Figure 116.—Technique of ornamental lashing. a, transverse spaced bands: commencement end (x) is upward toward foot of haft, held with left thumb, and four loose turns (1-4) are made around shaft from right to left; free end (5) of braid is passed under all four turns, and each turn is drawn taut successively from below up (1-4); slack which accumulates with last turn (4) is then drawn down under turns by pulling on free end (5). The technique buries commencement end (x) and leaves free end of braid to pass downward and form another band below with same technique. b, zigzag pattern: looking down on dorsal surface of shaft. Commencement end of braid is fixed by a couple of transverse turns below adz lashing and braid makes its first course (1) by spiral turns around whole length of shaft, care being taken to keep turns parallel. On dorsal surface, this first course (1) is shown descending from right to left but on under surface it descends from left to right as shown by dotted line. At end of shaft, braid takes a transverse turn and then ascends with second course (2) to cross first course (1) in middle of dorsal and under surfaces and so sets up pattern to be followed by subsequent four courses. Note that on dorsal surface second course (2) ascends from right to left, the reverse on under surface. Third course (3) descends and keeps on upper side of first (1) while fourth course (4) ascends on lower side of second course (2). Having reached top, fifth course (5) has to descend on lower side of first (1) because upper side is already occupied by third course (3). From bottom, sixth and last course (6) must ascend on upper side of second course (2) because lower side is occupied by fourth (4). End of braid may be fixed by passing it under a transverse turn and cutting off slack. A little adjustment is needed at the upper and lower ends of shaft, but once first two courses are established, others follow automatically in sequence. It really does not matter whether third course passes above or below first, or fourth above or below second. Fifth and sixth courses complete pattern by taking unoccupied side. c, d, e, elliptical pattern: viewed from above but with under surface spread out on flat; two middle ellipses are seen from above and two outer ellipses meet in middle line of under surface. c, braid commencement end (x) is turned upward on left of dorsal middle line and after four loose turns (1-4) are made from left to right around shaft, free end (5) is passed downward below them on right of mid line. In the figure each turn has a right and a left half. The first turn (1, 1) is drawn taut to mid line and then second (2, 2) turn, which fixes the commencement end (x). Then right half of third turn (3) describes a curve below first turns (1, 2) in inner right quadrant and above them in outer right quadrant, the slack of left half (3′) being shown still slack, d, from last upper curve on right, left half of third turn (3′) describes a lower curve in outer left quadrant and commences an upper curve in inner left quadrant. It cannot curve down to make a compensating lower curve in adjacent inner right quadrant because that curve is already occupied. Third turn (3′), therefore, passes straight across mid line where it becomes right half of fourth turn (4) which turns down to make a lower curve in outer fourth quadrant. Slack of fourth turn (4′) is shown on left where it is above first two turns. e, slack of fourth turn (4′) now completes an upper curve in outer left quadrant, and completes a lower curve in inner left quadrant. Accumulated slack of fourth turn is removed by pulling on free end (5) and this by pulling down fourth turn (4, 4′) in middle line completes upper curves. Thin flat braid enables curves to retain their position.