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Fishing Methods and Devices of the Maori

Index

page 253

Index

A

  • Ahi patapata, a ceremonial feast, 17, 170. (See also Ceremonial.)
  • Ahi rara ika, a fish-curing process, 224. (See also Eels, how dried; Fish, dried; Inanga.)
  • Ahi rara tuna, fire and rack for curing eels, 114, 116, 119. (See also under Eels.)
  • Ahi-tahurangi, Te (myth), 80, 238.
  • Aho a Maui, 248.
  • Ahurangi, 246.
  • Ahuriri form of net, 26.
  • Aitanga a Tangaroa, a term for fish, 80, 238. (See also Tangaroa.)
  • Angas and his weird weir, 156.
  • Anguilla and eels, 83, 84.
  • Appendices, Maori text, 230.
  • Arai-te-uru, (1) a sea monster, 80, 238; (2) name of a deep-sea vessel, 80.
  • Arawaru, a forbear of shell-fish, 74, 238.
  • Ashes, eels rolled or liberated in, 102, 103.
  • Atahu. (See under Shell-fish.)
  • Atua (gods).
    • assist man in all activities, 13.
    • enshrined in mauri, 3.
    • guard fishing-grounds, 6.
    • make fishing-grounds known to man, 5.
    • (See also Offerings; Ceremonial; Gods.)
  • Authorities quoted in text, 251.
  • Auwai implement (fish-stringer), (syn. autui, auika), 46.

B

  • Bait
  • Bait-bag, 61.
  • Bait-pots placed in eel-pots, 179.
  • Bark eel-pots, 188.
  • Barracouta.
    • curious method of taking, 51, 52.
    • mythical origin of, 56.
    • (See also Kaihau; Manga; Pohau.)
  • Barracouta-fishing, 54, 239.
  • Barracouta-hooks, 42, 51, 52, 54.
  • Binary system of numeration, 107.
  • Bird-snaring, 104.
  • Birds connected with Rehua, 201.
  • Birth ceremonies, offerings at, 73.
  • Bob.
  • Bobbing
  • Bodkin for stringing fish, 46.
  • Bone implements, 34, 36, 75-76.

C

  • Calendar, fishermen's 109-113, 218, 248, 249.
  • Canals of Marlborough, eels taken in, 104. (See also Drains.)
  • Canoes, charms repeated over, 53, 246, 247. (See also Fishing canoes.)
  • Ceremonial feast at first hauling of new net, 17.
    • when first fish caught, 107, 131, 151, 234.
    • manipulation of new fishing-line, 45.
    • performances. (See Offerings; Taumaha.)
  • to avert ill luck, 221.
  • Charm, shell medium of, 79.
  • Charms, 17, 18, 19, &c.
  • Chatham Isles, eel notes from, 125.
  • Conger-eel, 84, 96.
  • Cooking, 115, 116, 120, 211, 224, 231. (See also Kopaki; Kohue; Kope; Tapora; Tuwhatu.)
  • Cordage, 34, 45. (See also Fishing-lines; Twine.)
  • Corfs for eels and lampreys, 119, 165, 166, 197. (See also Parua; Whakarino.)
  • Crayfish,
    • fresh-water, how taken, 65. (See also Koura.)
    • marine, mythical origin of, 63.
    • marine names of, 63.
    • steeped and dried, 63.
    • taken with bob, pot, net, and by hand, 61, 62, 64.
  • Crayfish-pots, 61, 62, 64.
  • Crayfish-takers, charms repeated by, 62, 63.

D

  • Divinatory acts, 14, 42. (See also Omens.)
  • Diving, Maori mode of. 60,
  • Diving-crate used by crayfish-seekers, 61.
  • Double canoe used for large nets, 10, 11.
  • Drains
  • Dreams, 50.
page 254

E

  • Earthworms, names of, 124.
  • Eel
    • and snake interchange in myth, 84.
    • attacks person, 119.
    • phallic, in myth, 85.
    • preserves protected by rahui, 89.
    • viewed as generator, 86, Cf. 85.
    • with eight tails (myth), 87.
  • Eel-bobbing, 120, 121, 122, 123, 130, 154, 243.
  • Eel-fishing
  • Eel-god and snake-god of Asia, 84.
  • Eel-jagging, 125, 126, 127.
  • Eel pots and nets, all persons not expert at making, 159.
  • Eel-pots
  • Eel-pots
    • found buried in swamps, 180, 181.
    • how found in lagoon during night, 170.
    • how set at weir, 133, 135, 136, 137, 142, 143.
    • made of green Phormium leaves, 178.
    • made of wire, 236.
    • materials steeped in wai rakau prior to use, 188.
    • materials used in construction, 157, 159, 167, 169, 170, 172, 173, 176, 178, 179.
    • names pertaining to, 157-188. (See also Eels, names of varieties.)
    • not baited when placed at weir, 131.
    • peculiar form used in soft mud, 172.
    • set in open waters, 139, 159, 168, 234, 235.
    • setters of, must wash their hands, 188.
    • ripeka methods of arranging longitudinals, 163, 176.
    • torotika method of arranging longitudinals, 159, 160.
    • whakawiri method of arranging longitudinals, 164.
    • with double entrance, 159. (See also Funnel; Kawau moe roa; Pohea; Tarino; Waharua.)
  • Eel-run
    • from Wairarapa-valley to sea, 102.
    • to sea, 91, 101, 102, 103; in several distinct runs, 103.
  • Eel-spearing, 153, 230, 241.
  • Eel-spears, 126-127.
  • Eel-weirs
  • Eels
    • and eel-lore, 83 on.
    • all do not go to sea, 92, 102.
    • brought to New Zealand, 85.
    • catch of eels dragged, not carried, 124, 131, 155-157, 243.
    • cannot cross dry earth or sand, 90.
    • cross some wet or herbage-covered lands, 89, 90.
    • ceremonial connected with first caught 107, 131, 151.
    • demand clean-handed trap-setters, 188.
    • descend from sky to earth, 81.
    • different varieties in one district, 84, 102, &c.
    • fed and tamed, 85, 105, 117, 118, Cf. Whare tuna, 150. (See also Eels, preserves.)
    • first caught at new weir utilized as offering, 107. (See also Eels, ceremonial, &c.)
    • highly prized, 83.
    • how cooked, 115, 116, 120, 231.
    • how dried and preserved, 4, 54, 114, 115, 119, 152, 155, 169, 230, 240, 241, 244.
    • how killed, 122, 124, 129, 130.
    • how taken, 120 on.
    • how tallied at Waikato, 107-108, 235-236.
    • large, 105, 106, 107, 108.
    • large catches of, 104, 105.
    • live in earth, 113. Maori view of breeding, 91, 93.
    • mauri of, 87, 88.
    • migrate to spawning-grounds, 91, 100, 101, 103.
    • move not on moonlight nights, 101, 109, 153.
    • movements of arrested by charms, 87.
    • mythical origin of, 56, 72, 83, 84.
    page 255
  • Eels
    • myths pertaining to, 83-87, 92.
    • names of varieties, &c., 84, 95-100, 233.
    • not found in some lakes and streams, 90-92.
    • not taken on moonlight nights, 242.
    • not taken with hook by Maori, 101.
    • of celestial origin, 83, 84.
    • of Horowhenua district, 100.
    • of Wairarapa district, &c., 84. (See also Chatham; Otaki; Waiapu; Waikato.)
    • origin of, 56, 71, 72, 83, 84, 87, 92.
    • placed in ashes, 102, 103.
    • preserves near villages, 104, 150. (See also Lagoons.)
    • shelters provided for, 150. (See also Eels, fed.)
    • singular mode of counting, 107, 235.
    • South Island methods of taking, 230, 241-243.
    • spawning of, 91, 93.
    • speared, 153, 230, 241.
    • taken
      • by diverting stream, 130.
      • by hand, 113, 124, 153.
      • during first phase of flood, 140.
      • in canals or drains, 104, 105. (See also Koumu.)
      • in daytime, 121. (See also Rapu tuna.)
      • in hand-nets, 124.
      • in kaitara trap, 243.
      • in koumu, 230, 241.
      • in nets, 153, 230, 241.
    • venerated, 85.
    • yellow specimens, 98, 99, 101, 105.
  • Elvers ascend cliffs, &c., 92, 93, 94.
    • in inland lakes, 90.
    • names for, 97.
    • return to home waters of parents, 102.
    • taken for food, 93.
    • traverse streams, lakes, and cross ridge to reach certain lagoon, 102.
  • Enchanted shell of Matakaoa, 81.

