Manual of the New Zealand Flora.
I. Synoptical Key to the Orders
I. Synoptical Key to the Orders.
The classification adopted in this work is that followed by Hooker and Bentham in their well-known "Genera Plantarum," published between the years 1862 and 1883. It is also the arrangement adopted in the "Flora of New Zealand," the "Handbook," in Bentham's "Flora Australiensis," and in the whole of the series of colonial Floras prepared under the more or less active guidance of the authorities at Kew. Its principal defect is in the sequence of the orders of Dicotyledons, which is made to depend entirely on the characters afforded by the perianth; the poly-petalous orders being followed by the gamopetalous, and these in their turn by the various. orders in which the floral envelopes are-more or less reduced or altogether wanting. But this last group, known as the Monochlamydeæ, or Incomplete, consists largely of orders presenting well-marked affinities with others in the Poly-petalous or Gamopetalous divisions. Hence by recent authors, and notably by Engler in "Die Naturlichen Pfianzenfamilien,"' the Monochlamydeous division has been entirely abandoned, the orders composing it being relegated in part to the Polypetalæ and in part to the Gamopetalce. As Engler's classification is now largely used, I have appended to the following synopsis a sketch showing how the orders of New Zealand plants are arranged under it.
Subkingdom I. Phanerogamia.
Plants bearing true flowers—that is, having stamens and ovules, the latter after fertilisation developing into seeds containing an embryo.
Class I. Dicotyledons.
Stem consisting of a pith in the centre, of bark on the outside, and of interposed woody tissue; when perennial increasing in diameter annually by the addition of a new layer of wood to the outside of the old wood, and of a new layer of bark to the inside of the old bark. Leaves usually with reticulated veins. Parts of the flower generally in fours or fives or eights. Embryo usually with two opposite cotyledons, rarely with several in a whorl.
Subclass I. Angiospermous Dicotyledons.
Ovules enclosed in an ovary, which is always provided with a stigma. Pollen not directly applied to the ovules, but falling upon the stigma, and there emitting pollen-tubes which pass through the tissue of the stigma and so reach the cavity of the ovary and the ovules.
Division I. PolypetalÆ.
Flowers with both calyx and corolla. Petals free.
Exceptions. — Flowers wanting the corolla occur in 1, Ranunculaceæ (Clematis, Myosurus, Caltha); 3, Cruciferæ (some species of Lepidium); 6, Caryo-phylleæ (Colobanthus and a few species of Stellaria); 18, Rhamneæ (three species of Pomaderris and Discaria Toumatou); 19, Sapindaceæ (both the genera found in New Zealand); 23, Bosaceæ (Acæna); 27, Halorageæ (Calli-triche and frequently in Gunnera); 29, Onagraceæ (one species of Fuchsia); 32, Ficoideæ (Tetragonia); 35, Cornaceæ (occasionally in Griselinia).
Petals coherent at the base occur in 7, Portulaceæ (Montia, Hectorella); 10, Malvaceæ; 17, Stackhousieæ; 25, Crassulaceæ (Tillæa); 31, Cucurbitaceæ (Sicyos).
Subdivision. I. Thalamifloreæ. Sepals generally distinct and separate, free from the ovary. Petals hypogynous. Stamens hypogynous, often indefinite. Torus small or elongated, not expanded into a disc. Ovary superior.
Exceptions.—Stamens sometimes slightly perigynous in 6, Caryophylleæ (Colobanthus).
* Ovary apocarpous. Carpels 1 or more.
Subdivision II. Discifloræ. — Sepals distinct or connate, free or rarely adnate to the ovary. Disc usually conspicuous, expanded into a ring or cushion either free or adnate to the ovary or calyx or to both, rarely broken up into separate glands. Stamens usually definite, inserted upon the disc or at its outer or inner base. Ovary superior.
Exceptions.—Disc reduced to minute glands in 12, Lineæ; and 13, Gerani-aceæ; altogether wanting in 21, Coriarieæ.
