Manual of the New Zealand Flora.

II. List of Plants Naturalised in New Zealand

II. List of Plants Naturalised in New Zealand.

The extent to which an alien vegetation has become established in New Zealand has long been a familiar fact. Immediately after the discovery of the country and the establishment of intercourse with other parts of the world, a stream of foreign plants commenced to pour in; and when European settlers arrived, bringing with them their flocks and herds, and began to clear away the indigenous vegetation to make room for pastures and cultivated fields, the inrush of foreign weeds became still more marked, and their spread through the country still more rapid. At the present time there are many districts where the indigenous flora has been almost entirely supplanted by a crowd of hardy immigrants from the Northern Hemisphere; and there are few localities indeed, however remote, in which some species of foreign origin have not successfully established themselves. This is not the place to inquire into the reasons why the native vegetation is apparently unable to hold its own against these foreign intruders, or to discuss the many curious side-issues which at once arise when the subject is under consideration. Those who are interested in the matter should refer to Mr. Kirk's memoir "On the Displacement of Species in New Zealand" (Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxviii. 1), and to a paper of my own on "The Naturalised Plants of the Auckland Provincial District" (Trans. N.Z. Inst. xv. 268).

In the subjoined catalogue I have included all species of foreign origin known to me which appear to be thoroughly well established. I have purposely omitted several garden escapes and other plants which have been observed in small quantity only, or in a single locality, not wishing to encumber the list with the names of species which may fail to become permanent denizens. The total number of plants recorded is 528, belonging to 285 genera, and included in 66 orders. The orders best represented are Gramineœ with 81 species; Compositœ, 70; Leguminosœ, 49; Cruciferœ, 35; Caryophylleœ, 26; and Labiatœ, 20. With respect to their native country, no less than 425 come from some portion of the north temperate zone, including in the term Europe, North Asia, part of North Africa, and part of North America; 41 are of tropical origin, most of them having very wide ranges; 19 are from South Africa, and 20 from extratropical South America; while from Australia, notwithstanding its proximity to New Zealand, only 23 have been received.

Many of the naturalised plants included in the catalogue are now so widely distributed that they will be taken for true natives by any one unacquainted with their history, and I fear that the pages of this work will be searched in vain for descriptions of them. A supplementary volume, containing short diagnoses of all such species, would doubtless be a great convenience to students, and I am not without hopes that I may be enabled to undertake the work. In the meantime, I have inserted in the catalogue references to good descriptions of each species, selecting books that are likely to be contained in the chief public libraries of the colony.

RanunculaceÆ.

  • Ranunculus aquatilis, Linn. Sp. Plant. 556; Benth. Illust. Handb. Brit. Fl. i. 11. Water Buttercup. South Island: Various localities in Canterbury, Dr. Cockayne. (Europe; North Asia; North America.)
  • Ranunculus sceleratus, Linn. Sp. Plant. 551; Hook. f. Student's F1. 8. Celery-leaved Buttercup. North and South Islands: Damp pastures and waste places from Mongonui to Southland, local. (Throughout Europe; North and Central Asia.)
  • Ranunculus acris, Linn. Sp. Plant. 554; Hook. f. Student's Fl. 9. Field Buttercup. North and South Islands: Pastures and waste places throughout, but not common. (Europe; North Asia.)
  • Ranunculus repens, Linn. Sp. Plant. 554; Hook. f. Student's Fl. 9. Creeping Buttercup. North and South Islands: Pastures and waste places throughout. (Europe; North Asia; North America.)
  • Ranunculus bulbosus, Linn. Sp. Plant. 554; Hook. f. Student's Fl. 9. Bulbous Buttercup. North and South Islands: Pastures and waste places, abundant. (Europe; Western Asia; North Africa.)
  • Ranunculus sardous, Crantz, Stirp. Austr. 84; R. hirsutus. Curt.; Hook. f. Student's Fl. 10. Hairy Buttercup. North and South Islands: Pastures and waste places, common. (Europe; West Asia; North America.)
  • Ranunculus parviflorus, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1087; Hook. f. Student's Fl. 10. Small-flowered Buttercup. North and South Islands: Pastures and waste places, abundant. (Europe; West Asia; North Africa.)
  • Ranunculus arvensis, Linn. Sp. Plant. 555; Hook. f. Student's F1. 10. Corn Buttercup. North and South Islands: Cultivated fields, not common. (Central and South Europe; West Asia.)
  • Ranunculus muricatus, Linn. Sp. Plant. 555; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 20. North and South Islands: Waste places, local. (Europe; West Asia; temperate North America.)
  • Ranunculus (Ceratocephalus) falcatus, Linn. Sp. Plant. 556; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 16. South Island: Dry localities in northern and Central Otago, Petrie! (South Europe; West Asia.)
  • Nigella damascena, Linn. Sp. Plant. 584. Fennel Flower. North Island: A garden escape in the vicinity of Auckland, rare. (South Europe.)
  • Aquilegia vulgaris, Linn. Sp. Plant. 533; Hook. f. Student's Fl. 13. Columbine. North and South Islands: A garden escape of tolerably frequent occurrence. (Temperate Europe and Asia.)
  • Aconitum Napellus, Linn. Sp. Plant. 532; Hook. f. Student's Fl. 13. Monkshood. South Island: Asaburton, W. W. Smith. (Europe; North and West Asia.)

