History of New Zealand. Vol. III.

STATISTICS OF NEW ZEALAND

STATISTICS OF NEW ZEALAND.

A. General Summary, 1854 to 1893–4.

page
Population 444
Net Immigration 444
Public Revenue 444
Debt, Public and Municipal 444
External Trade 444
Exports of Principal Home Products 444
Shipping Entered and Cleared 445
Shipping Owned by Colony 445
Cultivated Holdings 445
Land in Cultivation 445
Land under Wheat 445
Coal Raised 445
Live Stock 445
Telegraphs 445
Railways 445
Banking Returns 445
Savings Banks 445
Friendly Societies, Members 445
Education, Primary 445

B. Detailed Statements.

1. Area 446
2. Temperature and Rainfall 446
3. Constitution 446
4. Electoral Franchise 447
5. Population of Chief Cities 447
6. State-Assisted Immigration 447
7. Birth, Death, and Marriage Rates 447
8. Public Revenue Account 447
9. Public Revenue 448
10. Public Expenditure 448
11. Public Debt—
( a) Purposes for which raised 449
( b) Rates of Interest 450
( c) Annual Charge 450
( d) When Repayable 450
12. Income Tax 451
13. Land Tax—
( a) Landowners 451
( b) Value of Private Land 451
( c) Amount Payable 451
( d) Cost of Collection 452
( e) Occupations of Tax-payers 452
14. Exports of Principal Articles 453
15. Lands, Public and Private 453
16. Occupied Holdings 454
17. Agriculture 454
18. Minerals Raised 455
19. Manufactories, Works, &c. 455
20. Timber Industry 456
21. Government Railways 457
22. Education, State Primary 457
23. State Life Assurance 458
24. Public Trust Office 458
25. Government Advances to Settlers 458

C. Census Results.

1. Birthplaces 459
2. Religions 459
3. Occupations 459
4. Education, Rudimentary 459

D. The Maoris.

1. Number of Maoris, 1881 and 1891 460
2. Tribal Population 460
3. Parliamentary Representn. 461
4. Education 461
5. Occupations 461
6. Agriculture 461
7. Live Stock 461

B. DETAILED STATEMENTS.

2. Temperature and Rainfall.

Auckland. Wellington. Christchurch. Dunedin.
Latitude 36°60′ 41°16′ 43°32′ 45°52′
Mean Temperature ° ° ° °
Summer 66·6 62·2 61·1 57·7
Autumn 61·1 56·6 53·3 51·1
Winter 52·2 48·8 43·3 43·3
Spring 57·7 54·4 53·3 50·0
Year 59·9 55·5 52·2 50·0
Yearly Extremes
Average maximum 88·8 78·8 88·8 84·4
Average minimum 33·3 32·2 25·5 29·9
in. in. in. in.
Average Rainfall * 41·1 37·7 25·5 35·5

* These figures hardly give an adequate idea of the rainfall of the country, as the rainfall in the Western portions of the Colony is greater than in the Eastern, and the towns shown are situated on the Easterly coasts. At Hokitika, on the West coast, for example, the average is 120 in., and the maximum 154 ½ in.

3. Constitution, 1893.

Legislative Council
Present No. of Members 46
Term of appointment—
Prior to September, 1891 Life
From to September, 1891 7 years
How appointed Nominated
House of Representatives No. of Members—
Europeans 70
Maoris 4
Term for which elected (years) 3
Constituencies—
European 62 *
Maori 4

* Four with three members to each.

5. Population of Chief Cities, 1891.
( With Suburbs.)

Percentage of Total Population.
Auckland 51,287 8·8
Wellington 34,190 5·5
Christchurch 47,846 7·7
Dunedin 45,869 7·7

7. Birth, Death and Marriage Rates.

Average 1889–93. Per 1000 of the Population.
Births 28·87
Deaths 9·95
Marriages 6·62

8. Public Revenue Account.

( Year ended 31st March, 1895.)
Credit Balance from previous year £290,238
Revenue, 1894–5 £4,288,716
Expenditure, 1894–5 4,398,930 *
Deficiency 110,214
Credit Balance carried forward £180,024

* See latter portion of foot note (†) to No. 10.

