1 Robert C. Tucker, Politics as Leadership, Columbia, Missouri, 1981, p. 14.

2 R.F. Hebert and A.N. Link, The Entrepreneur, New York, 1982, p. 108.

3 Tucker, Politics as Leadership, p. 16.

4 Ibid., pp. 18–9.

5 Day, Making of the New Zealand Press, esp. p. 240.

6 G.R. Hawke, ‘Acquisitiveness and Equality in New Zealand's Economic Development’, Economic History Review, 2nd Series, 32, 3, Aug. 1979, p. 385.

7 Ian R. Fletcher, ‘Parties in the New Zealand House of Representatives 1870–1890’, MA thesis, University of Canterbury, 1982, p. 2.

8 Ibid., p. 4.

9 New Zealand Parliamentary Debates, 59, 338 (5/12/1887).

10 Margaret Tennant, Paupers and Providers: Charitable Aid in New Zealand, Wellington, 1989, esp. Chapter 2.

11 Arnold, Farthest Promised Land, pp. 249, 252–4.

12 Weekly Herald (Wanganui), 10/3/1875, p. 5; NZM, 18/9/1875, p. 17.

13 Weekly Herald (Wanganui), 22/7/1876, p. 5.

14 NZM, 19/1/1878, p. 16.

15 HS, 2/7/1885.

16 Tennant, Paupers and Providers, p. 209, footnote 15.

17 Mary Boyd, ‘John Davies Ormond’, in The Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, Vol. 1, Wellington, 1990, pp. 324–5, for Ormond's career.

18 Arnold, ‘Opening of the Great Bush’, pp. 397, 677–8; New Zealand Parliamentary Debates, 48, 581 (24/7/1884).

19 HBH, 2/1/1886.

20 Evening News and Hawke's Bay Advertiser, 29/12/1885.

21 Ibid., 30/12/1885.

22 Ibid.

23 HBH, 31/12/1885 issue is missing from the files at ATL.

24 HBWC, 8/1/1886.

25 HBH, 4/1/1886.

26 Ian McGibbon, ‘Henry Stokes Tiffen’, in Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, Vol 1, pp. 539–40.

27 R.S. Hill, The Colonial Frontier Tamed: New Zealand Policing in Transition 1867–1886, Wellington, 1989, pp. 195–9, 288, page 301 361.

28 Woodville Examiner, 5/1/1886.

29 HBH, 5/1/1886.

30 The following month a newspaper elsewhere in the colony recorded the spread of a false rumour among the colony's telegraphists. It reports that during the crisis it was suggested to Inglewood's telegraphist that he might help by keeping his station open for extended hours. His irritated response of ‘That's pretty hot!’ was garbled into a report that the fires had reached Inglewood and nearly roasted its telegraphist at his post. It would seem from this that the telegraphists used the lines in slack hours to build up camaraderie among themselves. Unfortunately when I saw this item I did not immediately recognise its significance, and I have not been able to relocate it.

31 HS, 20/11/1885.

32 HS, 7 & 8/1/1886.

33 HS, 9/1/1886.

34 HS, 26/1/1886. The colony's Governor adopted a similar strategy, forwarding a cheque for £10 through his private secretary to George Marchant (Budget and Taranaki Weekly Herald, 30/1/1886, p. 7). This donation was received by the Hawera committee on 23 January (HS, 23/1/1886), and so came too late to have any influence on the resolution of the rift.

35 TH, 9/1/1886.

36 TH, 14/1/1886.

37 EP, 14/1/1886.

38 Ibid.

39 Ibid.

40 TH, 29/1/1886.

41 HS, 14/1/1886.

42 TH, 5/2/1886.

43 AWN, 23/1/1886, p. 21.

44 HS, 15/1/1886.

45 Y, 7/5/1886, p. 13.

46 AWN, 27/2/1886, p. 13.

47 ‘The Tawhiti Flour Mill’, Typescript Notes, Tawhiti Museum, Taranaki.

48 Y, 25/5/1883, p. 4.

49 Paul Voisey, Vulcan: The Making of a Prairie Community, Toronto, 1988, p. 5.

50 Patea Mail, 3/12/1886.

51 Leslie, Patea: A Centennial History, gives the company's story only seven words (p. 17).

52 Y, 8/10/1886, p. 13. See also Y, 14/1/1887, p. 13.

53 Patea Mail, 11/8/1886.

54 HS, 16/12/1885.

55 Egmont Star, 18/9/1886, p. 2.

56 HS, 16/8/1882.

57 Arnold, ‘Community in Rural Victorian New Zealand’, p. 15.

58 HS, 16/4/1883; Y, 25/5/1883, p. 4.

59 Y, 7/9/1883, p. 4.

60 Y, 21/12/1883, p. 10.

61 Y, 14/12/1883, p. 5.

62 C. Hursthouse, An Account of the Settlement of New Plymouth in New Zealand, London, 1849, p. 3.

63 HS, 3/3/1883, 3/10/1883; Y, 27/2/1885, p. 11; Egmont Star, 7/3/1885, p. 5.

64 HS, 16/7/1885, 5/10/1885, 10/12/1885.

65 HS, 8/10/1885.

66 HS, 20/5/1886.

67 H.G. Philpott, A History of the New Zealand Dairy Industry, 1840–1935, Wellington, 1937, pp. 65–6.

68 Ibid., p. 24.

69 [Wickham], Ramblings by A Tramp, p. 21.

70 TH, 26/4/1880.

71 TH, 24/6/1880.

72 W.K. Hulke, Golden Rules for Butter Making, New Plymouth, 1882, pp 15–16.

73 HS, 28/4/1883.

74 HS, 13/11/1884, 19/3/1885.

75 AWN, 19/5/1883, p. 6.

76 Ibid.

77 Y, 1/6/1883.

78 HS, 26/6/1883.

79 HS, 10/9/1883.

80 Arnold, ‘Community in Rural Victorian New Zealand’, p. 15. Philpott, History of the New Zealand Dairy Industry, overlooks Fischer's pioneering enterprise at Normanby.

81 AWN, 3/11/1883.

82 Philpott, History of the New Zealand Dairy Industry, pp. 59–60.

83 Y, 27/2/1885, p. 11, 6/3/1885, p. 4.

84 HS, 2/9/1885.

85 Philpott, History of the New Zealand Dairy Industry, p. 59.

86 Patea Mail, 12/7/1886, 11/8/1886, 16/8/1886.