Subdivision III. Calycifioræ. Sepals usually more or less-connate, very rarely distinct, often adnate to the ovary. Petals and stamens inserted on the inside of the calyx-tube, or on the top of an epigynous disc when the calyx is adnate to the ovary. Ovary superior or inferior.
Exceptions.—Calyx and corolla both wanting in one genus of 27, Halorageæ (Callitriche). Petals connate at the base in 25, Crassulaceæ (Tillæa). Stamens hypogynous in 26, Droseraceæ.
* Ovary superior (except in some Rosaceæ and Saxifrageæ). Stamens perigynous.
Division II. GamopetalÆ.
Flowers with both calyx and corolla. Petals more or less connate into a lobed corolla.
Exceptions.—Corolla absent in the New Zealand species of 47, Oleaceæ. Petals free or nearly so in some species of 45, Myrsineæ.
Subdivision I. Epigynæ. Ovary inferior.
* Stamens epipetalous.
Division III. IncompletÆ.
Flowers with a single floral envelope (the calyx), or both calyx and corolla wanting.
* Flowers usually hermaphrodite. Perianth regular. Ovary superior, syncarpous, 1 - celled; ovule generally solitary. Embryo coiled or curved; albumen farinaceous.
Subclass II. GymnospermÆ.
Ovules naked, not enclosed in an ovary; style and stigma wanting. Pollen coming into direct contact with the ovules.
- LXXVIII. Coniferæ. Flowers unisexual. Perianth always wanting. Males catkin-like, reduced to stamens only. Females of one or more naked ovules sessile on a scale or bract; scales few or many, in the latter case often forming cones or heads.—Trees or shrubs; leaves undivided, acicular or scale-like, rarely flattened. (p. 644.)
Class II. Monocotyledons.
Stem consisting of a cellular axis traversed longitudinally by scattered closed vascular bundles, with no defined central pith or separable bark. Leaves usually with parallel veins. Parts of the flower generally in threes or fours, never in fives. Embryo with a single terminal cotyledon.
Series I. Epigynæ. Perianth conspicuous, biseriate, usually coloured. Ovary inferior, syncarpous, 3-celled.
Subkingdom II. Cryptogamia.
Plants not bearing true flowers—that is, having no stamens nor ovules, and never producing seeds containing an embryo.
Class I. Pteridophyta.
Plants usually furnished with roots, leaves, and stems; in all cases containing well - developed vascular tissue. Reproductive organs composed of sporangia or spore - cases, containing microscopic spores, which on germination develop a prothallium.
The remaining classes and orders of Cryptogamia are not included in the present work.
Arrangement of the New Zealand Orders According to the Classification Adopted in Engler and Prantl's "Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien."
Subkingdom Embryophyta Siphonogama.
Division I. GymnospermÆ.
Class I. ConiferÆ.
1. Taxaceæ. 2. Pinaceæ (equivalent to Order 78 of the previous arrangement).
Division II. AngiospermÆ.
Class I. MonocotyledoneÆ.
Cohort I. Pandanales.
3. Typhaceæ (part 86). 4. Pandanaceæ (85). 5. Sparganiaceæ (part 86).
Cohort II. Helobiæ. 6. Potamogetonaceæ (part 88). 7. Juncaginaceæ (part 88).
Cohort III. Glumifloræ.
8. Gramineæ (92). 9. Cyperaceæ (91).
Cohort IV. Principes.
10. Palmæ (84).
Cohort V. Spathifloræ.
11. Lemnaceæ (87).
Cohort VI. Farinosæ.
12. Restionaceæ (90). 13. Centrolepidaceæ (89).
Cohort VII. Liliifloræ.
14. Juncaceæ (83). 15. Liliaceæ (82). 16. Amaryllidaceæ (81). 17. Iridaceæ (80).
Cohort VIII. Microspermæ.
18. Orchidaceæ (79).
Class II. DicotyledoneÆ.
Subclass I. ArchichlamydeÆ.