10. Public Expenditure, 1894–5.

General Administration
Civil List £24,412
Legislature 17,398
Civil Establishment 110,703
Judicial and Legal 124,204
Police 94,210
Defences 62,156
Not specified (under special acts) 189,891
Total £622,974
Lands
Crown Lands, Administration and Survey £165,043
Agriculture 42,530
Mining 15,602
Total £223,175
Intellectual Culture and Charities
Public Instruction £396,234
Charitable Institutions 54,414
Total £450,648
Public Works
Railways £725,256
Post Office and Telegraphs 298,766
General Public Works 367,517 *
Interest, &c., Public Debt 1,599,089
Total £2,990,628
Commerce
Customs and Excise £65,675
Harbour Endowments 33,508
Total £99,183
Miscellaneous
Department of Labour £3,437
Other 8,885
Total £12,322
Grand Total £4,398,930

* Including endowment to local bodies, £67,343; and £250,000 transferred to Public Works Fund.

Debt largely raised for the construction of public works. Exclusive of charges for sinking fund, met by Debentures raised for the purpose, viz., £117,800.

11. Public Debt, 1894–5.

Note.—Affairs connected with the New Zealand Bank are not embodied here; being inchoate. At page 385 in this volume the hasty manner in which in 1894 the New Zealand ministry contracted an obligation of Two Millions Sterling has been recorded. Their confidence in themselves and their proposals was speedily exposed to a rude shock. In 1895, they made another hurried application for help for the institution to which they had linked themselves; and their Parliamentary opponents magnanimously aided in devising measures of relief. Statistics are sometimes sneered at as deceptive; but they do not fail to teach that a community led by men who flout at wisdom and deride experience will have to pay for its own experiments. “The injuries which wilful men procure must be their schoolmasters.”

( a)

Purposes for which Contracted

.
1. Reproductive Works
Railways £14,655,026
Telegraphs 679,793
Water Supply 587,041
Harbours, &c. 906,958∗
Total Revenue Yield £16,828,818
2. Other Works
Roads and Bridges £3,855,455
Defence Works 429,719
Other Public Works 2,266,873
Total £6,552,047
3. Miscellaneous
Immigration £2,146,552
Land Purchases (chiefly from Maoris) 1,297,517
Rates on Native Lands 61,072
Revenue Deficiencies 218,500
Charges and Expenses of Raising Loans 1,026,828
Unapportioned 11,695,081 *
Total £16,445,550
Total Debt, 31st March, 1894 £39,826,415
Total Debt, 31st March, 1895 £40,386,964

Note.—The above figures represent the net expenditure out of the “Public Works Fund” since 1870, as there is no other existing record of the loans’ expenditure. This fund, however, includes, besides loan moneys, receipts in aid from stamp duties, &c. The balance unaccounted for, set down above as “Unapportioned,” includes the old provincial loans, loans not accounted for, and unexpended balances. Treasury Bills, amounting to £810,000—of which £334,000 were in aid of revenue, and £476,000 to redeem guaranteed debentures—are not included. As a set-off against the public debt there was an Accrued Sinking Fund amounting to £951,924 on 31st March, 1894, and £751,932 on 31st March, 1895.

( b) Rates of Interest.
Rate. Amounts Outstanding.
7 £15,000
6 ¼ 35,000
6 176,900
5 1,137,300
4 ½ 2,388,400
Rate. Amounts Outstanding
4 £31,167,702
3 ½ 5,466,351
Nil (overdue) 311
Total, 31st March, 1895 £40,386,964
( c) Annual Charge for Debt, on 31st March, 1895.
Amount. Average Rate.
Annual Interest £1,616,225 3·30%
Sinking Fund 40,746 £10%
Total £1,656,971 4·40%
( d) When Repayable.
Year. Amount.
1895 {£311 *
£136,408
1896 491,200
1897 305,890
1898 1,540,200
1899 279,302
1900 50,000
1905 102,600
1907 1,000,000
1908 184,000
1909 40,000
1910 183,025
1913 £506,500
1914 367,100
1915 3,800
1916 12,200
1929 (Inscribed Stock London) 29,150,302
1940 (Inscribed Stock London) 5,308,326
Annual drawings 725,800
Total, Mar. 31, 1895 £40,386,964

* Portion of expenditure on Defences included under Harbours, &c., and portion under “Unapportioned.”

* Overdue.