F

  • Fables, 71, 72, 78, 83, 232, 238, 239. (See also Eels, myths; Mythical origins.)
  • Feasts. (See under Ceremonial.)
  • Fences, 132; of weirs, 131 on.
  • Ferris, the shark-slayer, 57.
  • Fertility, phallic symbol of, 85.
  • Fire, tapu ceremonial, 17.
  • Fires not allowed until fishermen returned home 50.
  • First fish caught released to fetch others, 18. (See also under Eels.)
  • First fish, offerings to atua, 210. (See also Offerings.)
  • First kokopu caught cast away, 222.
  • Fish
    • fishing-grounds, and vessels protected by atua, 3.
    • as gift to inland tribes, 4.
    • connected with Rehua, 201, 202. (See also Rehua.)
    • dried, 4, 54, 240. (See also under Eels; Inanga.)
    • escape from Hui-te-ananui (myth), 238.
    • fresh-water species, 82, 198.
    • game, &c., counted in braces, 107.
    • how strung, 46.
    • mythical origin of, 2, 56, 73, 74, 83, 84.
    • taken by netting, 49. (See also under Eels.)
    • taken by hook and line, 49.
  • Fish-baskets, 224.
  • Fish-hooks, 8, 53.
  • Fish-hooks
    • names of, 33.
    • of European make not appreciated, 8.
    • of human bone, 34.
    • of iron, 43, 44.
    • peculiar forms of, 42-44.
    • wooden, 37, 42-45.
    • (See also Barracouta; Trolling.)
  • Fish-spears, 55.
  • Fishermen
  • Fishing-canoes
    • fitted with receptacles for fish, 8.
    • fleets of olden times, 8.
    • food not allowed in, 3, 6.
    • lost in storms, 3.
  • Fishing-grounds
    • bounds marked in shoal waters, 5, 82.
    • guarded by atua, 6.
    • had special names, 5. (See Maketu; Kapuarangi; Rurima.)
    • how located, 5, 6, 7.
    • jealously guarded, 4.
    • mauri of, 87, 88.
  • Fishing-lines,
    • 8, 34, 45, 46.
    • ceremonial manipulation of new line, 45. (See also Spreaders.)
  • Fishing-nets. (See also under N.)
  • Fishing-rights regulated, 82.
  • Fishing-rods, 121, 122; two pronged rods 218, 224.
  • Flax eel-pots, 178. (See also Eel-pots.)
  • Floods, two phases of, 140.
  • Flounders, 200.
    • dried and preserved, 227, 231, 245.
    • four kinds at Waihora Lagoon, South Island, 231, 245.
    • names of, 226.
    page 256
  • Food
    • how cooked for ceremonial feasts, 17.
    • (See also Ceremonial.)
    • not allowed in fishing-canoes, 3, 6.
    • products, how protected, 89. (See also Atua; Mauri.)
    • products of fresh waters, 82.
  • Fresh-water species, 82; names of, 198.
  • Frostfish, &c., mythical origin of, 56, 72.
  • Funnel entrance of eel-pot, how egress is
  • prevented, 166, 167, 188. (See also Toherere.)
  • Funnel-shaped lead-in net of weir, 135, 136, 143, 150, 151, 158.

G

  • Gaff or landing-hook, 53.
  • Genealogy, Hine-ahuone to Hine-te-ahupuke, 2.
  • Gifts of fish to inland tribes, 4.
  • Gods, familiar spirits, tutelary beings. (See also Atua.)
  • Gods relied on in all undertakings, 2.
  • Gorge probably not used by Maori, 121.
  • Grayling, 212. (See also Upokororo.)
  • Guardians of ocean, 1, 73. (See also Atua.)