Cohort I. Piperales.
19. Piperaceæ (66). 20. Chloranthaceæ (67).
Cohort II. Fagales.
21. Fagaceæ (77).
Cohort III. Urticales. 22. Moraceæ (part 76). 23. Urticaceæ (part 76).
Cohort IV. Proteales.
24. Proteaceæ (70).
Cohort V. Santalales.
25. Loranthaceæ (72). 26. Santalaceæ (73). 27. Balanophor-ceæ (74).
Cohort VI. Polygonales.
28. Polygonaceæ (65).
Cohort VII. Centrospermæ.
29. Chenopodiaceæ (64). 30. Amarantacese (63). 31. Nycta-ginaceæ (61). 32. Aizoaceæ (32). 33. Portulaceæ (7). 34. Caryo-phyllaceæ (6 and 62).
Cohort VIII. Ranales.
35. Ranunculaceæ (1). 36. Magnoliaceæ (2). 37. Monimiaceæ (68). 38. Lauraceæ (69).
Cohort IX. Rhoeadales.
39. Cruciferæ (3).
Cohort X. Sarraceniales.
40. Droseraceæ (26).
Cohort XI. Rosales.
41. Crassulaceæ (25). 42. Saxifragaceæ (part 24). 43. Pittosporacese (5). 44. Cunoniaceæ (part 24). 45. Rosaceæ (23). 46. Leguminosæ (22).
Cohort XII. Geraniales.
47. Geraniaceæ (13). 48. Oxalidaceæ (part 13). 49. Linaceæ (12). 50. Rutaceæ (14). 51. Meliaceæ (15). 52. Euphorbiaceæ (75). 53. Callitrichaceæ (part 27).
Cohort XIII. Celastrales.
54. Coriariaceæ (21). 55. Corynocarpaceæ (20). 56. Stackhousiaceæ (17). 57. Icacinaceæ (16). 58. Sapindaceæ (19).
Cohort XIV. Rhamnales.
59. Rhamnaceæ (18).
Cohort XV. Malvales.
60. Elæocarpaceæ (part 11). 61. Tiliaceæ (part 11). 62. Malvaceæ (10).
Cohort XVI. Parietales.
63. Guttiferæ (9). 64. Elatinaceæ (8). 65. Violaceæ (4). 66. Passifloraceæ (30).
Cohort XVII. Myrtifloræ.
67. Thymelæaceæ (71). 68. Myrtaceæ (28). 69. Onagraceæ (29). 70. Halorrhagidaceæ (part 27).
Cohort XVIII. Umbellifloræ.
71. Araliaceæ (34). 72. Umbelliferæ (33). 73. Cornaceæ (35).
Subclass II. SympetalÆ.
Cohort XIX. Ericales.
74. Ericaceæ (42). 75. Epacridaceæ (43).
Cohort XX. Primulales.
76. Myrsinaceæ (45). 77. Primulaceæ (44).
Cohort XXI. Ebenales.
78. Sapotaceæ (46).
Cohort XXII. Contortæ.
79. Oleaceæ (47). 80. Loganiaceæ (49). 81. Gentianaceæ (50). 82. Apocynaceæ (48).
Cohort XXIII. Tubifloræ.
83. Convolvulaceæ (52). 84. Borraginaceæ (51). 85. Verbenaceæ (58). 86. Labiatæ (59). 87. Solanaceæ (53). 88. Scrophulariaceæ (54). 89. Gesneriaceæ (56). 90. Lentibulariaceæ (55). 91. Myoporaceæ (57).
Cohort XXIV. Plantaginales.
92. Plantaginaceæ (60).
Cohort XXV. Rubiales.
93. Rubiaceæ (37). 94. Caprifoliaceæ (36).
Cohort XXVI. Campanulatæ.
95. Cucurbitaceæ (31). 96. Campanulaceæ (41). 97. Goodeniaceæ (40). 98. Candolleaceæ (39). 99. Compositæ (38).