Consisting of £34,616,653 Inscribed Stock issued in London, £1,888,308 Stock in the Colony, and £3,882,003 Debentures.

13. Land Tax.

Land Tax is at the rate of 1d. in £1 on the value of land, less improvements and mortgages, after deducting an exemption of £500 on estates of an unimproved value of £1500 or under, and a gradually diminishing exemption up to £2500, when the exemption vanishes. (Mortgagees are taxed as if holders of land.)

Graduated Land Tax, in addition, on estates of an unimproved value (including mortgages) of £5000 or upwards. Rate of tax is graduated, commencing with ⅛ penny, and gradually increasing by eighths to a maximum of 2d. on properties valued at £210,000 or upwards. (Absentees pay 20 per cent. additional.)

( a) Land Owners in New Zealand
Percentage.
Paying tax 12,360 13 ½
Exempt from tax 79,141 86 ½
Total 91,501 * 100
( b) Value of Private Land
Without improvements— Acres. Percentage.
Taxed 48,480,000 53
Exempt 5,947,175 6
54,427,175 59
Improvements 37,943,991 41
Total 92,371,166 100

( c) Land Tax Payable 1893–4—

Ordinary £202,000
Graduated 83,000
Total £285,000

( d) Cost of Collection (average)—
Per £100 revenue from Land and Income Taxes £4 18 6
( e) Occupations of Taxpayers, 1892–3.
Ordinary Land Tax. Graduated Land Tax. Income Tax.
Designation. No. of Payers. Amount. No. of Payers. Amount. No. of Payers. Amount.
£ £ £
Professional — clergymen, lawyers, doctors, authors, editors, engineers, surveyors, and architects 449 6,612 42 755 652 6,153
Civil servants, officers of local bodies, teachers, &c. 173 773 5 10 391 1,498
Retired professional men, merchants, and others 154 6,610 45 1,660 89 692
Merchants, importers, warehousemen, contractors, &c.—firms 92 2,603 22 243 111 8,383
Merchants, importers, warehousemen, contractors, &c.—persons 300 5,770 56 1,306 127 2,010
Tradesmen, wholesale and retail shopkeepers, storekeepers, carriers, &c. 1,251 6,182 41 204 558 5,592
Working storemen, mechanics, labourers, shepherds, miners, sailors, &c. 220 474 2 7 29 62
Manufacturers, brewers, millers, founders, sawmillers, shipbuilders, &c. 170 1,697 19 175 139 2,280
Graziers, sheepfarmers, farmers, dairymen, &c. 4,760 60,203 766 28,015 97 1,123
Land, commission, or general agents, auctioneers, accountants, brokers, commercial and other managers, clerks, bookkeepers, master mariners 397 4,220 35 323 914 6,112
Widows, wives’ trustees, spinsters 1,837 13,574 57 689 58 483
Other trust estates and estates of deceased persons
1,522 33,455 210 6,738 26 362
Absentees 784 21,053 114 4,109 20 139
Companies—
Banks 6 4,596 6 2,512 4 3,076
Life insurance 6 6,771 6 446 8 4,573
Loan 30 26,567 14 2,700 15 1,656
Land 19 16,579 13 15,232 3 396
Mercantile 36 4,850 9 492 84 10,960
Manufacturing 23 1,832 8 463 44 5,254
Manufacturing and mercantile 15 1,495 5 791 21 3,336
Mining (coal) 6 92 2 8 7 1,325
Mining (gold) 23 2,735
Fire and marine insurance 9 2,631 3 221 28 5,427
Building societies 37 1,968 1 19
Church property—
Corporation and trusts 64 1,974 10 762
Totals 12,360 232,581 1,491 67,880 3,448 73,627

* Equivalent to 53 per cent. of adult male population.

