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The Pa Maori
List of Terms Denoting Features of The Pa Maori
page 435
List of Terms Denoting Features of The Pa Maori
The terminology of the pa maori seems to have been fairly copious, although it has not been fully collected. In this connection Maning, author of Old New Zealand, says:—"I have been much surprised to find that a native can, in terms well understood, and without any hesitation, give a description of a fortification of a very complicated and scientific kind, having set technical terms for every part of the whole,—curtain, bastion, trench, hollow way, traverse, outworks, citadel, etc., etc., being all well known Maori words, which everybody knows the full meaning of."
Although lists of words or names are about the dreariest things that one can introduce into a paper, yet I propose to insert here a list of such terms as were applied to the different parts of a fortified village in former times, or rather such as have been collected, mostly by other writers, a few by myself:—
| Ahurewa | An elevated platform in a pa, occupied by watchman. |
| Ahuriri | A low barrier across entrance to a pa, over which persons stepped when passing through the gateway. |
| Aparua | The two outer defences, comprising an upright stockade and an outer elevated screen, latter sometimes oblique.See taia. |
| Ara kutoro | A subterranean passage under a rampart. |
| Ara piwai | Small minor entrances. See ngutuihe. |
| Araroa | Lane-like entrance passage, stockaded. |
| Ara whakatara | A zigzag, lane-like entrance passage. |
| Awamate | A fosse outside outermost stockade. |
| Awarua | A fosse between two stockades. An inner fosse. |
| Awhikiri | Innermost stockade of a pa. See kiri-tangata. |
| Himu | Stockade posts. |
| Huahua | Rails of a stockade. Syn. huapae, paehua, Roau. See kawiti. |
| Huka | Top of a rampart. ? Taranaki. |
| Hukahuka | Second stockade of a fort. |
| Kahekoheko | A stage projecting outward over a stockade, slanting upward. |
| Kahia | Grotesque human figure carved on stockade posts.page 436 |
| Kahupapa | A form of tortoise to cover sappers. R. Taylor. |
| Kaikirikiri | Second stockade of a pa. Capt. G. Mair. |
| Kakerangi | Elevated platform in a fort. |
| Karewa | Elevated outer stockade screen, or pekerangi. |
| Kātua | Main stockade. Syn. matua. |
| Kauae | Curtain of a pa. |
| Kaungaroa | Side stockade of a pa. |
| Kāwawā | Palisades of a stockade. Syn. wawa. |
| Kawiti | Uppermost rail of a stockade. |
| Kereteki | Elevated outer screen stockade. Syn. teki, pekerangi. |
| Kiri-kaiahi | Innermost stockade. Syn. awhi-kiri, kiri-tangata. |
| Kiritai | The space immediately outside the outermost stockade. |
| Kiri-tangata | The innermost stockade. See kiri-kaiahi, parakiri. |
| Koau mãro | Oblique outer stockade. See matahao. |
| Koke | ? Fosse inside innermost stockade. Rotorua. |
| Koki | Flanking angle. Bastion. See pukoro. |
| Kokoti | A traverse. Syn. niho, pakiaka. |
| Kopani | Earthen mound or timber stage to command a besieged pa. |
| Kopekope | Thick layer of green Phormium leaves lashed to stockades. |
| Koperu | ? Rampart constructed of stones and clay. |
| Koropi | ? Bars used in blocking gateway. |
| Koruarua | A trench. A rifle pit. See parepare. |
| Kotaretare | Syn. kahekoheko, whakaarero, whakatoro. Kotikoti. Taiepa kotikoti. Subdividing fences in interior of a pa. |
| Koukou | The citadel or highest part of a fortified village. |
| Kowhanga | (A nest). Term applied to a fortified village. |
| Kuwaha | Gateway. Entrance. See waha ngutu, waha tieke. |
| Maioro | A rampart of earth. A fosse. |
| Maioro pekerangi | A high rampart. |
| Maioro maru | A low rampart. |
| Manioro | Syn. maioro. Whanganui.page 437 |
| Marae | The plaza or open space of a village. Also the open space in front of a hut. |
| Matahao | Oblique outer stockade, leaning outward. See koau maro |
| Matua, Tuwatawata matua. | Main stockade. |
| Ngerengere | Stockaded flanking angle, with sometimes an elevated platform. |
| Ngutu | Entrance. Narrow entrance passage, often outside gateway and formed by erecting a stockade or rampart parallel with outer defence of pa. |
| Ngutuihe | Small minor entrances. See ara piwai. |
| Niho | A traverse. Syn. kokoti, pakiaka. |
| Pa | A fortified village. |