PapaveraceÆ.

CruciferÆ.

ResedaceÆ.

  • Reseda Luteola, Linn. Sp. Plant. 448; Hook. f. Student's Fl. 45. Dyer's Weed. North and South Islands: Fields and waste places, not uncommon. (Europe; West Asia; North Africa.)
  • Reseda lutea, Linn. Sp. Plant. 449; Hook. f. Student's Fl. 45. Cut-leaved Mignonette. North Island: Fields at Pukeroro, J. D. P. Morgan! (Europe; West Asia; North Africa.)
  • Reseda alba, Linn. Sp. Plant. 449; Hook. f. Student's Fl. 45. White Mignonette. North and South Islands: Poverty Bay, Bishop Williams! Canterbury, Kirk! (Europe; West Asia; North Africa.)

ViolarieÆ.

  • Viola tricolor, Linn. Sp. Plant. 935; Hook. f. Student's Fl. 49. Pansy. North and South Islands: Cultivated fields and waste places, local. (North Europe to Siberia and North-west India; North Africa.)
  • Viola tricolor var. arvensis, Murr.; Hook. f. Student's Fl. 49. North and South Islands: Cultivated fields, not common.
  • Ionidium filiforme, F. Muell. P. Vict. i. 66.; Benth. Fl. Austral. i. 103. North Island: Grassy places near Lake Takapuna, Auckland, Miss Rolleston! (Australia.)

PolygaleÆ.

  • Polygala myrtifolia, Linn. Sp. Plant. 703; Harv. & Sond. Fi. Cap. i. 83. North Island: A garden escape in several localities near Auckland, T. F. C.; near Napier, Colenso! (Cape Colony.)

CaryophylleÆ.

PortulaceÆ.

  • Portulaca oleracea, Linn. Sp. Plant. 445; Benth. Fl. Austral. i. 169. Purslane. North Island: Abundant in warm dry soils as far south as the East Cape, rare and local from thence to Cook Strait. (All warm climates.)
  • Claytonia perfoliata, Donn. ex Willd. Sp. Plant. 1186; Hook, f. Student's Fl. 70. South Island: A garden escape, rare. Cheviot, Haast! near Dunedin, G. M. Thomson. (North-west America.)
  • Calandrinia caulescens, H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. vi. 78, t. 526. North and South Islands: Cultivated fields, rare and local. Otahuhu, T. F. C.; near Christchurch, Kirk. (Peru.)

HypericineÆ.

  • Hypericum Androsæmum, Linn. Sp. Plant. 784; Hook. f. Student's Fl. 72. Tutsan. North and South Islands: Roadsides and waste places, not uncommon. (Europe; West Asia; North Africa.)
  • Hypericum perforatum, Linn. Sp. Plant. 785; Hook. f. Student's Fl. 72. St. John's Wort. North and South Islands: Abundant. (Europe; North and West Asia to China and India; North Africa.)
  • Hypericum humifusum, Linn. Sp. Plant. 785; Hook. f. Student's Fl. 73. Trailing Hypericum. North and South Islands: Common, especially on clay soils. (Europe; India; Canary Islands.)

MalvaceÆ.

LineÆ.