H

  • Hakaraia Pahewa contributed notes, 140, 144, 150, 159.
  • Haliotis. (See also Paua.)
  • Hand-nets, 124. (See also Nets; Kokopu; Toemi.)
  • Hao variety of eel, 155, 243. (See also Eels, names of varieties.)
  • Hapuku
    • fishers must not mention name of fish, 49.
    • fishing, 53, 239.
    • hooks, 53.
  • Hapukutahi, a fishing-ground near Maketu, 7.
  • Harara and his wai paua, 79.
  • Ha-tupatu stocks Rotorua with eels, 103.
  • Hauokanga and Hine-rongo, 117, 232. (See also Tamaika.)
  • Haupokotaha, fishing-ground near Maketu, 7.
  • "He wai Tangaroa i whano ai ki uta", 1.
  • Hina and Tinirau (myth), 12.
  • Hina and Tuna, 85.
  • Hinaki
    • or eel-pots, 157. (See also Eel-pots.)
    • inanga, 211. (See also under Inanga.)
    • names pertaining to, 186, 187, 188.
    • piharau, or lamprey-pots 194-197.,
    • ruru, a form of corf, 150.
    • tarino, 168.
    • tukutuku, 165, 169.
    • whakatiko, or corf, 119.
    • (See also Corf; Waharua.)
  • Hine-ahuone, 2.
  • Hine-aronui, 246.
  • Hine-hauraro, 76.
  • Hine-i-te-repo, 86.
  • Hine-i-wharona, 87.
  • Hine-komahi, 76.
  • Hine-korapa and octopus, 74.
  • Hine-moana
    • personified form of ocean, 1, 2, 84, 139, 238, 247. (See also Kaukau; Kiwa; Wainui.)
    • assails the Earth Mother, 73.
    • descent of, 2; offspring of Para-whenuamea, 73.
    • produced seaweeds, 72; produced shellfish, 72.
    • progeny of, 72, 80, 84.
  • Hine-mokemoke, the singing shell (myth), 81.
  • Hine-muhu, offspring of Ruawharo, 74, 239.
  • Hine-murutoka
    • and crayfish, 63.
    • a daughter of Rakahore, 63.
  • Hine-one, the Sand Maid (myth), 73.
  • Hine-parauri (myth), 59.
  • Hine-puhi a daughter of Kiwa (myth), 2.
  • Hine-rauwharangi as mother of Hine-moana (myth), 2.
  • Hine-rongo and Hauokanga, 232.
  • Hine-tapiritia, 72.
  • Hine-te-ahupuke a mother of fish, 2.
  • Hine-te-Ihorangi (myth), 76.
  • Hine-te-iwaiwa (myth), 246.
  • Hine-titama
    • (myth), 73.
    • decendants of, 2.
  • Hine-tu-a-kirikiri (myth), 73, 238.
  • Hine-tupari-maunga (myth), 73.
  • Hooks for taking fresh-water fish not a Maori usage, 213, 217. (See also Barracouta; Fish-hooks; (Kaka ponga.)
  • Hori relies on gods to locate fishing-grounds, 5-6.
  • Horowhenua district, eel notes from, 100. (See also Matatua; Otaki; Waikato; South Island; &c.,)
  • Hoto whai tail of sting-ray, 55.
  • Huakipouri (myth), 246.
  • Hui-te-ananui (myth), 80, 238.
  • Hui-te-rangiora, 248.
  • Human bone, implements fashioned from, 36.
  • Humete (? a crayfish-pot), 61.
  • Hunga-terewai, forbear of shell-fish, 71-72.
  • Hurunga and Pani (myth,) 76.

I

  • Ihp or mauri of fish-weir, 147, 149. (See also Mauri.)
  • Ihorangi, Te, 138; and eels, 83. (See also Hine-te-Ihorangi.)page 257
  • Ika huna a Tane-mahuta (the panoko fish), 225.
  • Ika whakataki, or lure fish, a net fishers' device, 18-20.
  • Ila and Indra, eel god of Asia, 84, 85.
  • Ila represented by lingam and lunar crescent, 85.
  • Imitative ability of Maori, 113.
  • Implements, (See also Ahuriri; Auwai; Bark; Barracouta; Bob; Bodkin; Bone; Corfs; Diving-crate; Eel-pots; Eel-spears; Fish-baskets; Fish-hooks; Fish-spears; Fishing-lines; Fishing-rods; Gaff; Gorge; Hinaki; Hooks; Human bone; Humete; Kaharoa; Kyaitara; Kaka; Rape; Kapu; Korere; Kohau; Koko; Korapa; Korotete; Kupenga; Manga; Matarau; Mesh; Nets; Outrigger; Pa; Paepae; Pohea; Pouraka; Purangi; Puwai; Rake; Ranga; Rat; Reti; Ripi; Riritai; Rohe; Shanks; Sinkers; Spears; Spreaders; Ta; Taiki; Tapora; Tarino; Taruke; Taupoki; Tautara; Tawhiti; Tiatia; Toemi; Toherere; Torches; Torehe; Traps; Twine; Utu; Waharua; Waikawa; Whakarino.)
  • Inanga
  • Ira atua, 80.
  • Ira-katoatoa, 76.
  • Ira tangata, 80, 238, 239.

J

K

  • Kaharoa form of net, 31.
  • Kahawai fishing
    • 38, 39, 40, 41, 42.
    • outrigger device employed in, 49.
    • (See also Trolling; Pakahawai.)
  • Kahukura acquires art of net-making, 21.
  • Kaihau manga, method of taking barracouta, 51, 54, 240. (See also Barracouta.)
  • Kaitara traps for eels, 152, 154, 242.
  • Kaka ponga used for hook-barbs, 42, 53.
  • Kaka traps for inanga, 206, 210, 244.
  • Kakara shell-fish, 75.
  • Kape, a hand-net, 124, 220. (See also Kupenga titoko.)
  • Kapu, scoop and dredge for taking freshwater mussels, 78. (See also Manga,)
  • Kapuarangi fishing-ground. East Coast, 5. (See also Maketu; Rurima.)
  • Karaka bewails passing of eel-fishing, 236.
  • Kariki a forbear of fish (myth), 56.
  • Kaui ika, 46.
  • Kaukau
    • a guardian of the ocean (myth), 1, 73.
    • offspring of, 238.
  • Kaukau and Ropuwai produce mussels, Kaukohea a brother of Tinirau (myth), 60.
  • Kawau moe roa, application of, 144.
  • Kekerewai and octopus (myth), 74.
  • Kewa, a progenitor of fish (myth), 75.
  • Kiripakapaka and Putere. progenitors of fish (myth), 72, 74.
  • Kiwa
    • of the ocean (myth), 1, 2.
    • progeny of, 84.
    • takes Hine-moana to wife, 1, 2.
  • Koaro
    • destroyed by trout, 228.
    • how taken, 228, 229.
    • retire to subterranean streams, 228.
  • Koere, a rude form of fish-trap, 94.
  • Kohau trap for eels, 128, 153, 242. (See also Eel-pots.)
  • Kohi o Autahi, 202.
  • Kohue method of cooking shell-fish, 77. (See also Tuwhatu.)
  • Kohurau, a forbear of fish and shell-fish (myth), 63, 75.
  • Koko, a hand-net, 216, 218. (See also Nets.)
  • Kokopu
    • 216.
    • dried and preserved, 224.
    • hand-net, how made, 219.
    • how cooked, 224.
    • how taken, 216. on.
    • names of, 199, 216.
    • taken only on dark nights, 109.
    • taken with bob, 217, 218, 224.
  • Kopaki method of cooking eels, 115, 116.
  • Kope method of cooking eels, 115, 120.
  • Kopuwai, a progenitor of fish (myth), 74.
  • Korapa, a scoop-net, 124. (See also Nets.)
  • Korotete, or corf, 119, 164, 165. (See also Corfs.)
  • Koumu method of taking page 258
  • Koura, fresh-water crayfish, how taken, 60, 229. (See also Crayfish.)
  • Kowaro, or mudfish, 228.
  • Kuku versus Pipi feud (myth), 73.
  • Kupe, a fishing-ground near Maketu, 7.
  • Kupenga hinaki, 225. Also Poha, Purangi, Rohe. (See also Nets.)
  • Kupenga titoko

