New Zealand's Burning — The Settlers' World in the Mid 1880s
Subject Index
Subject Index
Abbotsford run, 85
Altruism, 128–9, 243, 244, 254, 282–3
Atkinson, Harry, 268, 284; diplomacy re New Plymouth/Hawera rift, 82; initiates Taranaki's Mountain Road settlements, 32–3, 264
Auckland Province, 142–3; coastal shipping, 211; fires, 87–8; horses, 215; Northland, 210–12; railways, 290; sawmills and timber industry, 87–8, 134, 210–2; shipping, 135, 143, 199, 210–2
Australia, 22, 120, 121, 238, 248
Ballance, John, and Hawke's Bay bush fire relief, 69, 257, 260; Minister of Lands 1884–87, 31; newspaper proprietor and editor, 231
Banks Peninsula, 90–3, 137–40, 173, 242
Bankside, 94
Belgrove, 142
Brancepeth run, 85
Braudel, Fernand (French historian), 136, 156–7, 278–9
Bush, 16, 27, 31; significance in economic and social history, 12, 117–8
Bush burns, 27, 28, 31, 37, 41, 52, 78, 272
Bush felling, 28
Bush fire relief committees, 69–72, 76–7, 77, 80–3, 190
Bush settlers and settlements, 20, 25–8, 67, 132, 134, 267–8, 272; bush yeomen, 150–8
Canterbury, 142–3, 198; feldon yeoman districts, 160, 164–5, 173–4; fires, 89–95; sawmills and timber industry, 92, 93, 137–40; shipping, 138, 139, 142, 198–9
Capitalism, 128
Cardiff, 283
Carriers (drays and wagons), 40, 139, 214, 215–6, 218
Cattle (beef), 146, 180, 217–8, 272
Central government, 24–6, 31, 32, 35, 124, 194, 246, 251–3, 257, 258, 277
Charitable aid boards, 68, 76, 83, 253, 257, 262–3, 266–7
Children, 56, 59, 129, 155–6, 223-4, 282; see also Boys, Women and girls
Christchurch, 92, 142–3, 196, 198, 243
Class feelings and traditions, 125–7, 275, 281–2, 284
Clergymen, 18–9, 67–8, 95, 259–60
Clothing, in relief appeals, 74, 76, 80, 83
Coach services, 16–7, 17, 22, 30, 32, 96, 215–6, 219
Coastal shipping, 12, 96, 97, 142–3, 179, 180, 184, 194, 198–213, 220; cargo ton-mileage statistics, 205–6, 210–1, 213–4, 298 (note 1); coal cargoes, 198, 200, 208–10; farm produce cargoes, 171, 199, 203–5, 211; New Zealand maritime history, 12, 194, 206–7, 284, 298 (note 4); of ‘Cook Strait’ lake, page 311 201–6; timber cargoes, 130–4, 135, 138, 143, 198, 205–6, 210; wool cargoes, 196–7, 204;
Coopers and cooperage, 20, 118, 134
County Councils, 76–7, 119, 121, 256–7
Cows, milch, on bush farms, 81, 147, 149, 150; see also Dairies, Dairy industry
Craftsmen, 45, 46, 89, 98–102 passim, 127, 143, 150, 152, 165, 174, 188, 192
Crops, 144, 147–8, 161, 188, 203–4
Dairies, home, 15–6, 55, 145–7, 149, 154–5, 175, 273
Dairy industry, 150, 151, 155, 172 (figure), 229, 268, 272–7
Dannevirke, 30, 32, 47, 137
Dashwood, 95
Dorie, 18
Droving, cattle, 47, 182, 217–8; sheep, 217–8
Dunsandel, 94
Education, see Schools and schoolteachers
Eldred-Grigg, Stevan (New Zealand historian), 159, 161
Eltham, 36, 223; see also Mangawhero
Family life, 154–5, 225, 249, 282
Farmers and farming, and journalism, 228–30; competing models for, 269–74; see also Bush settlers and settlements, Feldon yeoman, Runholders, Yeoman farmers
Feilding, 86, 218, 239–40, 241
Feldon, rationale for the term, 159
Feldon yeomen, 159–66, 163, 169, 171–6, 180–1, 224
Fence posts, 41, 68, 137, 143, 170
Fences and fencing, 50, 137, 145, 168, 170
Fire, as settlement tool, 19, 22, 26–8, 27, 41, 78, 248–9; in Australia and North America, 238–9; Old World origins, 237–8;