  • Linum marginale, A. Cunn. ex Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. vii. (1848) 169; Bonth. Fl. Austral. i. 283. North and South Islands: Generally distributed, but most plentiful in the North Island. (Australia.)
  • Linum usitatissimum, Linn. Sp. Plant. 277; Hook, f. Student's Fl. 78. Common Flax. North and South Islands: Occasionally seen as an escape from cultivation. (Europe; West Asia to India.)
  • Linum gallicum, Linn. Sp. Plant. 401; D.C. Prodr. i. 423. North Island: Fields and waste places as far south as the East Cape. (South Europe; North Africa.)
  • Linum catharticum, Linn. Sp. Plant. 281; Hook. f. Student's Fl. 78. Purging Flax. North and South Islands: Fields and waste places, not common. (Europe; West Asia to Persia; Canary Islands.)

GeraniaceÆ.

  • Geranium Robertianum, Linn. Sp. Plant. 681; Hook. f. Student's Fl. 82. Herb-robert. North and South Islands: Fields and waste places, not common. (Europe; North and West Asia to India.)
  • Erodium cicutarium, L'Herit. ex Ait. Hort. Kew, ii. 414; Hook. f. Student's Fl. 83. Stork's-bill. North and South Islands, Stewart Island, Chatham Islands: Cultivated fields and waste places, abundant. (Europe; North and West Asia to India; North Africa.)
  • Erodium moschatum, L'Herit. l.c.; Hook, f. l.c. Mushy Stork's-bill. North and South Islands: Roadsides and waste places, abundant. (Europe; West Asia; North Africa.)
  • Erodium malachoides, Willd. Phyt. 10; D.C. Prodr. i. 648. North Island: In sandy places near the sea. Mongonui and the Bay of Islands, T. F. C.; Wellington, Kirk! (South Europe; West Asia to India; North Africa.)
  • Pelargonium zonale, L'Herit. ex Ait. Hort. Kew, ii. 424; Harv. and Sond. Fl. Cap. i. 298. North Island: Often persisting for some years in deserted gardens. (Cape Colony.)
  • Pelargonium quercifolium, L'Herit, Ger. t. 14; Harv. and Sond. Fl. Cap. i. 306. North Island: An occasional garden escape. (Cape Colony.)
  • Tropæolum majus, Linn. Sp. Plant. 345; D.C. Prodr. i. 683. Indian Cress. North Island: A garden escape, not uncommon in the Auckland District and southwards to New Plymouth. (Peru.)
  • Oxalis cernua, Thunb. Diss. Oxal. 14; Harv. and Sond. F1. Cap. i. 348. North Island: An occasional weed in gardens and orchards. (Cape Colony.)
  • Oxalis variabilis, Jacq. Oxal. 89; Harv. and Sond. Fl. Cap. i. 331. North Island: A garden escape, not common. (Cape Colony.)
  • Oxalis hirta, Linn. Sp. Plant. 434; Harv. and Sond. Fl. Cap. i. 343. North Island: A garden escape in the vicinity of Auckland, rare. (Cape Colony.)

AmpelideÆ.

  • Vitis vinifera, Linn. Sp. Plant. 202; D.C. Prodr. i. 633. Vine. North Island: Often lingers in deserted gardens, old Maori cultivations, &c. (West Asia.)

SapindaceÆ.

  • Melianthus major, Linn. Sp. Plant. 639; Harv. and Sond. Fl. Cap. i. 367. North Island: Not uncommon as a garden escape. (Cape Colony.)

LeguminosÆ.

RosaceÆ.

SaxifrageÆ.

  • Ribes Grossularia, Linn. Sp. Plant. 201; Hook. f. Student's Fl. 144. Gooseberry. North and South Islands: A garden escape of frequent occurrence, especially in the South Island. (Europe; North and West Asia; Himalayas; North Africa.)

CrassulaceÆ.

  • Tillœa trichotoma, Walp. Rep. ii. 251; Harv. and Sond. Fl. Cap. ii. 330. North Island: Roadsides near Auckland, T. F. C.; Wanganui, E. W. Andrews! (Cape Colony.)

MyrtaceÆ.

  • Eucalyptus globulus, Labill. Voy. i. 153, t. 13; Benth. Fl. Austral. iii. 225. Blue-gum. North Island: Seedlings frequently appear in the vicinity of plantations. (Australia.)