L

  • Lagoons, &c., stocked with eels, 89, 102, 104, 117. (See also Whare tuna.)
  • Lake-outlet excavated in pre-European days, 102. (See also Canals; Drains.)
  • Lamprey
  • Lamprey-weirs, 189-195.
  • Landing-nets, 53. (See also Gaff; Nets.)
  • Left thigh in ceremonial performances, 45.
  • Life-principle, how protected, 87. (See also Mauri.)
  • Line fishing, 33. (See also Fishing-lines.)
  • Love-charm conveyed by shell, 81.
  • Luck of fisherman can be filched, 50.
  • Lunar month, 218. (See also Calendar; Month names; Nights of moon.)

M

  • Mackerel taken with lure, 52; with net, 53.
  • Magic as a disciplinary force, 88, 89. (See also Makutu, Mauri.)
  • Mahia, Te, mauri of whales at, 58, 59, 249.
  • Mahia-mai-Tawhiti, how named, 58, 59.
  • Mair's description of big net of Maketu, 11.
  • Maketu, fishing-grounds near, 6, 7. (See also Fishing-grounds.)
  • Mako shark, 56, 57.
  • Makutu affects all mauri-possessing things, 58, 249.
  • Male and female elements, 14, 16, 17.
  • Manea, tapu stones, 3. Cf. Iho; Mauri.
  • Manga, dredge-net for taking fresh-water mussels, 78. (See also Mussels.)
  • Manga fish, three kinds of, 51. (See also Barracouta.)
  • Manihera's account of taking upokororo, 214.
  • Manu-hauturuki (myth), 75, 80, 238.
  • Manuka wands used in trap-construction, names of, 64.
  • Maori an expert fisherman, 1, 8, 10, 12.
  • Maruaroa, 240.
  • Mataaho and sharks (myth), 83.
  • Mataitai, sea food products, 70.
  • Matamoe variety of eel, 97, 140, 144, 233. (See also under Eels.)
  • Matarakutia, fishing-ground near Maketu, 7.
  • Matarau, eel-spears, 126, 127.
  • Matarau net, 27, 28, 29, 31.
  • Matatua district, notes from, 88, 91, 94, 107, 131, 138, 168, 217, 218. (See also Chatham; Otaki; Waiapu; Waihora; &c.)
  • Matohi, a star-name, 114.
  • Matuaiwi, second run of inanga up-stream, 244. (See also Inanga.)
  • Matuku-whakapu represents the bittern, 84.
  • Maui invented korohe and akura of fish-traps, 62.
  • Maul, or beetle, 134, 192-193.
  • Mauri
    • all things possess, 249.
    • explanation of, 87-88.
    • material mauri a form of shrine, 3.
    • of eels, 88.
    • of eel-weirs, 136, 150, 234. (See also Iho; Manea.)
    • of lamprey-weir, 197.
    • of fishing-grounds, 88.
    • of whales at Te Mahia, 58, 59, 249.
    • protects fish, &c., 3.
  • Mauri-possessing creatures and things are affected by magic, 59.
  • McDonald, R., on eels of Horowhenua, 100.
  • Mesh-gauge, 15, 219.
  • Mesh-names, 15, 219, (See also Nets.)
  • Metara te Ao-marere, data from, 110. (See also Calendar.)
  • Miramar Lagoon stocked with eels, 89. (See also Lagoons.)
  • Miro and takerekere forms of twine, 34.
  • Moa bone, implements fashioned from, 36, 75-76.
  • Moana-kura at Hawaiki, 75.
  • Moana-nui-a-Kiwa (the Great Ocean of Kiwa.) 1.
  • Moana-te-waiwai, 246.
  • Mohoao species of flounder, 245. (See also Flounders.)
  • Moki and warehou as tapu fish, 50.
  • Moki fishers must not mention the word ahi (fire). 50.
  • Mokihihi, rafts, 62.
  • Mokopuna a Rongohuakai (sharks), 56. (See also Sharks.)
  • Month-names, 155, 243. (See also Calendar; Intercalation; Nights of moon.)
  • Moon, names of nights of, 248, 249. (See also Calendar; Month-names.)page 259
  • Moonlight, eels do not move abroad in, 100, 109, 153.
  • Moonlight nights unfavourable for fishers, 218.
  • Mud-eel, 95.
  • Mullet taken in Waikato River at Cambridge and Rangiriri, 212.
  • Mumuwhango (myth), 247.
  • Muriwai-i-ou, descent to underworld, 76.
  • Muriwai-o-Ata, 86.
  • Mussel-dredge, 78. (See also Mussels.)
  • Mussel
    • folk versus Cockle folk contention (a folk-tale), 238.
    • names of, 73.
  • Mussels, fresh-water, 229; mythical origin of mussels, 73.
  • Mythical origin of barracouta, 56; of crayfish, 62; of eels, 56, 72, 83, 84, 86, 92; of fish generally, &c., 2, 56, 73, 74, 83, 84; of frost-fish, 56, 72; of inanga, 201; of mussels, 73; of nets, 22; of octopus, 72, 74; of seaweed, 72; of sharks, 56, 57, 80, 62; of shell-fish, 71, 72, 74.
  • Myths pertaining to ocean and fish, 1. (See also under Anguilla; Crayfish; Eels; Enchanted; Fables; Fish; Hine-moana; Ila; Kaukau; Kuku; Maui; Mauri; Net-making; Ocean; Origin; Parata; Puna; Rehua; Sharks; Tangaroa; Tinirau; Tuna; Turehu; Tutunui; Whales.)