Fire brigades, 235–7, 240–2, 243–5; Blenheim, 240; Gisborne, 245; Hastings, 245; Hawera, 61, 247–8; London, England, 110; Masterton, 85; Napier, 42 4, 45, 244, 246–7, 258; New Plymouth, 62–6, 243–4, 247; Palmerston North, 86, 236–7; United Fire Brigades' Association, 245–6; Wellington, 98, 103–10
Fire insurance, 45, 67, 73, 89, 106, 242–3
Firewood, 29, 88, 89, 177, 134–7, 181, 198, 239
Fitzherbert, 86
Flourmills, 122, 122, 188, 197–8, 204, 268
Freezing industry, 146–7, 180, 185, 204, 218, 270
Fruit growing, see Orchards
Gardens, vegetable, 147–8, 150, 178
Gentry, 125, 127, 129, 159; see also Runholders
Glendhu run, 92
Gould, J. D. (New Zealand historian), 167–8
Government, see Central government, Local government
Grass seed, as a bush crop, 52, 72, 81, 92–3. 144–6, 219, 272; as a feldon crop, 90
Grassland, see Pasture
Hamilton, 87
Hawarden, 90
Hawera, 186–9, 187, 223, 247–8, 254–5, 268; and the Stratford fire, 60–1, 75–7; see also New Plymouth/Hawera rifts
Hawke's Bay, 255–7; development, 1870–85, 30–2; economy, 160–2; feldon yeoman district, 165; horses, 215; railway, 31–2, 38, 258–9; sawmills and timber industry, 40–7, 73 passim, 134; town, country and bush structure, 39, 117
Heslerton run, 94
History, achieving an overall vision, 11, 278–80; ‘anatomy’ approach, 13; and anthropology, 278; ensbrined v. ephemeral contemporary expression, 279–80, 284; New page 312 Zealand blind spots, 20–1, 279, 284; of settler communities, 269; stories, 113–4; survey of 19th-century New Zealand, 11–2, 20–1;
Homes, see Family life
Horses, 15–6, 17, 23, 163, 180, 181–2, 214–7, 217–8; draught, 170, 175; horse racing, 216–7; in agricultural journalism, 228, 229; pack, 215, 219, 219; saddle, 52, 56, 166, 152, 232; statistics of, 214–5; see also, Carriers
Hotels, inns, accommodation houses, 99–101, 102, 103, 105, 149, 192–3, 216–7
Houses, 148–9, 152, 162, 178–9, 182; ponga whares, 30, 48
Hutt County and Hutt Valley, 84, 142, 171–2
Inglewood, 33, 61, 62, 65, 150, 154, 223, 231–2
Interests, landed, 126–7; missionary, whaling and sealing, mining, 126; service, 127; timber, 127
Invercargill, 89, 196, 243
Kaitangata, 198
Kakaramea, 276
Kaukapakapa, 88
Keen, Maurice (English historian), 121–3
Kimbolton, 219
Kopua, 38
Koromiko, 95
Kumeroa, 47
Labour, exchange, 128–9; wages, 132, 134
Lake Ellesmere, 139
Lambton Quay, Wellington, 99, 191–3; fire of 29 December 1885, 19, 98–110
Land legislation, 33, 34, 38, 95
Leeston, 139
Little River, 92–3, 93, 138–40, 146
Local government, 119, 226, 239–40, 244, 255–7; see also County councils, Road boards Localism, see Village and globe mentality
Lumsden, 89
Lyttelton, 92, 138, 142–3, 198, 201
Mabel Bush, 89
Makaretu, 30, 38, 38–40, 44–5, 70, 71, 72–3, 137, 137, 223–4
Makotuku, 38, 40, 41–2, 43–4, 47, 70, 74, 244, 257
Manawatu, see Rangitikei-Manawatu
Maori, 188, 278, 283; and land wars of the 1860s, 24, 25; labour, 24, 25; Sam the firefighter, 45; Te Kooti, 24; Te Whiti, 34–5; Titokowaru, 24, 29, 186
Marchant, George (Stratford settler and politician), 51, 125, 277, 283, 287; career, 50; on 6–7 January 1886, 50, 59–60; surveys Stratford fire losses, 80–1, 143–4, 190, 286–9; works with relief committee, 82
Marlborough, 95, 142, 201; fires, 95–6; horses, 215; railway, 95, 290; shipping, 132–4, 142, 201–3, 205; timber industry, 132–4
Marton, 254
Matakana, 88
‘Medieval’ aspects of colonial life, 121–3, 152–3