LythrarieÆ

  • Peplis Portula, Linn. Sp. Plant. 332; Hook. f. Student's Fl. 155. Water-purslane. South Island: Various localities in the east of Otago, Petrie! (Europe; North Africa.)
  • Lythrum Hyssopifolia, Linn. Sp. Plant. 447; Hook. f. Student's Fl. 154. Hyssop Loosestrife. North and South Islands: Moist places, ditches, &c, abundantly naturalised. (Europe; North and West Asia; North Africa.)
  • Lythrum Grœfferi, Tenore, Prod. Fl. Nap. lxviii. North and South Islands: Various localities in the Auckland District, Kirk! T. F. C.; Greymouth, Helms! (South Europe; North Africa.)

OnagrarieÆ.

  • Œnothera biennis, Linn. Sp. Plant. 346; Hook. f. Student's Fl. 159. Evening Primrose. North and South Islands: Roadsides and waste places, not common. (North America.)
  • Œnothera odorata, Jacq. Ic. Plant. Rar. iii. 3, t. 456; Hook. f. Student's Fl. 159. Evening Primrose. North Island: Abundant in light dry soils and sandy places near the sea. (Chili; Patagonia.)
  • Œnothera tetraptera, Cav. Ic. iii. 40, t. 279. North Island: A garden escape near Auckland, rare. (Mexico.)

CucurbitaceÆ.

  • Lagenaria vulgaris, Ser. in Mem. Soc. Phys. Genev. iii. 25; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 613. Gourd; Hue. North Island: Brought by the Maoris from Polynesia when they first colonised New Zealand, and still cultivated by them. (Native country uncertain; cultivated everywhere in the tropics.)
  • Citrullus vulgaris, Schrad. ex Eckl. and Zeyh. Enum. 279; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 621. Water-melon. North Island: Occasionally lingers in old Maori cultivations, but scarcely naturalised. (Tropical Africa; cultivated in all warm countries.)

FicoideÆ.

  • Mesembryanthemum edule, Linn. Syst. ed. x. 1060; Harv. and Sond. Fl. Cap. ii. 412. North Island: Often planted to check the advance of drifting sands, and spreading in several localities, especially near New Plymouth. (Cape Colony.)

UmbelliferÆ.

AraliaceÆ.

  • Hedera Helix, Linn. Sp. Plant. 202; Hook. f. Student's Fl. 187. Ivy. North Island: Occasionally spreading in gardens and plantations, but scarcely naturalised. (Europe; West Asia to India; China and Japan; North Africa.)

CaprifoliaceÆ

  • Sambucus nigra, Linn. Sp. Plant. 269; Hook. f. Student's Fl. 189. Elder. North and South Islands: A frequent garden escape, sometimes forming thickets. (Europe; West Asia; North Africa.)
  • Leycesteria formosa, Wall, in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 181; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. iii. 16. North and South Islands: An occasional garden escape. (Temperate Himalayas.)

RubiaceÆ.

  • Galium palustre, Linn. Sp. Plant. 105; Hook. f. Student's Fl. 193. North Island: Swamps near Mauku (Manukau Harbour), H. Carse! (Europe; North and West Asia; North Africa.)
  • Galium Mollugo, Linn. Sp. Plant. 107; Hook. f. Student's Fl. 194. North Island: Between the Manukau Harbour and the Waikato River, H. Carse! (Europe; North and West Asia to the Himalayas; North Africa.)
  • Galium Aparine, Linn. Sp. Plant. 108; Hook, f. Student's Fl. 194. Goose-grass. North and South Islands: Hedges and waste places, not uncommon. (Europe; North and West and Central Asia; North Africa.)
  • Galium parisiense, Linn. Sp. Plant. 108; G. anglicum, Huds.; Hook. f. Student's Fl. 195. North and South Islands: Local. Whangarei, Kirk; vicinity of Auckland, T. F. C.; Motueka, Kingsley. (South Europe; West Asia to the Caucasus; North Africa.)
  • Sherardia arvensis, Linn. Sp. Plant. 102; Hook. f. Student's Fl. 195. Field Madder. North and South Islands: Fields and waste places, abundant throughout. (Europe; West Asia to Persia; North Africa.)

ValerianeÆ.

  • Centranthus ruber, D.C. Fl. Fr. iv. 239; Hook. f. Student's Fl. 197. Spur-valerian. North and South Islands: A frequent garden escape. (South Europe; West Asia; North Africa.)
  • Valerianella olitoria, Pollich, Hist. Pl. Palat. i. 30; Hook. f. Student's Fl. 197. Lamb's Lettuce. North Island: Roadsides and waste places, not uncommon. (Europe; West Asia; North Africa.)