N

  • Nails planted to raise crops, 34.
  • Nanua, a peculiarly marked fish, 49.
  • Net
    • attachment to akura of eel-pot, 166, 167, 187.
    • first fish caught in, was liberated, 18. (See also under First.)
    • first hauling of new seine, 17-20.
    • funnel-shaped, for taking sea-fish, 27 on.
  • Net-floats, 11, 21.
  • Net-making
    • art, how acquired, 21.
    • a tapu task, 12, 13.
  • Net-ropes, 22, 24.
  • Net-sinkers, 11, 22, 23, 24.
  • Nets
    • how stowed away, 21.
    • landing, 53.
    • large, 8, 10, 11, 12; how used, 11; how assembled, 19.
      • the Maketu seine, 2,090 yards long, 11.
      • names of parts, 22, 26.
    • made piecemeal by families, then assembled, 14.
    • manufacture and use of, 10 on.
    • mesh of, 15, 219.
    • mesh-gauge, 15, 219.
    • names of, 32.
    • new one made for special purpose, 14.
    • of Tahitians, 11.
    • used in tidal rivers, 53.
    • used without pot at weir to take eels, 143, 144, 150. (See also Funnel.)
  • Netting, 14, 15, 16, 229.
  • Ngahuru season, 243.
  • Ngaunga a Hine-moana, 73.
  • Ngutu of eel-weir, 133, 135, 141, &c.
  • Nights of moon's age favourable for fishing, &c., 110, 111, 112, 218, 248, 249.
  • Nohu fish has poisonous spines, 49.
  • Numeration
    • binary system, 107.
    • a peculiar Waikato system, 235.

O

  • Ocean
    • bounds how protected, 75.
    • guardians, 1, 74. (See also Hine-moana; Kaukau; Kiwa.)
    • monsters assist mariners, 2, 80, 238, 239.
  • Octopus
    • eaten by Maori, 49.
    • mythical origin of, 72, 74.
    • names of, 74.
  • Offerings to atua, 17, 18, 19, 20, 45, 46, 47, 222.
  • Ohinemuri eel-pot a fine specimen, 180, 181.
  • Okorora fishing-ground, Bay of Plenty, 8. (See also Fishing-grounds, 8.)
  • Omens, &c., 14, 16, 18, 42, 49, 50, 122, 221, 226.
  • Onetahua, strife at (myth), 73.
  • Onetahuaroa, 238.
  • Operculae, names of, 72.
  • Origin myths, 1, 2, 19, 21, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 62, 63, 71, 72, 73, 74, 79, 80, 83, 84, 85, 86, 92, 201, 238, 246.
  • Otaki district, data from, 90, 100, 105, 109, 110, 164, 166, 172, 203, 206, 212, 224, 225, 226, (See also Waiapu; Waihora.)
  • Otawaha, a tahuna pipi, or cockle-bank, at Whakatane, 70.
  • Outrigger device used in line fishing, 46. 47, 48, 49. (See also Tautara.)
  • Owhane, fishing-ground near Maketu, 6. (See also Fishing-grounds.)

P

  • Pa. (See Pa kahawai; Trolling-hooks.)
  • Pa auroa, a form of eel-weir, 132, 145, on, 185. (See also Eel-weirs.)
  • Paepae, a dredge-net, 65.page 260
  • Pa kahawai, a trolling-hook, 39, 42, 49.
  • Pakauhokio Lake, elvers cross ridge to reach, 101. (See also Elvers.)
  • Pakurunui, a submerged fishing-rock off Wairakei, Bay of Plenty, 8. (See also Fishing-grounds.)
  • Pani and Hurunga (myth), 76.
  • Panoko
    • description of, 224, 225.
    • how taken, 225.
    • many names of, 200.
  • Papaka, a light-coloured eel, 105.
  • Papauma taken with bob, 224.
  • Para, a. variety of kokopu, 216, 222.
  • Paraniwaniwa and whales (myth), 59.
  • Parata, Te, 12.
  • Pa rauwiri form of eel-weir, 132, 241. (See also Eel-weirs; Pa auroa.)
  • Parua, a pit in which eels are placed when caught, 122, 128.
  • Parauri, a forbear of fish (myth), 75.
  • Paraweranui represents the south and south wind, 75.
  • Para-whenuamea, 139.
  • Patangaroa (starfish) assails paua (Haliotis), 78.
  • Pa tauremu form of eel-weir, 132, 133, 141, 232. (See also Eel-weirs; Pa auroa.)
  • Patiki, or flounder, 200. (See also Flounders.)
  • Patupaiarehe or forest folk (myth), 79.
  • Patu tuna, taking eels by striking method, 122, 124-125.
  • Paua, shell-fish (Haliotis)
    • as a food-supply, 78, 79.
    • attacked by starfish, 78-79.
    • how loosened from rock, 78-79.
    • how procured, 78.
  • Pehipehi (? a fish-name), 74.
  • Personifications, 1, 2, 64, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 138, 238, 246.
  • Phallic
    • design on stone sinker, 4.
    • eel in Maori myth, 85.
  • Pipihura, a forbear of shell-fish (myth), 72. (See also Shell-fish.)
  • Placatory rites, 107. (See also Offerings.)
  • Platform or stage used by eel-fishers, 122.
  • Poaching, how punished, 88, 89.
  • Poha of eel-weir, 137. Also Korohe, Purangi, Rohe. (See also under Eel-weirs; Nets; Purangi; Rohe.)
  • Pohau manga, barracouta-hooks, 51, 52. (See also Barracouta; Kaihau.)
  • Pohea eel-pot, 171, 180.
  • Pokiha's great net, 11. (See also Nets, large.)
  • Porohe, or elvers, 93. (See also Elvers.) Porpoise, origin of, 75.
  • Posts of weir-outlet occassionally carved, 136. (See also Eel-weirs.)
  • Pouraka
    • a crayfish-pot, 61, 66. (See also Crayfish.)
    • a trap for kokopu, 223, 238. (See also Kokopu.)
  • Pou reinga or eel-weir, 136. (See also Tapangutu.)
  • Primal offspring and ira tangata, 80.
  • Proverbial expressions, &c., 1, 15, 21, 64, 79, 86, 93, 117, 131, 139, 140, 238, 245.
  • Puene (? fresh-water shrimps). 228.
  • Puhara. (See also Platform).
  • Puhi and eels, 84, 85.
  • Puhore, unlucky signs, &c., 149, 122, 221, (See also Omens.)
  • Puke atua, places frequented by elves, &c., 79.
  • Pukoareare, first run of inanga up streams, 244. (See also Inanga.)
  • Pukupuku-ki-te-rangi, 75.
  • Pukutuoro, a mythical creature, 86.
  • Puna i Rangiriri, mythical source of fish, 2, 19, 59.
  • Puna-kauariki, celestial home of eels, 83.
  • Punga as forbear of sharks (myth), 56.
  • Purangi funnel-net, 136, 137, 143, 151.
  • Syn. poha, rohe.
  • Puwai, a form of corf, 119. (See also Corfs.)
  • Puwhakahara, Te, connected with sharks, whales, and porpoise (myth), 1, 56, 56, 74, 75, 80, 238.