16. Occupied Holdings 1891 (over 1 acre).

Acreage (000′s omitted).
Size of Holdings. No. of Holdings. Freehold. Leasehold, &c.∗ Total.
Acres.
1- 11,116 28, 24, 52,
10- 8,899 149, 106, 255,
50- 5,613 277, 158, 435,
100- 6,851 655, 374, 1,029,
200- 3,916 610, 403, 1,013,
320- 3,802 1,058, 660, 1,718,
640- 1,321 662, 396, 1,058,
1,000- 1,675 2,144, 1,281, 3,425,
5,000- 247 1,209, 560, 1,769,
10,000- 189 1,911, 788, 2,699,
20,000- 117 2,508, 833, 3,341,
50,000- 24 802, 723, 1,525,
Upwards of 100,000 7 397, 681, 1,078,
Total 43,777 12,410, 6,987, 19,397,

17. Agriculture, 1893–4.

Land Under— Acres. Produce.
Wheat 242,737 4,891,695 bush.
Oats 376,646 12,153,068 bush.
Barley 28,857 724,653 bush.
Maize 5,116 224,539 bush.
Other Cereals 16,494 444,126 bush.
Potatoes 21,121 126,540 tons.
Hay 60,740 86,198 tons.
Green Forage (exclusive of grass) 517,747
Mangolds, Beet, Carrots, &c. 7,021
Hops 778 7,665 cwt.
Tobacco 4 2,290 lb. drd.leaf.
Gardens and Orchards 31,060
Other Crops 5,291
In Fallow 142,342
Total Tillage 1,455,954
Under Permanent Artificial Grass 8,638,157
Produce Per Acre.
Wheat 20·05 bush.
Oats 32·27 bush.
Barley 25·51 bush.
Maize 43·39 bush.
Other Cereals 26·63 bush.
Potatoes 5·59 tons
Hay 1·12 tons

18.—Minerals Obtained up to end of 1893.

Quantity. Value.
Gold 12,600,944 ozs. £49,566,878
Silver 667,762 ozs. 153,887
Coal 5,653,063 tons }
Brown Coal and Lignite 2,843,786 tons 4,502,290
Kauri Gum 6,860,196
Manganese Ore 17,297 tons. 56,107
Antimony Ore, &c. 3,481 tons. 49,507
Chrome Ore 5,666 tons. 37,367
Other Minerals 111,757
Total £61,337,989

19.—Manufactories, Works, &c., Censuses 1881 and 1891.

(Including Gold-quartz and Hydraulic Mining Works, Collieries and Stone Quarries; but exclusive of Government Printing Office and Railway Workshops.)

1881. 1891.
No. of Manufactories, &c. 1,643 2,570
Hands Employed
Males 16,599 26,911
Females 1,399 2,969
Horse Power Employed 13,315 33,392
Wages Paid Annually To
Males £2,106,860
Females £102,999
Total £2,209,859
£ £
Value of Articles Produced *7,436,649 9,422,146
Value of Materials Used Not stated 3,472,000
Value of Machinery and Plant 1,612,141 3,051,699
Value of Lands and Buildings 1,993,141 2,775,277

* Figures for 1886.

19a.—Production and Employment in Chief Manufactories 1891.

Annual Output. Hands Employed.
£
Meat-freezing, Preserving, and Boiling-down Works 1,464,659 1,568
Tanning, Fellmongering, and Wool-scouring Establishments 1,026,349 1,196
Grain Mills 991,812 499
Saw Mills 832,959 3,266
Boot and Shoe Factories 403,736 1,943
Iron and Brass Foundries, Boiler Manufacturers, and Millwrights 403,635 1,787
Printing Establishments 354,559 2,569
Breweries 300,508 476
Collieries 279,777 1,655
Woollen Mills 279,175 1,175
Gold-mining, &c., Works 278,893 1,971
Flax Mills 234,266 3,204
All Others 2,571,818 8,571
Total £9,422,146 29,880

20.—Timber Industry, 1890.

No. of Mills 243
Hands Employed 3,266
Horse Power Employed 4,637
Timber Worked Up during Year
Quantity. Value.
Sawn 162,116,221 feet £566,535
Posts and Rails 56,293
Re-sawing, Planed Flooring, Skirting, &c. 30,451,949 feet 144,095
Moulding 8,436,584 run. feet 25,786
Doors and Sashes 52,275 No. 40,250
Total Value £832,959

22. State Primary Education, 1893.

Schools (No.) 1,355
Teachers (including 160 sewing mistresses) 3,426
Scholars—
Gross Enrolment 163,105
Distinct Children 138,500
Daily Attendance (average) 98,615
Percentage of Enrolments 60·0
Expenditure defrayed by—
State £349,688
Education Reserves Fund 37,170
Local Sources 2,902
Total £389,760
Cost of Instruction per head of Mean Population £0 11 9
Cost of Instruction per head in Average Attendance 3 19 0

Note.—The system of education is secular, compulsory, and free. The compulsory school age is 7 to 13.