DlpsaceÆ.

  • Dipsacus sylvestris, Mill. Gard. Dict. ed. viii. n. 1; Hook. f. Student's Fl. 199. Wild Teasel. North Island: Waste places, not oommon. (Europe; West Asia; North Africa.)
  • Scabiosa arvensis, Linn. Sp. Plant. 99; Hook, f. Student's Fl. 200. Field Scabious. North Island: Fields near Auckland, rare. (Europe; North and West Asia; North Africa.)
  • Scabiosa maritima, Linn. Cent. Plant, ii. 8. North Island: A common garden escape; Mongonui, Bay of Islands, Auckland, Tauranga, &c, T. F. C.; Wellington, Kirk! (South Europe; North Africa.)

CompositlÆ

CampanulaceÆ.

  • Campanula Trachelium, Linn. Sp. Plant. 166; Hook. f. Student's Fl. 247. North Island: A garden escape near Wellington. (Europe; North and West Asia.)
  • Specularia hybrida, A. D.C. Monog. Camp. 348; Hook. f. Student's Fl. 248. South Island: Cultivated fields at Ashburton, W. W. Smith. (Europe; North Africa.)

EpacrideÆ.

PrimulaceÆ.

  • Anagallis arvensis, Linn. Sp. Plant. 148; Hook. f. Student's Fl. 265. Pimpernel. North and South Islands, Stewart Island, Chatham Islands: Fields and waste places, abundant. (Europe; West Asia to India; North Africa.)

ApocynaceÆ.

  • Vinca major, Linn. Sp. Plant. 209; Hook. f. Student's Fl. 269. Periwinkle. North and South Islands: Roadsides and waste places, a plentiful garden escape. (South Europe; West Asia to the Caucasus; North Africa.)

AsclepiadeÆ.

  • Gomphocarpus fruticosus, R. Br. in Mem. Wern. Soc. i. (1809) 38; D.C. Prodr. vii. 557. North Island: An occasional garden escape near Auckland and Napier, rare. (Arabia; North Africa; now naturalised in most warm countries.

GentianeÆ.

  • Erythrœa Centaurium, Pers. Syn. i. 283; Hook. f. Student's Fl. 271. Centaury. North and South Islands: Abundant throughout. (Europe; North Africa.)

PolemoniaceÆ.

  • Collomia coccinea, Lehm. ex Benth. in Bot. Reg. t. 1622; D.C. Prodr. ix. 308. North and South Islands: A garden escape in a few localities. Vicinity of Auckland, T. F. C.; Ashburton, W. W. Smith; near Roxburgh, Petrie! Cardrona, Kirk! (Chili.)
  • Gilia squarrosa, Hook, and Arn. Bot. Beech. Voy. 151; Wats. Bot. Calif, i. 493. North and South Islands: Dry pastures, not uncommon. (California.)

BoragineÆ.

ConvolvulaceÆ.

  • I pomœa batatas, Poir. Encycl. vi. 14. Kumara. North Island: Introduced by the Maoris from Polynesia, and still largely cultivated by them. It often lingers for some time in deserted plantations. (Native country uncertain; now cultivated in all warm climates.)
  • Convolvulus arvensis, Linn. Sp. Plant. 153; Hook. f. Student's PI. 284. Smaller Bindweed. North and South Islands: Fields and waste places, not uncommon. (Europe; North and West Asia to India; North Africa.)
  • Cuscuta racemosa, Mart. Reise. Bras. i. 286, var. Chiliana, Engelm. Cusc. 505; C. Hassiaca, Pfeiff. in Bot. Zeit. i. (1843) 705; Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xx. (1888)182. South Island: Fields in the Canterbury Provincial District, parasitic on lucerne, knot-grass, &c. (Chili; from whence it has been carried to North America and Europe.)
  • Cuscuta Epilinum, Weihe, in Archiv. Apoth. viii. (1824) 54; Hook. f. Student's Fl. 285. Flax Dodder. South Island: Has been recorded from the Canterbury District, but I have seen no specimens (Europe; East Asia.)
  • Cuscuta Epithymum, Murr. Syst. ed. xiii. 140; Hook. f. Student's Fl. 285. Lesser Dodder. North and South Islands: From Auckland to Poveaux Strait, abundant in many places, and parasitic on a great variety of plants, including many indigenous species. Mr. Kirk's C. novœ zealandiœ (Trans. N.Z. Inst. xx. (1889) 183, name only) appears to be identical with it. The var. Trifolii (Clover Dodder), which usually attacks clover, is also introduced. (Europe; North Asia.)