R

  • Raengawha, a forbear of fish (myth), 72.
  • Rafts, 62.
  • Rahokatia fishing ground near Maketu, 7. (See also Fishing-grounds.) Rahui, how food products, &c., were protected, 89.
  • Rahui of eel preserve, 89.
  • Rakahore (personified form of rock)
    • 73, 76.
    • guards Seaweed folk, 73.
    • his daughter was Hine-murutoka, 63.
  • Rake used in taking eels, 103.
  • Rakuraku-a-Tawhaki, 248.
  • Rama kokopu, taking kokopu by torchlight, 221.
  • Rama tuna, taking eels by torchlight, 124, 241.
  • Rami tuna, taking eels by hand, 113. (See also Rapu tuna.)
  • Ranga net for taking inanga, 203. (See also Inanga; Kaka.)
  • Rangiahua, 246.
  • Rangitaiki Falls ascended by elvers, 94.
  • Rapu tuna, taking eels by hand, 113, 124, 241. (See also Rami; Takahi.)
  • Rarawai, a temporary name of hapuku, 49.
  • Raro appealed to in charms, 130-131.page 261
  • Raro represents "the depths," 62. (See also Waro.)
  • Rat-traps, 140.
  • Rauwiri style of fence, 132-133.
  • Rehu (? a fish), 75.
  • Rehua
    • and forest, 201.
    • and inanga, 201, 202.
    • calls inanga to ocean, 201-202.
    • connected with birds and fish, 201-202.
  • Rehu-o-tinui (atua), 226.
  • Rehuroa (myth), 60.
  • Rere kakara (shell-fish), 77.
  • Restrictions pertaining to net-making, 12, 13. (See also Tapu.)
  • Reti device used in trolling for kahawai, 49.
  • Right and left sides, 19, 20, 45.
  • Rimurapa and others cling to Rakahore, 73.
  • Ripi paua, implement to detach shell-fish from rocks, 78.
  • Ripi tuna, club for killing eels, 122.
  • Riritai net, 26, (See also Nets.)
  • Rock children of Ruawharo (myth), 239.
  • Rohe
    • a fish-basket, 124.
    • a funnel-net used at a weir, 141. Syn. korohe, poha, purangi. (See also Kawau moe roa.)
  • Rolled twine, 34.
  • Rongohuakai and sharks (myth), 57.
  • Rongomai, fish offerings made to, 210. (See also Offerings.)
  • Rongomai-tahanui, a name employed to denote whales, 60.
  • Ropuwai and Kaukau produce mussels (myth), 73.
  • Roro o Tangaroa, 214.
  • Roto hawai, a form of lagoon, 89.
  • Rotorua Lake, fishing-grounds staked off, 4. (See also Fishing-grounds.)
  • Ruahine, or priestess, 17.
  • Ruamano (myth), 80, 238, 239.
  • Rua-o-Puhi, at Tauranga, 85.
  • Ruatau, of realms celestial, 247.
  • Rua-te-pupuke, 80, 238.
  • Rua-te-tawhito, 63.
  • Rua-te-tupua, 63.
  • Ruawharo
    • introduced shell-fish (myth), 74, 239.
    • seeks Te Mahia-mai-Tawhiti, 58, 59.
  • Ruku koura often a women's task, 60. (See also Crayfish.)
  • Ruku paua, how the paua shell-fish were procured, 78. (See also Paua.)
  • Rurima fishing-ground, 5. (See also Fishing-grounds.)