| Pa huri | A barricade of felled trees. |
| Pa maori | A native village, fortified. |
| Pa taua | A fortified, defensive place. |
| Pa maioro | A place defended by earthworks. |
| Pa tuwatawata | A place defended by means of stockades. |
| Pa tahora | An outlying fortified place of minor importance. |
| Pa punanga | A place of refuge for non-combatants, etc. |
| Pa whakairo | A first-class fortified village, having carved posts, etc. |
| Paehua | Rails of stockade. |
| Pae-kawau | Part of the gateway of a pa. |
| Paekiri | Syn. kiritai. |
| Paetakū | Sill of gateway. |
| Pairi | Elevated palisades of outer stockade. |
| Pakaiahi | Ramparts. Earthworks. |
| Pakiaka | Traverses. |
| Pakorikori | Small position with inferior stockade, as at a cultivation ground. |
| Papatu | Protective bulwark on a fighting stage. |
| Parākiri | Innermost stockade. |
| Parehua | Terrace of a scarped hill. Syn. tuku, upane-pane, rengarenga. |
| Parepare | Small earthwork. Rifle pit. See koruarua. |
| Parepare kokoti | Interior sub-dividing earthworks. |
| Parihi | ? Syn. koperu. |
| Pekerangi | Outer elevated screen palisading. (2) Elevated platform. See aparua, kereteki, teki.page 438 |
| Piwatawata | Syn. tuwatawata. |
| Pou matua | Main posts of stockade. See himu. Tukuwaru. |
| Pourangi | Elevated platform. See puwhara, taumaihi. |
| Pourewa | Elevated platform. |
| Pou take | Main posts of stockade. See pou matua, tumu. |
| Pou tarewa | Elevated platform. See pourangi, tamarua. |
| Pou toko | Main posts of stockade. See pou matua. |
| Pou tokotū | Main posts of stockade. See whakawhenua. |
| Pou tūrangi | Main posts of stockade. See whakaporo. |
| Pou whakarae | Main posts of stockade. |
| Pua kainga | Syn. ahuriri. |
| Puhara | Elevated stage for defenders. See pourangi. |
| Puwhara | Elevated stage for defenders. See pourangi. |
| Pukoro | Flanking angle. Bastion. Extension of defences to include a spring, etc., or cover an entrance. |
| Punanga | Syn. pa punanga. |
| Raihe | Stockade. Properly a fence of upright palisades or stakes secured to a rail; applied to any such fence. |
| Rangi | Any erection used in attacking a pa. (2) A tortoise or testudo to cover sappers, etc. See taik. |
| Rengarenga | Terraces of a scarped hill. Te Arawa. |
| Riuroa | Main entrance passage or lane of a pa, inside the defences. Syn. araroa, waharoa. |
| Riuroa mataiti | Subsidiary fenced lanes giving access to interior. |
| Roau | Rails of stockade. See huahua. |
| Tahitahi | Glacis. |
| Taiā | Outer stockade. See tata, wita, matahao. |
| Taiepa kotikoti | Sub-dividing fences in interior of pa. |
| Taiki | Wattled wickerwork tortoise. Syn. rangi. |
| Taitai | ? Narrow space between stockade and rampart. |
| Take | Syn. pou take. |
| Takurua | A covering defence or ravelin to protect entrance. |
| Tamarua | Secondary posts of stockade. |
| Tātā | Outer stockade. See taia, wita, aparua. |
| Taumaihi | Elevated platform or earth mound. See pouring.page 439 |
| Teki | Outer elevated screen palisading. See aparua, kereteki, pekerang |
| Tiaroa | Syn. riuroa, waharoa. (2) Curtain of a pa. |
| Tihi | Syn. koukott, toi. |
| Tiwatawata | Syn. piwatawata, tuwatawata. |
| Toi | Syn. tihi. Uppermost part of a hill fort. |
| Tokotu | Upright form of elevated outer stockade. |
| Tuku | Terrace of a scarped hill fort. See parehua. |
| Tukumaru | Main posts of stockade. See pou. |
| Tukuwaru | Main posts of stockade. (2) Secondary posts in some districts. |
| Tumu | Stockade posts. See under pou. |
| Tuwatawata | Syn. tiwatawata.. Generic term for stockades. (2) Main stockade in some districts. See wawa. |
| Upanepane | Terraces of a scarped hill. See parehua. |
| Waha ngutu | Entrance, gateway. |
| Waharoa | Syn. riuroa, araroa. |
| Waha tieke | Inner end of waharoa. |
| Wana. Wanawana | Palisades of a stockade. |
| Wawa | Stockade. (2) Palisade or stake of a stockade. |
| Whakaarero | Syn. kotaretare. |
| Whakaawarua | Fosse inside stockade. See awarua. |
| Whakakoki | Re-entering angle in rampart |
| Whakaporo | Secondary round-headed posts of stockade. |
| Whakarua-kotare | Loopholes in stockade for musketry. |
| Whakatoro | Syn. kotaretare. |
| Whakawhenua | Main posts of stockade. |
| Witā | Stockade inside the pekerangi. Williams, W.B. Ngati-Porou seem to apply this term to the elevated outer palisading. |