SolanaceÆ

ScbophularineÆ.

ObobancheÆ.

  • Orobanche minor, Sutt. in Trans. Linn. Soc. iv. (1798) 179; Hook. f. Student's Fl. 309. Broom-rape. North and South Islands: Fields as far south as Nelson, most abundant in the Auckland District; parasitic on Trifolium, Medicago, Hypochœris,. &c. (Europe; West Asia; North Africa.)

VbebenaceÆ.

  • Verbena officinalis, Linn. Sp. Plant. 20; Hook. f. Student's Fl. 313. Vervain. North and South Islands: Fields and roadsides, not uncommon. (Europe; West Asia to India; North Africa.)
  • Verbena bonariensis, Linn. Sp. Plant. 20; Benth. Fl. Austral. v. 36. North Island: Waste places near Auckland, rare. (Extratropical South America.)

LabiatÆ.

PlantagineÆ.

  • Plantago major, Linn. Sp. Plant. 112; Hook. f. Student's Fl. 288. Greater Plantain. North and South Islands, Stewart Island, Chatham Islands: Roadsides and waste places, abundant. (Europe; North and West Asia to India; North Africa.)
  • Plantago media, Linn. Sp. Plant. 113; Hook. f. Student's Fl. 289. North and South Islands: Fields and waste places, not common. (Europe; West Asia.)
  • Plantago lanceolata, Linn. Sp. Plant. 113; Hook. f. Student's Fl. 289. Ribwort. Kermadec Islands, North and South Islands, Stewart Island, Chatham Islands: Abundant throughout. (Europe; North and West Asia; and now naturalised in almost all parts of the world.)
  • Plantago varia, R. Br. Prodr. 424; Benth. Fl. Austral. v. 139. North and South Islands: Sparingly naturalised in several localities between the East Cape and Banks Peninsula. (Australia.)
  • Plantago hirtella. H. B. and K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. ii. 229; Asa Gray, Syn. Fl. North Amer. ii. 392. North Island: Moist shaded places, not uncommon. (California; Mexico; Chili.)
  • Plantago Goronopus, Linn. Sp. Plant. 115; Hook. f. Student's Fl. 289. North and South Islands: Sandy and gravelly places, not uncommon. (Europe; West Asia; Nortn Africa.

NyctagineÆ.

  • Mirabilis Jalapa, Linn. Sp. Plant. 177; Chois. in D.C. Prodr. xiii. 2, 429. Marvel of Peru. North Island: An occasional garden escape near Auckland. (Tropical America.)

IllecebraceÆ.

  • Herniaria hirsuta, Linn. Sp. Plant. 218; Hook. f. Student's Fl. 334. Rupturewort. North Island: Sandy flats north of the Manukau Heads, T. F. C. (Europe; West Asia to India.)

AmarantaceÆ

  • Amarantus caudatus, Lino. Sp. Plant. 990; Moq. in D.C. Prodr. xiii. 2, 255. North Island: A garden escape in the vicinity of Auckland, not common. (Most warm countries.)
  • Amarantus retroflexus, Linn. Sp. Plant. 991; Asa Gray, Man. 368. North Island: Waste places and gardens, not uncommon. South Island: Nelson, T. F. C. (Tropical America; and naturalised in most warm climates.)
  • Amarantus hybridus, Linn. Sp. Plant. 990; Asa Gray, Man. 368. North Island: Waste places and gardens, common to the north of the East Cape. (Tropical America.)
  • Amarantus Blitum, Linn. Sp. Plant. 990; Moq. in D.C. Prodr. xiii. 2, 263. North and South Islands: Roadsides and waste places, not uncommon as far south as Nelson and Westport. (Most temperate and warm regions.)
  • Amarantus viridis, Linn. Sp. Plant, ed. ii. 1405; Benth. Fl. Austral. v. 215. North Island: Waste places and gardens, not uncommon as far south as Wellington. (Most warm regions.)
  • Teleanthera sp. North Island: Ballast at Aratapu, by the Northern Wairoa River. I have failed to precisely identify this, which is probably an introduction from South America.