24. Public Trust Office.
Estates Remaining at end of 1893.

No. Value.
Wills and Trusts 371 £543,238
Intestate Estates 886 84,436
Unclaimed Realty 117 23,465
Lunatic Estates 271 51,278
Native Reserves 102 348,500
West Coast Settlement Reserves 293 400,000
Total 2,040 £1,450,917

25. Government Advances to Settlers. (Act passed in 1894.)

Amount Authorized £3,000,000
Borrowed in London to 30th June, 1895 £1,500,000
Rate of Interest, Nominal 3%
Proceeds £1,416,600

Applications for Advances to 30th June, 1895—

No. Amount.
Received 2,156 £884,453
Dealt with 1,552 559,855
Approved 965 354,907

Note.—The object of this measure is to reduce the rate of interest payable by producers in the Colony, and it is stated that it has to a certain extent already achieved that object.

D. MAORIS.

1. Number of Maoris (approximate only).

1881. 1891.
Males 24,368 22,861
Females 19,729 19,132
Total 44,097 41,993

2. Tribal Population, 1891.

Ages.
Principal Tribe. Under 15. Over 15. Total Population.
Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. Persons.
Arawa 678 564 1,369 1,102 2,047 1,666 3,713
Muaupoko 6 2 45 36 51 38 89
Ngatiporou 628 581 1,348 1,138 1,976 1,719 3,695
Ngatikahungunu 938 796 1,963 1,497 2,901 2,293 5,194
Ngaiterangi 235 192 505 384 740 576 1,316
Ngapuhi 1,357 1,205 2,095 1,657 3,452 2,862 6,314
Ngatimaniapoto 284 256 527 464 811 720 1,531
Ngatimaru 203 188 542 416 745 604 1,349
Ngatiawa 326 280 806 615 1,132 895 2,027
Ngatiraukawa 291 248 576 484 867 732 1,599
Ngatiruanui 107 67 373 288 480 355 835
Ngatiwhatua 72 65 195 139 267 204 471
Rangitane 14 14 43 27 57 41 98
Rarawa 414 382 701 526 1,115 908 2,023
Taranaki 91 65 260 193 351 258 609
Urewera 204 245 418 344 622 589 1,211
Waikato 665 636 1,502 1,120 2,167 1,756 3,923
Whanau-a-Apanui 142 108 225 221 367 329 696
Whanganui 310 224 676 537 986 761 1,747
Whakatohea 101 99 179 167 280 266 546
Unspecified 40 26 87 53 246 197 443∗
Others 17 12 48 29 65 41 106
Population.
North Island 2,123 6,755 14,483 11,437 21,725 17,810 39,535 *
Middle Island 374 366 598 543 973 910 1,883
Stewart Island 31 34 41 30 72 64 136
Chatham Islands:
Maoris 22 40 43 43 65 83 148
Morioris 4 2 22 12 26 14 40
Maori Wives living with European husbands 251 251 251
Totals 7,554 6,697 15,187 12,316 22,861 19,132 41,993

3. Parliamentary Representation.

The Maoris return four Maori members, representing four constituencies (three in the North Island and one in the Middle Island), to the House of Representatives; and two members of the Legislative Council are Aboriginal chiefs. In 1893, the number of Maoris (of both sexes) who voted at the General Election was 11,269, or about 27 per cent, of the total Maori population.

4. Education of Children, 1893.

No. of Native Village Schools 66
Scholars attending Native and Public Schools 2,570
Scholars attending Private Schools 103

5. Chief Occupations.

Cultivating land.

Cutting flax.

Working at flax mills.

Stripping wattle bark.

Digging for kauri gum.

6. Agriculture, 1891.

Land under— Acres.
Wheat 11,203
Maize 5,599
Potatoes 16,093
Other crops 16,220
Sown grasses 26,718
Total 75,833

7. Live Stock, 1891.

Sheep 262,763
Cattle 42,912
Pigs 86,259

(The Maoris also possess horses.)

* Including 119 males and 118 females; ages not specified.

Including 1 male and 1 female; ages not specified.

Including 120 males and 119 females; ages not specified.