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Ethnology of Manihiki and Rakahanga

Figure 65. Double canoe, bulwark (paruru): a, bulwark; b, fitting of bulwark to stern, gunwale, and bow pieces. a, strips of lauhala (1) doubled over round spar (2) and piece of dyed papa material (3) stitched along top to fold over for depth of spar; doubled-over parts stitched to spar by series of half-hitches (4) made with two-ply twisted sennit (whauhoto). b, bulwark placed above gunwale (5) and spar (2) stretched between stern and bow pieces; aft end of spar fitted just below aft seat (6) …

Figure 65. Double canoe, bulwark (paruru): a, bulwark; b, fitting of bulwark to stern, gunwale, and bow pieces. a, strips of lauhala (1) doubled over round spar (2) and piece of dyed papa material (3) stitched along top to fold over for depth of spar; doubled-over parts stitched to spar by series of half-hitches (4) made with two-ply twisted sennit (whauhoto). b, bulwark placed above gunwale (5) and spar (2) stretched between stern and bow pieces; aft end of spar fitted just below aft seat (6) and secured with lashing (7) passing through holes in stern piece; fore end fitted just below fore seat (8) and secured with lashing (9) passing through holes in bow piece; lower spar (10), wrapped also with papa material dyed red, laid over lower ends of lauhala and jams them against sides of gunwale and gunwale projections; lower spar secured by series of turns passing around spar and through holes in upper edges of woodwork in much the same way as seam batten, but lashing turns more widely spaced; any extra length of lauhala cut off below lower spar.

Figure 65. Double canoe, bulwark (paruru): a, bulwark; b, fitting of bulwark to stern, gunwale, and bow pieces. a, strips of lauhala (1) doubled over round spar (2) and piece of dyed papa material (3) stitched along top to fold over for depth of spar; doubled-over parts stitched to spar by series of half-hitches (4) made with two-ply twisted sennit (whauhoto). b, bulwark placed above gunwale (5) and spar (2) stretched between stern and bow pieces; aft end of spar fitted just below aft seat (6) and secured with lashing (7) passing through holes in stern piece; fore end fitted just below fore seat (8) and secured with lashing (9) passing through holes in bow piece; lower spar (10), wrapped also with papa material dyed red, laid over lower ends of lauhala and jams them against sides of gunwale and gunwale projections; lower spar secured by series of turns passing around spar and through holes in upper edges of woodwork in much the same way as seam batten, but lashing turns more widely spaced; any extra length of lauhala cut off below lower spar.