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New Zealand's Burning — The Settlers' World in the Mid 1880s

11 Rush

11 Rush

1 Rollo Arnold, ‘The Virgin Forest Harvest and the Development of Colonial New Zealand’, New Zealand Geographer, 32, 2, Oct. 1976, pp. 105–26.

2 AJHR, 1886, C3, C3A.

3 The sources of the data and the rationale for Figure 11.3 are set out in Appendix 1.

4 AJHR, 1886, C3, p. 5.

5 AJHR, 1886, C3A, p. 5.

6 A.H. Reed, The Story of the Kauri, Wellington, 1953; R.C.J. Stone, Makers of Fortune a Colonial Business Community and its Fall, Auckland, 1973; Duncan Mackay, ‘The Orderly Frontier: The World of the Kauri Bushmen 1860–1925’, NZJH, 25, 2, Oct. 1991, pp. 147–57.

7 AJHR, 1877, C3.

8 Southland Times, 21/12/1885; Wairarapa Daily, 7/1/1886; AWN, 16/1/1886, p. 14; Colonist (Nelson), 8/1/1886; LT, 9/3/1886.

9 Fernand Braudel, Civilization and Capitalism 15th—18th Century, Volume 1: The Structures of Everyday Life, New York, 1981, p. 367.

10 Michael Williams, ‘Clearing the United States forests: pivotal years 1810–1860’, Journal of Historical Geography, 8, 1, 1982, pp. 12–28.

11 Ibid., p. 18.

12 Wairarapa Daily, 23/1/1886; Woodville Examiner, 26/1/1886; HBH, 2/1/1886.

13 Feilding Star, 30/1/1886.

14 AJHR, 1886, D-1A, p. 21.

page 296

15 AJHR, 1886, C-3, pp. 10–4.

16 HS, 27/10/1886.

17 G. Ogilvie, Banks Peninsula: Cradle of Canterbury, Wellington, 1990, p. 230.

18 Ibid.

19 G.W. Graham & L.J.B. Chapple, Ellesmere County: The Land, The Lake, and the People, 1864–1964, [Leeston], 1965, pp. 23–4.

20 W.H. Scotter, Ashburton: A History with Records of Town and County, Ashburton, 1972, p. 65.

21 Nelson Evening Mail, 4/1/1886.

22 Ogilvie, Banks Peninsula, pp. 230–4.

23 W.L. Kennedy, ‘Stratford History’, MS 091 [c. 1939] P, ATL.

24 Y, 18/5/1883, p. 10.

25 879 is the figure for the official statistics, but year by year they record more ships entering Kaipara Harbour than leaving it. This huge harbour was administered by the Marine Department whose staff seem to have concentrated on customs checks on arrivals, thus missing many departures.

26 TL 3/1/2, 15 Jan., 3 & 13 Feb. 1972, ATL.

27 CNZ, VI, p. 166; Obit. of Catherine Rose Ralfe, TH, 29/3/1955.

28 Cardiff Dairy Company Records, MSS, Taranaki Museum.

29 HS, 23/8/1885.

30 HS, 18/1/1886.

31 HS, 10/6/1954.

32 Brett's Colonists' Guide and Cyclopaedia of Useful Knowledge, ed. T.W. Leys, Auckland, 1883, pp. 723–6.

33 NZM, 20/3/1885, p. 23.

34 New Zealand Farmer, April 1890, p. 125.

35 Mick Reed, ‘The Peasantry of Nineteenth-Century England: a Neglected Class?’, History Workshop, 18, Autumn 1984, pp. 53–76.

36 G.C. Brodrick, English Land and English Landlords, London, 1881, p. 20.

37 J.D. Chambers and G.E. Mingay, The Agricultural Revolution 1750–1880, London, 1966, p. 57.

38 New Zealand Country Journal, 15, 4/7/1891, p. 328.

39 Taranaki Daily News, 28/7/1927.

40 Arnold, ‘Opening of the Great Bush’, pp. 668–9.

41 Egmont Star (Hawera), 18/9/1886, p. 2. This correspondent was in the bush of the Kaupokonui Survey Blocks, not at Kaupokonui township in the open country.

42 HS, 27/10/1886.

43 C.M. Arensberg and S.T. Kimball, Family and Community in Ireland, Gloucester, Mass., 1961, pp. 33–9.

44 Joan M. Jensen, ‘Butter Making and Economic Development in Mid-Atlantic America from 1750 to 1850’, Signs, 13, 4, Summer 1988, p. 822.

45 Ibid., pp. 816–7.

46 Charlotte Macdonald et al, eds., The Book of New Zealand Women: Ko Kui Ma Te Kaupapa, Wellington, 1991, sub Beaufort, Blanch, McMurray. See also Colleen Main (ed.), Our Lesser Stars: Twelve New Zealand Biographies, Auckland, 1990, pp. 21–2, 26, 180, 312–3.

47 Edward Wakefield, New Zealand after Fifty Years, London, 1889, pp. 138–9.

48 Mary P. Ryan, Cradle of the Middle Class: The Family in Oneida County, New York, 1790–1865, Cambridge, 1981, p. 231.

49 Arensberg and Kimball, Family and Community in Ireland, pp. 46, 51, 53–4.

50 TH, 8/1/1886.

51 Ibid.

52 Chapt. 4.

53 R.D. Arnold, ‘The Country Child in Later Victorian New Zealand’, in Australasian Victorian Studies Association: Conference Papers 1982, ed. H. Debenham and W. Slinn, Christchurch, 1983, p. 9.

54 Reed, ‘The Peasantry of Nineteenth-Century England’, p. 57.

55 Braudel, The Structures of Everyday Life, p. 284

56 See e.g. Rollo Arnold, The Farthest Promised Land: English Villagers, New Zealand Immigrants of the 1870s, Wellington, 1981, pp 105–8.

57 Arnold, ‘Opening of the Great Bush’, pp. 404–16.

58 Egmont Star, 21/8/1886, p. 2 (reprinting page 297 from Feilding Star).

59 HS, 22/4/1886; Y, 25/6/1886, p. 11.

60 AJHR, 1886, C-3, p. 4.

61 Egmont Star, 14/8/1886, Supplement.

62 HS, 26/1/1886.

63 HS, 13/10/1885.

64 Egmont Star, 21/2/1885, p. 11; HS, 28/11/1885.

65 Reed, ‘The Peasantry of Nineteenth-Century England’, p. 58.