 210.
• Tama-ahua, legend of, 205.
• Tangiwai, origin of marks in, 210. See also Bowenite.
• Tapu—
  • Adzes, 240, 242, 244.
  • Of iron tool, 16.
  • Of nephrite-working, 64.
• Tata, meaning of word, 138.
• Terms applied to stone adzes, &c., 12.
• Tewhatewha (weapon), 167.
• Three-bladed adze of Mangaia. 293.
• Thumb-cord of short weapons, 119.
• Tiki popohe, 185.
• Timber-dressing. See adzing patterns.
• Toki matie (nephrite), 189, 198.
• Toki ao mar amar a, 151.
• Toki aronui, or hangai, 23, 24, 25, 156, 160.
• Toki hangai. See Toki aronui.
• Toki hengahenga, 26.
• Toki kaheru, 140, 172.
• Toki pou tangata, 22, 116, 119, 120, 126, 134, 285.
• Toki titaha, 24, 127, 152. Cf. p. 260, &c.
  • Haft of, 153, 154, 156, 157, 158, 161, 167, 168 to 171.
  • Evidence of—
    • Hurae Puketapu, 169.
    • Mr Knocks, 154.
    • Mohi Turei, 160.
    • Mr T. H. Smith, 163.
    • Mr. Stowell, 163, 164, 166.
    • Nukutaurua natives, 168.
    • Numia Kereru, 155, 158.
    • Rangikotua, 167.
    • Rev. Mr. Hammond, 168, 171.
    • Taranaki natives, 153, 169.
    • Te Heuheu, 168.
    • Tuhoe natives, 152, 155, 170.
    • Whatahoro, 161.
• Toki urna rua, use of, 264.
• Toki whakangao, 157.
• Tonga-a whikau, 153.
• Tongan adzes, 322.
• Tools, classification of stone, 12.
• Tradition of perforated axes, 152.
• Transverse shoulder ridge, 301.
• Tree-felling, 5, 8, 27, 35, 36, 37, 43, 44, 45, 50, 51, 53, 62, 67, 105, 106.
  • Apparatus of Tuhoe natives, 145.
• Tree marked for canoe, 139.
• Triple adze of Cook Isles, 293.
• Tuhoe tree-felling apparatus, 145.
• Tuhua Isle, origin of name, 195, 200.
• Tuki. See Potuki.
• Tumuaki expedition for nephrite, 209.
• Tunaeke stone, 100.
• Tu-te-kawa expedition for nephrite, 212.

U

• Uri, a stone-name, 22.
• Uses of stone adze, &c., 133.

W

• Wahaika (weapon), 167.
• Waiapu (stone), 46, 56, 196.
• Wai pounamu, 179, 181, 182, 185, 215.
• Water heated in seaweed vessel, 307.
• Wero mata (implement), 128.
• Whatu kaiponu (nephrite), 204.
• Whatu o Poutini, 200.
• White Mss, 10.
• Wide cutting-edge, 299.
• Withy handles, 161.
• Women as polluting agents, 64.
• Wrist-cords of weapons, 119.

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