ChenopodiaceÆ

  • Chenopodium album, Linn. Sp. Plant. 219; Hook. f. Student's Fl. 336. Fathen. North and South Islands: Waste places and cultivated fields, an abundant weed. (Europe; North and West Asia to India.)
  • Chenopodium ficifolium, Smith Fl. Brit. i. 276; Hook. f. Student's Fl. 337. North Island: Ballast at Wellington, Kirk! (Europe.)
  • Chenopodium murale, Linn. Sp. Plant. 219; Hook. f. Student's Fl. 337. North Island: Waste places and roadsides, abundant. (Europe; West Asia to India; North Africa.)
  • Chenopodium Bonus-Henricus, Linn. Sp. Plant. 218; Hook. f. Student's Fl. 338. North Island: An occasional escape from cultivation. (Europe; North Asia.)
  • Roubieva multifida, Moq. in Ann. Sci. Nat. Ser. ii. (1834) 292; D.C. Prodr. xiii. 2, 80. North Island: Ballast at Wellington, Kirk!
  • Beta vulgaris, Linn. Sp. Plant. 222. Beet. North Island: An occasional escape from cultivation. (Europe; North and West Asia.)

PhytolaccaceÆ.

  • Phytolacca octandra, Linn. Sp. Plant, ed. ii. 631; Benth. Fl. Austral. v. 14 Ink-plant; Poke-weed. North Island: Roadsides and waste places, abundant in the Auckland District. (Tropical America.)

PolygonaceÆ.

ProteaceÆ.

  • Hakea acicularis, R. Br, Prodr. 383; Benth. Fl. Austral. v. 54. North Island: Often planted for hedges in the Auckland District, and frequently spreads. (Australia.)

EuphorbiaceÆ.

UrticaceÆ.

  • Humulus Lupulus, Linn. Sp. Plant. 1028; Hook. f. Student's Fl. 363. Hop. North and South Islands: Waste places, hedges, &c, an occasional escape from cultivation. (Europe; North Asia; North America.)
  • Ficus Carica, Linn. Sp. Plant. 1059. Common Fig. North Island: Often lingers for a considerable time in deserted orchards, but is scarcely naturalised. (South Europe; West Asia; North Africa.)
  • Urtica urens, Linn. Sp. Plant. 984; Hook. f Student's Fl. 362. Small Nettle. North and South Islands: Waste places, not common. (Europe; North and West Asia; North Africa.)
  • Urtica dioica, Linn. Sp. Plant. 984; Hook. i. Student's Fl. 362. Common Nettle. North and South Islands: Roadsides and waste places, not common. (Europe; North and West Asia to India; North Africa.)

SalicineÆ.

  • Salix fragilis, Linn. Sp. Plant. 1017; Hook. f. Student's Fl. 371. Crack Willow. North and South Islands: Abundantly naturalised on the banks of the larger rivers. (Europe; North and West Asia.)
  • Salix babylonica, Linn. Sp. Plant. 1017; Anderss. in D.C. Prodr. xvi. 2, 212. Weeping Willow. North Island: Copiously naturalised on the banks of the Northern Wairoa, Waikato, and other streams. (Europe; North and West Asia.)

HydrocharideÆ.

  • Elodea canadensis, Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i. 20; Hook. f. Student's Fl. 382. Water-thyme. North and South Islands: Clear slow-running streams. Near Mongonui; Bay of Plenty; River Avon, and other streams on the Canterbury Plains. (Originally from North America; now copiously naturalised in Europe.)
  • Vallisneria spiralis, Linn. Sp. Plant. 1015; Benth. Fl. Austral. vi. 259. North Island: Abundantly naturalised in Lake Takapuna, near Auckland. See Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxix. 386. (Most tropical countries.)
  • Ottelia ovalifolia, L, Rich, in Mem. Hist. Soc. Par. (1811) 78; Benth. Fl. Austral. vi. 257. North Island: Lakes and ponds in the Auckland District, Ihumatao, T. F. C.; near the mouth of the Waitakerei River and at Tuakau, Professor Thomas. (Australia.)

ScitamineÆ.

  • Canna indica, Linn. Sp. Plant. 1. Indian-shot. North Island: An occasional garden escape near Auckland. (Now established in all warm climates.)

IridaceÆ.

AmaryllidaceÆ.

  • Agave americana, Linn. Sp. Plant. 323; Bak. Amaryll. 180. American Aloe. North Island: Old plants produce a multitude of suckers, and the species thus maintains itself in several localities. (Tropical America.)