Mentalities, agrarian, 125–6; in relation to place, 116–21; of settler society, 21, 279–80, 284; traditionalism and modernisation, 121–4; see also Altruism, Gentry, ‘Home’, Time, settler consciousness of, Village and globe mentality, Yeoman farmers
Midhirst, 34, 36, 63, 64, 189, 243
Migration, interprovincial, 99–101, 140, 146, 172–3, 173–4, 186
Merchants, 127, 179, 184–5, 193
Modernisation, 121, 123–4, 153
page 313Mount Herat run, 92
Mountain Road, Taranaki, 32–3, 216, 217
Mutual improvement societies, 120
Napier, 185–6, 245–7; involvement in Seventy Mile Bush fires, 42, 45, 69–70, 257–8
Nelson, 96, 163, 177–80, 204–5
Nelson Province, 142, 201; fires, 16–7, 96–7; horses, 215; railway, 290; shipping, 96, 97, 171, 179, 201–2, 204–5; timber industry, 134
New Plymouth, 78, 122, 183–4, 187, 222–3, 247; and the Stratford fire, 62–5, 75–6, 76–7
New Plymouth/Hawera rifts, 77, 80–2, 187, 189–90, 222–3, 263–6
Newspapers, 63, 68, 70, 84, 181, 186, 220, 231, 233–4, 251, 258, 260, 264–6, 273–4; agricultural pages, 227–30; as Fourth Estate, 68, 252, 258, 264–6; ‘our own’ correspondents, 68, 71, 119–20, 221–7, 233–4; travelling correspondents, 180, 186, 188, 215–7, 224, 230–2, 275; weeklies, 181, 223, 227–30, 231–2
Normanby, 33, 186, 268, 271–2, 276
Norsewood, 30, 38, 44, 46, 72, 226
Onamalutu, 96
Orchards, 145, 148, 151, 161, 178–9, 230, 271
Ormond, J. D. (H.B. runholder and politician), 25, 30, 47, 255–6
Ormondville, 30–1, 32, 38, 46, 47, 67, 70
Orua Wharo run, 40
Otago, education administration, 119; fires, 89; newspapers, 221–2; self-sufficiency of, 198; timber industry, 131, 132
Otakeho, 276
Otane, 24
Pahiatua, 224
Palmerston North, 29, 85–6, 179, 226–7, 241
Pasture, 22–3, 81, 90–2, 118, 144–5, 146–7, 159–60, 163–4, 167–8
Patea, 186–7, 201, 204, 223, 268, 270
Paul, James (mayor of New Plymouth, brewer), and the Stratford fires, 63, 77, 79–80, 84, 247; conflict with station-master, 123–4, 190; leadership, 252, 263; precipitates New Plymouth/Hawera rift, 79–80
Pelorus Valley, 96
Pigs and pigsties, 15–6, 55, 57, 145, 146, 147, 161
Ploughing, 18, 95, 150, 163–4, 167–8; see also Crops
Politics, see Central government, Local government
Postal services, 220
Poultry, 122, 151, 155, 163, 172 (figure), 180, 229, 282
Prebbleton, 93
Raglan, 87
Rahotu, 223
Rai Valley, 96
Railways, 194–8; as a fire danger, 23, 84, 90, 239; bush fire relief trains, 20, 42–4, 45, 61, 62, 63–6; role in linking bush, country and town, 26, 29, 140–3; Auckland, 290; Canterbury and Otago, 132; Hawke's Bay, 31–2, 38, 258–9; Marlborough, 95, 290; Nelson, 290; Taranaki, 32–5, 50, 53, 59–60, 63, 124, 186–7, 190; Wellington Province, 29–30, 36, 181, 186; Westland, 290
Rainfall, 1885 colonial returns, 22; Marlborough, 95
Rangitikei-Manawatu, 219, 232; fires, 86, 249; railway, 181; sawmills and timber industry, 130, 134
Recreation see Sports and recreation
Reed, Mick (British historian), 151–2, 156
Reefton, 97
Regional consciousness, 121, 262, 265, 277
Relief appeals and subscriptions, 67–70, 77, 96, 254–5, 259–61, 263–8
page 314Relief committees, see Bush fire relief committees
Roads, 119, 214–9; military, 25, 35; for road use see Wayfaring
Rolleston, 94
Ruakura, 87
Runholders, 18–9, 22–3, 24, 125, 129, 159–60, 167–9, 270–1
Samuel, Oliver (New Plymouth lawyer and politician), 63, 64–5, 82, 124, 124, 264, 277
Sawmills, Auckland, 87–8; Canterbury, 92, 93; Hawke's Bay, 40, 41, 43, 44, 46, 47, 73; Manawatu, 86; Southland, 89; Taranaki, 36, 61, 64, 65–6, 189;
Scandinavian settlers, 29, 30, 71, 223, 254