S

  • Sand brought from Tahiti to Te Mahia, 58, 59.
  • Scour-mat of weirs, 133, 136, 141, 193, 231.
  • Sea-fishers started before daybreak, 53.
  • Sea-fishing
    • 8, 70, 239, 240, &c.
    • danger of being swept to sea by storms, 240.
    • ordinary procedure, 4.
    • performed by men only, 4.
  • Seaweed
    • names of species, 72.
    • origin of, 72.
    • protected by Rakahore, 73.
  • Seines, names of parts, 21-22. (See also Nets.)
  • Shanks of composite hooks, 35, 36; greenstone specimens, 34, 35. (See also Fishing-hooks.)
  • Shark-fishing, 56.
  • Shark-names, 56, 57.
  • Sharks
    • and Te Puwhakahara (myth), 56.
    • and whales in Maori myth, 56.
    • are offspring of Punga, 56; and of Rongohuakai, 57. (See also Mataaho, Takaaho.)
    • defeated by shell-fish (myth), 73.
    • man-eating species, 56.
    • mythical origin of, 56, 57, 58, 79, 84. (See also Takaaho.)
    • originally assigned to fresh waters, 56.
    • slain with harpoon, 57.
  • Shell
    • messenger, 81.
    • middens, 66.
    • singer in ocean depths, 81.
    • trumpets, 81.
  • Shells used a mediums in rites, 75, 81.
  • Shell-fish
    • 66, on.
    • as love messenger, 81.
    • collected by women, 77-78.
    • dried and preserved, 66, 70, 81, 239.
    • how cooked, 77.
    • introduced by Ruawharo, 74, 239.
    • Maori ate many species of, 66, 70.
    • migrate along beaches, 76.
    • mythical origin of, 71, 72, 73, 74, 79, 80, 238.
    • names, 66, 70, 71.
    • personified, 238.
    • species used as food, 66, 70, 71. (See also Paua; Tohemanga.)
  • Shrimps, 55, 200.
  • Sinkers, 11, 22, 24; carved sinkers, 23, 24.
  • Song of Nuku for his lost eel-pot, 188 Songs, 75. (See also Titihawa.)page 262
  • South Island
  • Spears. (See Eel; Fish.)
  • Spiders used as bait for eels, 122. (See also Bait.)
  • Spreaders attached to fishing-lines, 25, 45. (See also Fishing-lines.)
  • Starfish attack paua (Haliotis). 78-79.
  • Sting-ray taken with spear, 49, 55. (See also Whai.)
  • Stone mauri in phallic form, 4. (See also Iho; Manea; Mauri.)
  • Stones tapu, 3. (See also Iho; Manea; Mauri.)
  • Storehouse for fishing-gear, 9.
  • Stowell, H. M., on lamprey-run, 197. (See also Lampreys.)
  • Subterranean monsters, 86.
  • Symbols of modern fisherman's calendar, 110, 111, 112, 113.

T

  • Ta, or maul, 134.
  • Tahoa, a form of bait for eel-pots, 170. (See also Bait.)
  • Tahumaero, a mythical forbear of crayfish, 63, 72.
  • Tahuna pipi, or cockle-banks, 70.
  • Tai honuhonu o Meremere, 202.
  • Taiki, a form of diving-crate, 61.
  • Takaaho
  • connected with sharks, &c., 1, 56, 74, 80, 238. (See also Sharks.)
    • assails shell-fish (myth), 238.
  • Takahi tuna, eels found by feet of seeker, 124, 126. (See also Rapu tuna.)
  • Takero, third inanga run to sea, 202. (See also Inanga.)
  • Takeuruahi (myth), 60.
  • "Takitumu"
  • Talismanic objects afford protection, 3. (Sec also Iho; Manea; Mauri.)
  • Tamaika and the kopaki tuna, 116. (See also Hauokanga.)
  • Tane-matua, 246.
  • Tangaroa
    • 246.
    • offerings to, 2.
    • represents fish, 1, 2.
  • Tangaroa-amua, 2.
  • Tangaroa ara rau, 1, 139.
  • Tangaroa-a-timu, 80, 238.
  • Tangaroa-mau-tai, 238.
  • Tangaroa-whakamau-tai, 1, 2; slays Manu-hauturuki, 80.
  • Tangaroa-whatu, 246.
  • Taoputaputa and enchanted shell, 81.
  • Tapangutu, two posts at outlet of weir, 135, 136, 144.
  • Tapora method of cooking, 116; tapora kokopu, 224.
  • Tapora, a form of net, 205. (See also Nets.)
  • Tapu
    • ceremonial fire, 17.
    • of deep-sea vessels, 59.
    • of net-making, 12, 16.
    • of new net when first used, 16.
    • of whales, 58. (See also Whales.)
    • pertaining to fishing, 3, 6.
    • stones, 3. (See also Iho; Manea; Mauri.)
  • Tarawehi and Tarawana. 75,
  • Tara whai, 55.
  • Tari, slim wands of manuka used by trap-makers, 159.
  • Torino form of eel-pot, 168, 170, 235; how set, 235. (See also Eel-pots.)
  • Taruke, crayfish-pots, 60, 61; how constructed, 64, 67-69. (See also Crayfish.)
  • Taumaha rite over first fish, 210. (See also under Ceremonial.)
  • Taumaha rite over first take of eels, 131. (See also under Eels.)
  • Taunga ika, or fishing-grounds, 4, 5, 6, 7. (See also Fishing-grounds.)
  • Taupoki, or lid of eel-pot, 184, 211. (See also Eel-pots.)
  • Taupunga and Ruawharo, 74, 239.
  • Tautara device in line fishing, 46, 47; at
  • Tahiti, 46, 47, at Samoa, 48.
  • Tawhaki meets Tuna (myth), 83.
  • Tawhirimatea (myth), 247.
  • Tawhiti awaawa = eel-weir, 140.
  • Tawhiti karawa = rat-trap, 140.
  • Taylor's novel method of catching grayling, 213.
  • Tiatia, a fishing-device, 53.
  • Tides, controllers of (myth), 1; Tangaroa connected with, 80.
  • Tikao on South Island eel-lore, 230. (See also under Eels, South Island.)
  • Tikati fish, 56.
  • Tiki slays Tuna (myth), 86.
  • Tiki-tolo, eel so called in Caroline Group, 85; called Tikitoro in New Zealand, 86.
  • Tikihemi, a small fish, 200, 208, 211.
  • Time-measurement. (See Calendar; Intercalation; Month-names; Nights of moon.)
  • Tinirau
    • and fish (myth), 2.
    • and Hina (myth), 2.
    • as forbear of whales, 59, 60.
    • connected with sun at Tonga, 2.
  • Tipua, 80.
  • Titarakura. Syn. toitoi.
  • Titihawa, song of women welcoming lucky fishermen, 4.page 263
  • Toa, katoa (syn. tari), slim manuka rods used by fish-trap makers, 167.
  • Toemi hand-set, 31. (See also nets.)
  • Tohemanga shell-fish found in three layers, 77. (See also Shell-fish.)
  • Toherere net of akura of eel-pot, 166, 168,
  • Toitoi, a prohibited fish in Tuhoeland, 226.
  • Toitoi-akewa, a peculiar superstition, 221.
  • Toka-ahuru rock off Turanga, 80, 239.
  • Tonganui-kaea (myth), 75.
  • Torches, how made, 125.
  • Torehe, a bait-bag, 61. (See also Bait.)
  • Totara-moana, a marine growth, 38.
  • Traps for crayfish, 61, 62, 64-69. (See also Crayfish; Implements; Pouraka; Taruke.)
  • Trolling for kahawai, 39-41, 49. (See also Kahawai.)
  • Trolling-hooks, 39-41, 51, 54.
  • Trout destroy fresh-water fish, 228.
  • Tuamatua and Rakahore protect seaweed (myth), 73.
  • Tuamatua, offspring of, protect Earth Mother (myth), 75.
  • Tuanuku and Rangi (myth), 247.
  • Tuapa, or luck-post, 221.
  • Tuaropaki o Hine-moana (ocean-bounds), how protected, 75. (See also Tupaki.)
  • Tuhinaapo (atua), a guardian of fishing-grounds, 6.
  • Tuhuruhuru (myth), 60.
  • Tuki upokororo, a. method of taking grayling, 213.
  • Tuna and Hina (myth), 85.
  • Tuna and Mangawairoa, 86.
  • Tuna and Maui, 86.
  • Tuna
    • kaui, 119, 120 Modes of cooking eels.
    • kopaki, 231. Modes of cooking eels.
    • kope, 231 Modes of cooking eels.
    • pawhara, 231 Modes of cooking eels.
    • tuoro, 86. Modes of cooking eels.
  • Tuoro, a fabulous monster, 86. (See also Pukutuoro; Tuna tuoro.)
  • Tupaki nui o Hine-moana, 56, 75. (See also Tuaropaki.)
  • Turanga-o-Toi (also Turanga nui a Rua-matua), 81.
  • Turehu folk first net-makers, 21.
  • Tutara-kauika and whales, 59, 60, 80, 238. (See also Whales.)
  • Tu-te-makehurangi (myth), 60.
  • Tutunui and shell-fish (myth), 75.
  • Tu-te-makehurangi (myth), 60.
  • Tutunui and shell-fish (myth), 75.
  • Tuwhatu mode of cooking shell-fish, 77. (See also Kohue.)
  • Twine, how made, 8, 34. (See also Fishing-lines; Miro; Rolled twine.)