LiliaceÆ.

  • Asparagus officinalis, Linn. Sp. Plant. 313; Hook. f. Student's Fl. 403. Asparagus. North Island: Waste places, not common. Usually solitary plants are seen, doubtless originating from seeds conveyed from gardens by birds. (Europe; North Asia; North Africa.)
  • Aloe latifolia, Haw. Syn. Pl. Succ. 82. North Island: A garden escape in the vicinity of Auckland. (South Africa.)
  • Asphodelus fistulosus, Linn. Sp. Plant. 309. North Island: Roadsides and waste places from Mongonui to Napier, not uncommon. South Island: Westport, Townson! (South Europe; West Asia; North Africa.)
  • Allium vineale, Linn. Sp. Plant. 299. Hook. f. Student's Fl. 405. Crow Garlic. North Island: Fields and waste places, not uncommon in the Auckland Provincial District. (Europe; North Africa.)

JunceÆ.

  • Juncus glaucus, Sibth. Fl. Oxon. 113; Hook. f. Student's Fl. 414. South Island: Between Hokitika and Ross, Kirk. (Europe; North Asia; North Africa.)
  • Juncus Gerardi, Loisel. in Desv. Journ. Bot. ii. (1809) 284; Hook. f. Student's Fl. 417. South Island: Near Dunedin, Petrie! (Europe; North Asia; North America.)
  • Juncus obtusiflorus, Ehrh. Beitr. vi. 83; Hook. f. Student's Fl. 417. South Island: Lake Waihola, Otago, Petrie! (Europe; North Africa.)

AraceÆ.

  • Colocasia antiquorum, Schott, Meletem. i. 18; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 155. Taro. North Island: Formerly cultivated by the Maoris, and still lingering in many deserted plantations. (Native country uncertain; extensively cultivated in the tropics.)
  • Richardia africana, Kunth in Mem. Mus. Par. iv. (1818) 433. White Arum. North Island: An abundant garden escape in the Auckland Provincial District, rarer further south. (South Africa.)

AlismaceÆ.

  • Alisma Plantago, Linn. Sp. Plant. 342; Hook. f. Student's Fl. 427. Water Plantain. North and South Islands: Watercourses in the Hawke's Bay District, H. Hill! A. Hamilton! interior of Otago, Petrie! (Europe; North and West Asia to the Himalayas; Australia.)

NaiadeÆ.

  • Aponogeton distachyon, Thunb. Nov. Gen. 74; Fl. Cap. vii. 43. North Island: Naturalised in streams at Waimate, Bay of Islands. (South Africa.)

CyperaceÆ.

  • Cyperus rotundus, Linn, Sp. Plant. 45; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 279. Nutgrass. North Island: A troublesome weed in several gardens in the vicinity of Auckland. (Most tropical and warm temperate regions.)
  • Cyperus lucidus, R. Br. Prodr. 218; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 283. North and South Islands: Fields and waste places, local. Mongonui, T. F. C.; Rangaunu Harbour and Kaitaia, R. H. Matthews and H. Carse! vicinity of Nelson, T. F. C. (Australia.)
  • Carex divisa, Huds. Fl. Angl. i. 348; Hook. f. Student's Fl. 449. C. chlorantha, T. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. x. (1878) App. xli., not of R. Br. North Island: Waste places near Auckland, rare. (Europe; North and West Asia to the Himalayas; North and South Africa.)
  • Carex muricata, Linn. Sp. Plant. 974; Hook. f. Student's Fl. 451. South Island: Pelorus Valley, J. Rutland! (Europe; North Asia to the Himalayas; North Africa; North America.)
  • Carex flacca, Schreb. Spicil. 669; C. glauca, Scop. Fl. Carn. ii. 223; Hook. f. Student's Fl. 456. North Island: Fields and waste places. Whangarei, H. Carse; vicinity of Auckland, T. F. C.; near Wellington, Kirk! (Europe; North Asia to India; North Africa.)
  • Carex panicea, Linn. Sp. Plant. 977; Hook. f. Student's Fl. 457. North Island: Fields and waste places, local. (Europe; North Asia; North America.)
  • Carex longifolia, R. Br. Prodr. 242; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 448. North Island: Fields near Auckland, rare, T. F. C., (Australia.)

GramineÆ.