'Limit of the Sap' by F.H. Arden, a contemporary view of 1861 after the fighting showing the sap running towards Te Arei

Te Arei was stockaded and entrenched on the crest of a low rise in the ridge (which does not show well in the aerial photograph), and the sap has been made up through ground very exposed to the defenders' fire. Gabions (wicker baskets) hold up the walls of the traverses and the demi-parallels (at left). The value of the demi-parallels in offering a full line of fire against Te Arei is obvious. The modern road follows a line somewhat to the right of the horse track and must have damaged the right flank of the British redoubt built on the site of Te Arei in 1864.