U

  • Uetanguru (myth), 60.
  • Umere chant of women on return of fishermen, 4.
  • Umu waharoa of ceremonial feast, 17. (See also Ceremonial feast.)
  • Upokororo
  • Urukahikahika, forbear of eel, lamprey, &c., 72. (See also Eels, mythical origin of.)
  • Utu piharau, or lamprey-weir, 189, 190. (See also Lamprey,)

W

  • Waharua
    • eel-pots (having two entrance-funnels), 159, 167, 168, 169, 179, 183.
    • how set in lagoons, 235, 236.
    • not set at weirs, 234.
    • used in open waters only, 168, 168. (See also Eel-pots.)
  • Waiapu, eel notes from, 122, 123, 124, 138, 140, 150, 157. (See also Horowhenua; Matatua; Otaki; &c.)
  • Waihora Lagoon, South Island
  • Waikato, eel notes from, 116, 119, 168. (See also Chatham; Horowhenua; Matatua; Otaki; Waiapu; Waihora; Wai-rarapa.)
  • Waikawa, a fish-basket or corf, 123, (See also Corfs; Fish-baskets.)
  • Waimapihi strife (myth), 74.
  • Wainui personifies ocean, 2, 138, 201. (See also Hine-moana; Kaukau; Kiwa.)
  • Wai paua of Te Harara, 79.
  • Wai-rarapa, eel notes from 92, 130. (See also Matatua; Otaki; South Island; Waiapu; Waihora; Waikato.)
  • Wai tuhi of flood, 140.
  • Warehou fishing, peculiar device employed in, 46, 47.
  • Waro denotes "the depths" or "deep", 62. (See also Raro.)
  • Wehenga-kauki, ocean monsters, whales 2, 58, 59, 80, 238, 239. (See also Ocean; Whales.)
  • Weirs
    • first eel caught at, used as offering, 107.
    • how constructed, 113.
    • not constructed in deep waters, 168.
    • (See also Eel-weirs.)
    page 264
  • Whai (sting-ray), whai-kuku, whai-repo, 49, 55.
  • Whaitiri a forbear of fish, 56. (See also Fish, mythical origin of.)
  • Whakaheke tuna, 128, 151.
  • Whakainu kupenga, ceremonial wetting of new net, 19. (See also Nets.)
  • Whakaita, fishing-ground off Maketu, 7. (See also Fishing-grounds.)
  • Whakaparu piharau, a device for taking lampreys, 197. (See also Lamprey.)
  • Whakapua, whakarau, a device for taking lampreys, 197. (See also Lamprey.)
  • Wharakarino, or temporary corf, 122, 123. (See also Corfs.)
  • Whakawahi process to render fish-traps durable. 188.
  • Whakawiri method of constructing eel-pots, 180. (See also Eel-pots.)
  • Whale-feed (terehua), 74.
  • Whale stranded, a prize, 58.
  • Whales
    • and sharks, 56.
    • and Tinirau, 59, 60. (See also Puwhakahara; Tutara-kauika; Wehenga-kauki.)
    • guided by pehipehi, 74.
    • mauri of, at Te Mahia, 58, 59, 249.
    • names of, 60.
    • succour mariners in distress, 2, 80, 239.
  • Whanganui, eel notes from, 91, 94, 132, 136, 140, 145, 147, 151, 164. (See also Otaki; Waihora; &c.)
  • Wharepapa and Wharerimu, proper names for sea-rocks, 72, 73, 246.
  • Wharerimu as origin of seaweed, &c., 72, 73, 246.
  • Whare tuna, a prepared refuge for eels, 150.
  • Whatu kura o Tangaroa, a stone mauri, 3.
  • Cf. 58.
  • Whatumaomao a forbear of fish, 72, 75. (See also Fish, mythical origin of.)
  • Whatu o Tangaroa, 3, 58.
  • Whitiki variety of eel, 236. (See also Eels, names of.)
  • Whitirau (adze). 248.
  • Wind assists eel-seekers at Waihora Lagoon, 154, 242.
  • Wind Children (myth), 75.
  • Witchcraft, (See Magic; Makutu.)
  • Wiwi-tane, a species of rush, 203.
  • Women
    • chant a welcome to successful fishermen, 4.
    • collected shell-fish, &c., 4; also crayfish. 61.
    • met returning fishermen, 4, 54.
    • under restrictions, 107.
  • Worms. (See Earthworms.)

Y

  • Year, commencement of new, 243. (See also Calendar; Intercalation; Month-names.)
  • Yellow eels, 98, 101, 105.
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