Schools and school teachers, 52, 62, 119, 223–4, 227, 246, 276; education boards and school committees, 119, 186
Settlement strategy, 24–6, 29, 32
Seventy Mile Bush, 31, 121, 171, 255–7; description 1885, 31–2; opening up, 30–1; settlement pattern, 38
Shearing and shearers, 25, 170–1, 175
Sheep, 22, 151, 163, 165–7, 160–1, 170, 217–8 272; see also Runholders, Wool
Sherwood run, 40
Shipping, see Coastal shipping
Shopkeepers, 19, 98, 127, 191–2
Shows, agricultural and pastoral, 129, 175, 187, 188–9; horticultural, 151, 271, 275, 276
Skinner, Thomas Kingswell (surveyor), on 6–8 January 1886, 50, 58–9, 64–5, 75; surveys Stratford fire losses, 77–9, 80, 263
Small farms associations, 128
Smith, W. C. (H.B. politician), 68, 256–7, 257, 260, 261
Southland, fires, 89; sawmills and timber industry, 89, 132
Sports and recreations, 182, 215–7, 231–2, 227–8, 236, 243–4, 281, 282
Squatters, see Runholders
Stock and station agents, 153–4
Stonyhurst run, 92
Stores and storekeepers, 51, 146, 189, 223
Stratford, 51, 140, 153, 189, 223, 271; description 1885–6, 36; fire storm of 6 January 1886, 15–6, 48–63, 64, 116, 234, 242, 261, 264, 286–9; founding of, 33–4; in government strategic planning, 32, 35; yeoman economy of, 143–50
Subsistence farming, 48–50, 122, 129, 147–9
Sunday customs and observances, 115–6, 227
Tadmor, 97
Tahoraite, 44
Takapau, 18, 24, 38, 40–1, 259
Taranaki, development 1870–85, 32–7; firewood, 135; horses, 215–7; newspapers, 222–3, 232; railway, 32–5, 50, 53, 59–60, 63, 124, 186–7, 190; sawmills and timber industry, 36, 61, 64, 65–6, 134, 189; South Taranaki, farming 1881–6, 268–77; wheat and flour, 122
Taratahi West, 85
Te Aute, 43
Te Rahu, 88
Telegraph, 45, 64–5, 76, 220, 233–4, 261–2, 301 (note 30)
Teviotdale run, 92
Timber industry, 28–9, 117–8, 285–6; rarly water-based stage, 130–1; Auckland, 134, 210–12; Canterbury, 137–40; Hawke's Bay, 134; Marlborough, 132–4; Nelson, 134; Otago, 131, 132; Southland, 132; Rangitikei-Manawatu, 130, 134, 181; Taranaki, 134; Wairarapa, 134; Westland, 134; see also Sawmills
Time, settler consciousness of, 115–6, 123
Towns, 122, 177–93; in the ‘town, country and bush’ pattern, 116–8, 140–3, 170–6
Tradesmen, see Craftsmen
Union Steamship Co, 200, 206–7, 207
Village and globe mentality, 118–20, 123, 220–30, 233–4, 283
page 315Waimamaku, 174
Waimate Plains (Taranaki), 34, 187, 269
Waimea Plains (Nelson) and Waimea County, 160–66, 171–2, 179, 204
Waipawa, 38, 40, 43, 45, 73, 258
Wairarapa, 121, 122, 142; fires, 85, 159; railway, 140–2, 196, 204; timber industry, 134
Wakapuaka, 136
Wanganui, 75, 80, 142, 180–2, 181, 184–6, 204, 263
Wayfaring, 17, 31, 96, 167, 180, 218, 219
Wellington, 84, 98–110, 99, 142, 171, 184–5, 191–3, 199–208, 243, 265–6
Wellington Province, fires, 84–6; railways, 29–30, 36, 181, 186; sawmills and timber industry, 86, 130, 134; shipping, 171, 180, 184, 199–208
West Melton, 94
Westland, coal, 208–10; railways, 208, 290; shipping, 208–10; timber industry, 134
Westport, 201
Whareroa, 268
Women and girls, 15–6, 52, 105–6, 122, 123, 227, 249; and time, 115–6; in bush settlements, 26, 154–5, 158
Wood, its place in the settlers' economy, 19–20, 29, 117–8, 121–2; see also Fences and fencing, Firewood
Yeoman farmers, 21, 118, 125–6, 127, 159–66, 169, 229, 281–2; Old World origins, 151–2, 281–2; yeoman ideology, 281, 283–4; see also Bush settlers and settlements